Zusammenfassung
Das Kapitel behandelt die klassischen, primär nicht genetischen Formen der Glomerulonephritiden. Neben den häufigsten infektiös bedingten Glomerulonephritiden fallen in diese Gruppe auch die autoimmunologischen Erkrankungen und – aus historischen Gründen – die teilweise genetisch bedingten komplementvermittelten Glomerulonephritiden. Besonderes eingegangen wird auf die differentialdiagnostisch wichtigen morphologischen Merkmale, die neuesten Erkenntnisse zur Ätiopathogenese und aktuelle, bereits in Verwendung befindliche Klassifikationen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Anders D, Agricola B, Sippel M, Thoenes W (1977) Basement membrane changes in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Characterization of a third type by silver impregnation of ultra thin sections. Virchows Arch A Patholol Anat Histol 376:1–19
Andrassy K, Kuster S, Waldherr R (1991) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: analysis of prevalence and clinical course. Nephron 59:206–212
Angelo JR, Bell CS, Braun MC (2011) Allograft failure in kidney transplant recipients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 57:291–299
Appel GB, Cook T, Hageman G, Jennette JC, Kashgarian M, Kirschfink M, Lambris JD, Lannning L, Lutz HU, Meri S, Rose NR, Salant DJ, Sethi S, Smith RJ, Smoyer W, Tully HF, Tully SP, Walker P, Welsh M, Wurzner R, Zipfel PF (2005) Membranoproliferative glomer- ulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease): An update. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1392–1404
Arze RS, Rashid H, Morley R, Ward MK, Kerr DN (1983) Shunt nephritis: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 19:48–53
Athanasiou Y, Voskarides K, Gale DP, Damianou L, Patsias C, Zavros M (2011) Familial C3 glomerulopathy associated with CFHR5 mutations. Clinical characteristics of 91 patients in 16 pedigrees. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1436–1446
Bajema IM, Hagen EC, Hansen BE, Hermans J, Noel LH, Waldherr R, Ferrario F, van der Woude FJ, Bruijn JA (1996) The renal histopathology in systemic vasculitis: An international survey study of inter- and intra-observer agreement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1989–1995
Barbour, TD, Pickering, MC, Cook HT (2013) Dense Deposit Disease and C3 glomerulopathy. Semin Nephrol 33:493–507
Barisoni L, Schnaper HW, Kopp JB (2009) Advances in the biology and genetics of the podocytopathies: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:201–216
Batsford SR, Mezzano S, Mihatsch M, Schiltz E, Rodríguez-Iturbe B (2005) Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GAPDH? Kidney Int 68:1120–1129
Beck LH Jr, Bonegio RG, Lambeau G, Beck DM, Powell DW, Cummins TD, Klein JB, Salant DJ (2009) M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 361:11–21
Berden AE, Ferrario F, Hagen EC, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Joh K, Neumann I, Noël LH, Pusey CD, Waldherr R, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM (2010) Histopathologic classification of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1628–1636
Berger J (1969) IgA glomerular deposits in renal diseases. Transplant Proc 1:939–948
Bohle A, Mackensen-Haen S, von Gise H, Grund KE, Wehrmann M (1990) The consequences of tubulo- interstitial changes for renal function in glomerulopathies: A morphometric and cytological analysis. Pathol Res Pract 186:135–144
Bohle A, Wehrmann M, Mackensen-Haen S, Gise H, Mickeler E, Xiao TC, Müller CA, Müller GA (1994) Pathogenesis of chronic renal failure in primary glomerulopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:4–12
Bomback AS, Smith RJ, Barile GR et al (2012) Eculizumab for dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7:748–756
Borza DB, Bondar O, Colon S, Todd P, Sado Y, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (2005) Goodpasture autoantibodies unmask cryptic epitopes by selectively dissociating autoantigen complexes lacking structural reinforcement: novel mechanisms for immune privilege and autoimmune pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 280:27147–27154
Briganti EM, Dowling J, Finlay M, Hill PA, Jones CL, Kincaid-Smith PS, Sinclair R, McNeil JJ, Atkins RC (2001) The incidence of biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis in Australia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1364–1367
Briganti EM, Russ GR, McNeil JJ, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ (2002) Risk of renal allograft loss from recurrent glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 347:103–109
Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, Tanji N, Cara A, Dikman S, Gordon RE, Burns GC, D’Agati VD, Winston JA, Klotman ME, Klotman PE (2000) Renal epithelium is a previously unrecognized site of HIV-1 infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2079–2087
Burkholder PM, Marchand A, Krueger RP (1970) Mixed membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis. A correlative light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study. Lab Invest 23:459–479
Cameron JT, Turner DR, Heaton J, Williams DG, Ogg CS, Chantler C, Haycock GB, Hicke J (1983) Idiopathic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis: Comparison of types 1 and 2 in children and adults and long-term prognosis. Am J Med 74:175–192
Cattran DC, Reich HN, Kim SJ, Troyanov S (2011) Have we changed the outcome in membranous nephropathy? A propensity study on the role of immunosuppressive therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1591–1598
Cheng JT, Anderson HL Jr, Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Pogue VA, D’Agati VD (1999) Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1566–1574
Childhood nephrotic syndrome associated with diffuse mesangial hypercellularity (1983) A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 24:87–94
Churg J, Habib R, White RH (1970) Pathology of the nephrotic syndrome in children: a report for the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Lancet 760:1299–1302
Churg J, Sobin LH (1982) Renal disease. Classification and atlas of glomerular diseases. Igaku-Shoin, Tokio
Clement LC, Avila-Casado C, Macé C, Soria E, Bakker WW, Kersten S, Chugh SS (2011) Podocyte-secreted angiopoietin-like-4 mediates proteinuria in glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Nat Med 17:117–122
Cohen AH, Glassock RJ (1994) Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis including Goodpasture disease. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM (Hrsg) Renal pathology, 2. Aufl. Lippincott Comp, Philadelphia, S 524–552
Couser WG (1988) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: classification, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapy. Am J Kid Dis 11:449–464
Couser WG (1990) Mediation of immune glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:13–29
Couser WG, Nangaku M (2006) Cellular and molecular biology of membranous nephropathy. J Nephrol 19:699–705
Couser WG (2012) Basic and translational concepts of immune-mediated glomerular diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:381–399
Cybulsky AV, Rennke HG, Feintzeig ID, Salant DJ (1986) Complement-induced glomerular epithelial cell injury: Role of the membrane attack complex in rat membranous nephropathy. J Clin Invest 77:1096–1107
D’Agati VD, Fogo AB, Bruijn JA, Jennette JC (2004) Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a working proposal. Am J Kidney Dis 43:368–382
D’Agati VD, Kaskel FJ, Falk RJ (2011) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med 365:2398–2411
Dabade TS, Grande JP, Norby SM, Fervenza FC, Cosio FG (2008) Recurrent idiopathic membranous nephropathy after kidney transplantation: A surveillance biopsy study. Am J Transplant 8:1318–1322
Debiec H, Guigonis V, Mougenot B, Decobert F, Haymann JP, Bensman A, Deschenes G, Ronco PM (2002) Antenatal membranous glomerulonephritis due to anti-neutral endopeptidase antibodies. N Engl J Med 346:2053–2060
Debiec H, Lefeu F, Kemper MJ, Niaudet P, Deschenes G, Remuzzi G, Ulinski T, Ronco P (2011) Early-childhood membranous nephropathy due to cationic bovine serum albumin. N Engl J Med 364:2101–2110
Denton MD, Marsden PA, Luscinkas FW, Brenner BM, Brady HR (1991) Cytokine-induced phagocyte adhesion to human mesangial cells: role of CD 11/CD 18 integrins and ICAM-1. Am J Physiol 261:1071–1079
Ehrenreich T, Churg J (1968) Pathology of membranous nephropathy. In: Sommers SC (Hrsg) Pathology Annual. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
El Karoui K, Hill GS, Karras A, Moulonguet L, Caudwell V, Loupy A, Bruneval P, Jacquot C, Nochy D (2011) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis plays a major role in the progression of IgA nephropathy. II. Light microscopic and clinical studies. Kidney Int 79:643–654
Esnault VL, Testa A, Audrain M, Rogé C, Hamidou M, Barrier JH, Sesboüé R, Martin JP, Lesavre P (1993) Alpha 1-antitrypsin genetic polymorphism in ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis. Kidney Int 43:1329–1332
Esnault VL, Ronda N, Jayne DR, Lockwood CM (1993) Association of ANCA isotype and affinity with disease expression. J Autoimmun 6:197–205
Fakhouri F, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Noel LH et al (2010) C3 glomerulopathy: a new classification. Nat Rev Nephrol 6:494–499
Falk RJ, Jennette JC (1988) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with specificy for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 318:1651–1657
Farquhar MG, Saito A, Kerjaschki D, Orlando RA (1995) The Heymann nephritis antigenic complex: megalin (gp330) and RAP. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:35–47
Feehally JCJS (2011) IgA nephropathy: Progress before and since Berger. