Skip to main content

Drug Administration

  • Chapter
Small Animal Imaging

Abstract

For biomedical research purpose the most commonly used laboratory animals are mice, followed by rats. All over the world the percentage usually varies around 80–90% of the total number of animals used (Tierschutzbericht 2007). For this reason this chapter goes in detail only on these two species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bardelmeijer HA et al (2002) Cannulation of the jugular vein in mice: a method for serial withdraw of blood samples. Lab Anim 37:181–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow RH (1968) Modified intravenous injection technique in the rat. Lab Anim Care 18:570–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumans V et al (1993) Experimental procedures. In: van Zutphen LFM, Baumans V, Beynen AC (eds) Principles of laboratory animal science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 299–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Bihun C, Bauck L (2004) Basic anatomy, physiology, husbandry, and clinical techniques. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW (eds) Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 286–315

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Birkhahn RH et al (1976) The stress response in the rat from harnessing for chronic intravenous infusion. J Surg Res 21:185–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Born CT, Moller ML (1974) A simple procedure for long-term intravenous infusion in rats. Lab Anim Sci 24:355–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RH et al (1999) A method of endotracheal intubation and pulmonary functional assessment for repeated studies in mice. J Appl Physiol 87:2362–2365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CCAC (Canadian Council on Animal Care) (2002) Guidelines on acceptable immunological procedures. CCAC, Ottawa. http://www.ccac.ca/gui_pol/policies

  • Claassen V (ed) (1994a) Oral drug administration. In: Neglected factors in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 59–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen V (ed) (1994b) Food and water intake. In: Neglected factors in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 267–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen V (ed) (1994c) Fasting. In: Neglected factors in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 290–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen V (ed) (1994d) Food restriction. In: Neglected factors in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 321–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen V (ed) (1994e) Intraperitoneal drug administration. In: Neglected factors in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 46–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocchetto DM, Bjornsson TD (1983) Methods for vascular access and collection of body fluids from the laboratory rat. J Pharm Sci 72:465–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa DL et al (1986) Transoral trachea intubation of rodents using a fiberoptic laryngoscope. Lab Anim Sci 36:256–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conybeare G et al (1988) A improved simple technique for the collection of blood samples from rat and mice. Lab Anim 22:177–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox CE, Beazley RM (1975) Chronic venous catheterization: a technique for implanting and maintaining venous catheters in rats. J Surg Res 18:607–610

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins C (1986) Indwelling vascular cannulas for remote blood sampling, infusion, and long-term instrumentation of small laboratory animals. In: Gay WJ, Heavner JE (eds) Methods of animal experimentation, vol VII, part A. Academic, Orlando, pp 143–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Diel K-H et al (2001) A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes. J Appl Toxicol 21:15–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley W et al (1975) An apparatus for anesthetizing small laboratory animals. Lab Anim Sci 25:481–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ETS 123 (1986) European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purpose. Council of Europe, Strasbourgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett JW, Sawyer CH (1956) The small saphenous vein as a route for intravenous injection in the white rat. Nature 178:268–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fallon MT (1996) Rats and mice. In: Label-Laird K, Swindle MM, Flecknell P (eds) Handbook of rodent and rabbit medicine. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Flecknell P (ed) (1996) Anaesthesia. In: Laboratory animal anaesthesia, 2 edn. Academic, London, pp 15–73/159–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrill HC, Hill C (1943) A simplified method for feeding rats. J Lab Clin Med 28:1624–1625

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin CA et al (1989) Use of percutaneous absorption data in risk assessment. J Am Coll Toxicol 8:815–827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gervaz P et al (2000) Permanent access to the portal vein in rats: an experimental model. Eur Surg Res 32:203–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GV–SOLAS Recommended maximum injection volumes in lab animals of the Society for Laboratory Animal Science (GV-SOLAS), August 2010, http://www.gv-solas.de/auss/tie/Injektionsvol_August_2010.pdf

  • Grice HC (1963) Methods for obtaining blood and for intravenous injections in laboratory animals. Lab Anim Care 14:483–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy RH, Hadgraft J (1991) Principles of skin permeability relevant to chemical exposure. In: Hobson DW (ed) Dermal and ocular toxicology. Fundamentals and Methods. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 221–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamacher J et al (2008) Microscopic wire guide-based orotracheal mouse intubation: description, evaluation and comparison with transillumination. Lab Anim 42:222–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Harms PG, Ojeda SR (1974) A rapid and simple procedure for chronic cannulation of the rat jugular vein. J Appl Physiol 36:391–392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heard DJ (2004) Anestesia, analgesia, and sedation of small mammals. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW (eds) Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 356–369

