Abstract
While the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is largely dependent on the distribution and prevalence of infection in the population, it is also important to consider the behavior of an individual and his or her partner(s), as well as their psychological state. The term “sexual behavior” encompasses many components including sexual experience and activity, age at sexual debut, current and lifetime number of sexual partners, frequency of sexual intercourse, consistency of sexual activity, mode of recruitment of sexual partners, duration of sexual relationships, and types of sexual practice. Some behaviors and practices that are associated with an increased risk of STIs include unprotected intercourse, receptive anal intercourse, having multiple and concurrent partners, and drug and alcohol use. Psychological factors, such as mood, mental health, and even personality types, may affect both risk of contracting STIs and presentation for and response to treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aral, S.O., Cates Jr., W.: The multiple dimensions of sexual behavior as risk factor for sexually transmitted disease: the sexually experienced are not necessarily sexually active. Sex. Transm. Dis. 16(4), 173–177 (1989)
Wellings, K., Collumbien, M., Slaymaker, E., et al.: Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Lancet 368(9548), 1706–1728 (2006)
Bloom, D., Mahal, A., Sevilla, J., River Path Associates: AIDS & economics. Commission on Macroeconomics and Health Working Paper Series (2001)
Brown, B.: Peer groups and peer cultures. In: Feldmann, S.S., Elliott, G.R. (eds.) At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent, pp. 171–196. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Berndt, T.J.: Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Dev. Psychol. 15, 608–616 (1979)
Bill, J.O., Udry, J.R.: The influence of male and female best friends on adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescence 20, 21–32 (1985)
Upadhyay, U.D., Hindin, M.J.: Do perceptions of friends’ behaviors affect age at first sex? Evidence from Cebu, Philippines. J. Adolesc. Health 39, 570–577 (2006)
Bearman, P.S., Bruckner, H.: Power in numbers: peer effects on adolescent girls’ sexual debut and pregnancy. National campaign to prevent teen pregnancy: research monographs, Washington (1999)
Carver, K., Joyner, K., Udry, J.R.: National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In: Florsheim, P. (ed.) Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research and Practical Implications, pp. 25–53. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2003)
Santelli, J.S., Lindberg, L.D., Abma, J., McNeely, C.S., Resnick, M.: Adolescent sexual behavior: estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 32, 156–194 (2000)
Gates, G.J., Sonenstein, F.L.: Heterosexual genital sexual contact among adolescent males: 1988 and 1995. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 32, 295–297, 304 (2000)
Friedman, H.L.: Changing patterns of adolescent sexual behavior: consequences for health and development. J. Adolesc. Health 13, 345–350 (1992)
Kost, K., Forrest, J.D.: American women’s sexual behavior and exposure to risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 24, 244–254 (1992)
Bogaert, A.F., Fisher, W.A.: Predictors of university men’s number of sexual partners. J. Sex Res. 32, 119–130 (1995)
Norris, A.E., Ford, K.: Sexual experiences and condom use of heterosexual, low-income African American and Hispanic youth practicing relative monogamy, serial monogamy, and nonmonogamy. Sex. Transm. Dis. 26, 17–25 (1999)
Ellen, J.M., Cahn, S., Eyre, S.L., Boyer, C.B.: Types of adolescent sexual relationships and associated perceptions about condom use. J. Adolesc. Health 18, 417–421 (1996)
Potterat, J., Zimmerman-Rogers, H., Muth, S., et al.: Chlamydia transmission: concurrency, reproduction number, and the epidemic trajectory. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150(12), 1331–1339 (1999)
Koumans, E., Farely, T., Gibson, J.: Characteristics of persons with syphilis in areas of persisting syphilis in the United States: sustained transmission associated with concurrent partnerships. Sex. Transm. Dis. 28, 497–503 (2001)
Rosenberg, M.D., Gurvey, J.E., Adler, N., Dunlop, M.B., Ellen, J.M.: Concurrent sex partners and risk for sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents. Sex. Transm. Dis. 26(4), 208–212 (1999)
Manhart, L.E., Aral, S.O., Holmes, K.K., Foxman, B.: Sex partner concurrency: measurement, prevalence and correlates among urban 18-39 year olds. Sex. Transm. Dis. 29(3), 133–143 (2002)
Kretzschmar, M., Morris, M.: Measures of concurrency in networks and the spread of infectious disease. Math. Biosci. 133(2), 165–195 (1996)
SJ, G.A.C., Garnett, G.P.: The role of sexual partnership networks in the epidemiology of gonorrhea. Sex. Transm. Dis. 24(1), 45–56 (1997)
Morris, M., Kretzschmar, M.: Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS 11(5), 641–648 (1997)
Weller, S.C., Davis, K.R.: Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD003255 (2002)
Wald, A., Langenberg, A.G., Link, K., Izu, A.E., Ashley, R., Warren, T., Tyring, S., Douglas Jr., J.M., Corey, L.: Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA 285(24), 3100–3106 (27 June 2001)
