Keywords

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Chapter 12: One of the author’s names was misprinted. The author list should be read as: H. Frey and T. Hellmuth.

Following figures have been previously published: 12.28, 12.29, 12.33, 12.35, 12.36, 12.39, 12.40, 12.41, 12.42, 12.43. Permission for reuse has been granted and credits must be given as follow: Thomas G. Brown (Editor), Katherine Creath (Editor), Herwig Kogelnik (Editor), Michael Kriss (Editor), Joanna Schmit (Editor), Marvin J. Weber (Editor): The Optics Encyclopedia: Basic Foundations and Practical Applications, 5 Volumes Set. Page(s) 1469–1531. Publication year 2014. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.