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Henke J, Erhardt W (2004) Nager. In: Henke J et al (eds) Anästhesie & Analgesie beim Klein und Heimtier. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 642–663

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtubise MR et al (1980) Restoring patency of occluded central venous catheters. Arch Surg 115:212–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey P et al (1987) Does the rat have an empty stomach after an overnight fast? Lab Anim 21:330–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joint Working Group on Refinement (1993) Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. Lab Anim 27:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus AL (1980) Research methodology. In: Baker HJ HJ et al (eds) The laboratory rat, vol 2, Research applications. Academic, New York, pp 19–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Lany J et al (1980) A simple method for exact intratracheal installation in small laboratory rodents. Cancer Lett 10:91–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lax ER et al (1983) A simple method for oral administration of drugs in solid form to fully conscious rats. Lab Anim 17:50–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine RR (1970) Factors affecting gastrointestinal absorption of drugs. Am J Dig Dis 15:171–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DE et al (1980) A mask for delivery of inhalation gases to small laboratory animals. Lab Anim Sci 30:868–870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis R et al (1966) Error of intraperitoneal injections in rats. Lab Anim Care 16:505–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little JR et al (1962) Determination of lymphocyte turnover by continuous infusion of H 3-Thymidine. Blood 19:236–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Löscher W et al (2006) Allgemeine Pharmakologie. In: Löscher W, Ungemach FR, Kroker R (eds) Pharmakotherapie bei Haus- und Nutztieren, 7th edn. Parey, Berlin, pp 4–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Marini JC, Garlick PJ (2006) Non-surgical alternatives to invasive procedures in mice. Lab Anim 40:275–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreland AF (1965) Collection and withdraw of body fluids and infusion techniques. In: Gay WJ (ed) Methods of animal experimentation, vol 1. Academic, New York, pp 1–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Nachtman RG et al (1988) Commercial over-the-needle catheters for intravenous injections and blood sampling in rats. Lab Anim Sci 38:629–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nebendahl K (2000) Routes of administration. In: Krinke GJ (ed) The laboratory rat. Academic, San Diego, pp 463–483

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale CH, Mouravieff M (1973) Reliable and simple method of intravenous injection into the rat. J Pharm Sci 62:860–861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris ML, Miles P (1982) An improved, portable machine designed to induce and maintain surgical anaesthesia in small laboratory animals. Lab Anim 16:227–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill PJ, Kaufman LN (1990) Effects of indwelling arterial catheters or physical restraint on food consumption and growth patterns of rats: advantages of non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques. Lab Anim Sci 40:641–643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otto K (2004) Anesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. In: Hedrich H (ed) The laboratory mouse. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 555–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce KA (1957) A route for intravenous injection in the albino rat. Nature 178:709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pekow CA, Baumans V (2003) Common nonsurgical techniques and procedures. In: Hau J, van Hoosier GL (eds) Handbook of laboratory animal science, vol II, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 351–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Petty C (1982) Blood. In: Petty C (ed) Research techniques in the rat. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 66–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope RS (1968) Small vessel cannulator. J Appl Physiol 24:276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popovic V, Popovic P (1960) Permanent cannulation of aorta and vena cave in rats and squirrels. J Appl Physiol 15:727–728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor E, Fernando AR (1973) Oro-endotracheal Intubation in the rat. Br J Anaesth 45:139–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remie R et al (1990) Anaesthesia of the laboratory rat. In: van Dongen JJ et al (eds) Manual of microsurgery on the rat. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 159–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes ML, Patterson CE (1979) Chronic intravenous infusion in the rat: a nonsurgical approach. Lab Anim Sci 29: 82–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritskes-Hoitinger M, Chaewalibog A (2003) Nutrition requirements, design, and feeding schedule in animal experimentation. In: Hau J, van Hoosier GL (eds) Handbook of laboratory animal science, vol II, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 351–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritskes-Hoitinger M (2004) Nutrition of laboratory mice. In: Hedrich H (ed) The laboratory mouse. Elsevier Academic, London, pp 463–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem H et al (1963) Mico-method for intravenous injection and blood sampling. J Pharm Sci 52:794–795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlingmann F et al (1997) Food deprivation: how long and how. In: O’Donoghue PN (ed) Harmonization of laboratory animal husbandry. Proceedings of the Sixth FELASA Symposium. Royal Society of Medicine Press, London, pp 89–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider G, Schneider G (1970) Zur Technik der intraperitoneal Injektion bei Ratten. Z Versuchstierk 12:16–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher J et al (2003) A miniature self-inflating bag-mask ventilator for rats. Lab Anim 37:360–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu S (2004) Routes of administration. In: Hedrich H (ed) The laboratory mouse. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 527–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith G (1991) A simple non-surgical method of intrabronchial installation for the establishment of respiratory infections in the rat. Lab Anim 25:46–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spoelsta EN et al (2007) A novel and simple method for endotracheal intubation of mice. Lab Anim 41:128–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger E et al (1972) A technique for long-term intravenous feeding in unrestrained rats. Arch Surg 104:330–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suckow MA (2001) Experimental methodology. In: Suckow MA et al (eds) The laboratory mouse. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 113–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesny G et al (2003) Long-term anaesthesia using inhalatory isoflurane in different strains of mice – the haemodynamic effect. Lab Anim 38:64–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiersch G (2006) “Animal Welfare Act”, Tierschutzgesetz vom 18.Mai. 2006 (BGBL.I S.1206,1313) www.bmelv.de Tierschutz-Tiergesundheit/Tierschutz/Tierschutzrecht/ Tierschutzgesetz