Mosher, W.D., Chandra, A., Jones, J.: Sexual behavior and selected health measures: men and women 15-44 years of age, United States, 2002. Adv. Data 362, 1–55 (2005)
Shafii, T., Stovel, K., Holmes, K.: Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: a longitudinal study using bio-markers. Am. J. Public Health 97, 1090–1095 (2007)
DM, M.M., Artz, L.M., Hook, E.W.: Partner type and condom use. AIDS 14(5), 537–546 (2000)
Parsons, J.T., Schrimshaw, E.W., Wolitski, R.J., et al.: Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS 19(Suppl 1), S13–S25 (2005)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta (2005)
Lycke, E., Lowhagen, G.-B., Hallhagen, G., et al.: The risk of transmission of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is less than that of genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Sex. Transm. Dis. 7, 6–10 (1980)
Gragson, S., Nyamukapa, C.A., Garnett, G.P., et al.: Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Lancet 359, 1896–1903 (2002)
North, R.L.: Partner notification and the threat of domestic violence against women with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(16), 1194–1196 (1993)
Fortenberry, J.D., McFarlane, M., Bleakley, A., et al.: Relationship of stigma and shame to gonorrhoea and HIV screening. Am. J. Public Health 92(3), 378–381 (2002)
Voeten, H., O’Hara, H.B., Kusimba, J., et al.: Gender differences in health care seeking behavior for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex. Transm. Dis. 31(5), 265–272 (2004)
Nusbaum, M.R.: Therapeutic options for patients returning to sexual activity. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 104(3 suppl 4), S2–S5 (March 2004). Review
Zablotsky, D., Kennedy, M.: Risk factors and HIV transmission to midlife and older women: knowledge, options, and the initiation of safer sexual practices. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 33(suppl 2), S122–S130 (2003)
Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Crawford, J., et al.: In a minority of gay men, sexual risk practice indicates strategic positioning for perceived risk reduction rather than unbridled sex. AIDS Care 14(4), 471–480 (2002)
Koblin, B.A., Husnik, M.J., Colfax, G., et al.: Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS 20(5), 731–739 (2006)
Aral, S.O., Ward, H.: Modern day influences on sexual behavior. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 19(2), 297–309 (2005)
Ward, H., Aral, S.O.: Globalization, the sex industry and health. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82, 345–347 (2006)
Haley, N., Roy, E., Leclerc, P., et al.: HIV risk profile of male street youth involved in survival sex. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80, 526–530 (2004)
Weber, A.E., Boivin, J.F., Blais, L., et al.: HIV risk profile and prostitution among female street youths. J. Urban Health 79, 525–535 (2002)
Bloom, D., Mahal, A., Rosenberg, L., Sevilla, J., Steven, D., Weston, M.: Asia’s Economies and the Challenge of AIDS. Asian Development Bank, Manila (2004)
Mahal, A., Rao, B.: HIV/AIDS epidemic in India: an economic perspective. Indian J. Med. Res. 121, 582–600 (2005)
Carswell, J.W., Lloyd, G., Howells, J.: Prevalence of HIV-1 in East-African lorry drivers. AIDS 3(11), 759–761 (1989)
Kirby, D., Lepore, G., Ryan, J.: Sexual risk and protective factors: factors affecting teen sexual behavior, pregnancy, childbearing and sexually transmitted disease: Which are important? Which can you change? www.health.state.nm.us/phd/fp/Forms/risk%20 and%20protective%20factors Execsummary_kirby.pdf. Accessed 30 Mar 2009
Ellen, J., Kohn, R., Bolan, G., Shiboski, S., Krieger, N.: Socioeconomic differences in sexually transmitted disease rates among black and white adolescents, San Francisco, 1990 to 1992. Am. J. Public Health 85, 1546–1548 (1995)
Ellen, J., Aral, S., Madger, L.: Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial/ethnic differences in adolescents’ self-reported history of sexually transmitted disease? Sex. Transm. Dis. 25, 125–129 (1998)
Laumann, E.O., Youm, Y.: Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation. Sex. Transm. Dis. 26(5), 250–261 (1999)
Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., Michaels, S.: The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1994)
Rothenberg, R.B., Potterat, J.J.: Temporal and social aspects of gonorrhea transmission: the force of infectivity. Sex. Transm. Dis. 15, 88–92 (1987)
Ashby, S.L., Arcari, C.M., Edmonson, B.M.: Television viewing and the risk of sexual initiation by young adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 160, 375–380 (2006)
Tolman, D.L., Kim, J.L., Schooler, D., Sorsoli, C.L.: Rethinking the associations between television viewing and adolescent sexuality development: bringing gender into focus. J. Adolesc. Health 40, 84 (2007)
Brown, J.D., L’Engle, K.L., Pardun, C.J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., Jackson, C.: Sexy media matter: exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents’ sexual behavior. Pediatrics 117, 1018–1027 (2006)
Rideout, V., Roberts, D.F., Foehr, U.G.: Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year Olds. Kaiser Family, Menlo Park (2005)
Stahl, C., Fritz, N.: Internet safety: adolescents’ self report. J. Adolesc. Health 31, 7–10 (2002)
Beebe, T.J., Asche, S.E., Harrison, P.A., Quinlan, K.B.: Heightened vulnerability increased risk-taking among adolescent chat room users: Results from a statewide school survey. J. Adolesc. Health 35, 116–123 (2004)
McFarlane, M., Bull, S.S., Rietmeijer, C.A.: Young adults on the Internet: Risk behaviors for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. J. Adolesc. Health 31, 11–16 (2002)
Panchaud, C., Singh, S., Reivelson, D., Darroch, J.E.: Sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in developed countries. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 32(1), 24–32 (2000)
Darroch, J.E., Frost, J.J.: Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 33(5), 244–250 (2001)
Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S.B.G.: Manual of the EPI. London University Press, London (1964)
Eysenck, H.J.: Sex and Personality. Abacus, London (1978)
Ross, M.W.: Personality factors which differentiate homosexual men with positive and negative attitudes toward condom use. NY State J. Med. 88, 626–628 (1988)
Ross, M.W.: Psychological determinants of increased condom use and safer sex in homosexual men: a longitudinal study. Int. J. STD AIDS 1, 98–101 (1990)
Hart, G.: Sexual Maladjustment and Disease: An Introduction to Modern Venereology. Nelson-Hall, Chicago (1977)
Wingood, G.M., DiClemente, R.J.: Rape among African American women: sexual, psychological and social correlates predisposing survivors to risk of STD/HIV. J. Womens Health 7, 77–84 (1998)
Pitzner, J.K., et al.: A history of abuse and negative life events in patients with a sexually transmitted disease and in a community sample. Child Abuse Negl. 24, 715–731 (2000)
Petrak, J., et al.: The association between abuse in childhood and STD/HIC risk behaviours in female genitourinary medicine clinic attendees. Sex. Transm. Infect. 76, 457–461 (2000)
Brown, L.K., et al.: Impact of sexual abuse on the HIV-risk-related behavior of adolescents in intensive psychiatric treatment. Am. J. Psychiat. 157, 1413–1415 (2000)
Hobfoll, S.E., et al.: The impact of perceived child physical and sexual abuse history on Native American women’s psychological well-being and AIDS risk. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70, 252–257 (2002)
Champion, J.D., et al.: Psychological distress among abused minority women with sexually transmitted diseases. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract. 14, 316–324 (2002)
Bartholow, B.N.: Emotional, behavioral, and HIV risks associated with sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse Negl. 18, 747–761 (1994)
Whitbeck, L.B., Conger, R., Kao, M.-Y.: The influence of parental support, depressed affect, and peers on the sexual behaviors of adolescent girls. J. Fam. Issues 14, 261–278 (1993)
Wu, L.L.: Effects of family instability, income, and income instability on the risk of a premarital birth. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61, 386–406 (1996)
DiClemente, R.J., et al.: A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females. Pediatrics 108, E85 (2001)
Catalan, J., Bradlet, M., Gallwey, J., Hawton, K.: Sexual dysfunction and psychiatric morbidity in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Br. J. Psychiat. 138, 292–296 (1981)
Pitts, M.K., et al.: Reactions to repeated STD infections: Psychosocial aspects and gender issues in Zimbabwe. Soc. Sci. Med. 40, 1299–1304 (1995)
Faulstich, M.E.: Psychiatric aspects of AIDS. Am. J. Psychiat. 144, 551–556 (1987)
Nilsson-Schonnesson, N.L., Ross, M.W.: Coping with HIV Infection: Psychological and Existential Responses in Gay Men. Kluwer/Plenum, New York (1999)
Stronks, D.L., Rijpma, S.E., Passchier, J., et al.: Psychological consequences of genital herpes: an exploratory study with a gonorrhea control group. Psychol. Rep. 73, 395–400 (1993)
Longo, D., Koehn, K.: Psychosocial factors and recurrent genital herpes: a review of prediction and psychiatric treatment studies. Int. J. Psychiat. Med. 23, 99–117 (1993)
Ross, M.W.: Illness behavior among patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex. Transm. Dis. 14, 174–179 (1987)
van der Snoek, E.M., de Wit, J.B., Gotz, H.M., Mulder, P.G., Neumann, M.H., van der Meijden, W.I.: Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection in men who have sex with men related to knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: Dutch MSM-Cohort Study. Sex. Transm. Dis. Mar. 33(3), 193–198 (2006)
van der Snoek, E.M., de Wit, J.B., Mulder, P.G., van der Meijden, W.I.: Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection related to perceived HIV/AIDS threat since highly active antiretroviral therapy availability in men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 32(3), 170–175 (Mar 2005)
Newell, M.L., Bärnighausen, T.: Male circumcision to cut HIV risk in the general population. Lancet 369(9562), 617–619 (24 Feb 2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gill, A.R., Ravanfar, P., Mendoza, N., Tyring, S.K. (2011). Sexual Behavior and Psychological Aspects Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections. In: Gross, G., Tyring, S. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14662-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-14663-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)