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Enzymatic Degradation of Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid

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Amino-Acid Homopolymers Occurring in Nature

Part of the book series: Microbiology Monographs ((MICROMONO,volume 15))

Abstract

Enzymes that degrade poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) are found mainly in bacteria. γ-PGA is a polymer of glutamic acid linked by γ-peptide bond synthesized by a membrane protein complex. It surrounds bacterial cells, and functions as a physical barrier against bacteriophages or phagocytosis and as an extracellular nutrient reservoir. γ-PGA-degrading enzymes of Bacillus subtilis, B. anthracis, Flavobacterium polyglutamicum, Myrothecium sp., and bacteriophages act differently on γ-PGA and they are essential to facilitate or to antagonize such physiological functions of γ-PGA. γ-PGA contains D-isomer of glutamic acid. γ-PGA-degrading enzymes recognize not only the γ-peptide bond but also the stereochemistry of the polymer. Among the γ-PGA-degrading enzymes, B. anthracis CapD and bacteriophage PghP have been examined in their tertiary structure. Catalytic mechanism and the recognition of stereochemistry of the substrate are discussed based on their 3D structures. Other γ-PGA-degrading enzymes are classified based on the mode of action and substrate specificities. Their catalytic and physiological functions are reviewed.

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Acknowledgments

Parts of work presented were supported by grants from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery of Japan. K.K. acknowledges Drs. Fouet A and Mock M, and National Agricultural Research Organization for a sabbatical year in France at the Institut Pasteur.

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  1. Applied Microbiology Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan

    Keitarou Kimura

  2. National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Protein Research Unit, 2-1-2 Kannondai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan

    Zui Fujimoto

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Correspondence to Keitarou Kimura .

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  1. , Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho 4-1-1, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan

    Yoshimitsu Hamano

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Kimura, K., Fujimoto, Z. (2010). Enzymatic Degradation of Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid. In: Hamano, Y. (eds) Amino-Acid Homopolymers Occurring in Nature. Microbiology Monographs, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12453-2_6

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