  • Tiierschutzbericht (2007) www.bmelv.de Tierschutz-Tiergesundheit /Tierschutz/ Tierschuzberichte

  • Vergari A et al (2003) Video-assisted orotracheal intubation in mice. Lab Anim 37:204–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen JK et al (1997) Food deprivation: common sense or nonsense? Anim Technol 48:45

    Google Scholar 

  • Videm S (1980) A method for blood sampling and intravenous injections in rats. Z Versuchstierk 22:101–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waynforth HB, Parkin R (1969) Sublingual vein injection in rodents. Lab Anim 3:35–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waynforth HB, Flecknell PA (1992a) a) Administration of substances. In: Waynforth HB, Flecknell PA (eds) Experimental and surgical technique in the rat, 2nd edn. Academic, London, pp 1–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Waynforth HB, Flecknell PA (1992b) Specific surgical operations. In: Waynforth HB, Flecknell PA (eds) Experimental and surgical technique in the rat, 2nd edn. Academic, London, pp 203–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe J et al (1977) Gastric emtying rate constants after oral administration of drug solutions to mice, rats and rabbits. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 25:2147–2155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks JR, Davis JD (1964) Chronic intravenous cannulas for rats. J Appl Physiol 19:540–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe WH (1987) The laboratory rat. In: Poole TB (ed) The UFAW handbook on the care & management of laboratory animals, 6th edn. Longman, Essex, pp 309–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss J et al (2009) Verabreichung (Applikation) von Substanzen und Probeentnahme. In: Weiss J, Becker K, Bernsmann K, Dietrich H, Nebendahl K (eds) Tierpflege in Forschung und Klinik. Enke, Stuttgart, pp 362–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Wester RC, Maibach HI (1986) Dermatopharmakinetics: a dead membrane or a complex multifunctional viable process. In: Bridges JW, Chasseaud LF (eds) Progress in drug metabolism, vol 9. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 95–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensohn S, Lloyd M (1994) Procedural data. In: Wolfensohn S, Lloyd M (eds) Handbook of laboratory animals management and welfare. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Working Party Report (2001) Refining procedures for the administration of substances. Lab Anim 35:1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodard G (1965) Principles of drug administration. In: Gay WJ (ed) Methods of animal experimentation, vol 1. Academic, New York, pp 343–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoburn BC, Morales R, Inturrisi CE (1984) Chronic vascular catheterization in the rat: comparison of three techniques. Physiol Behav 33:89–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nebendahl, K., Hauff, P. (2011). Drug Administration. In: Kiessling, F., Pichler, B. (eds) Small Animal Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12945-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12945-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12944-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12945-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics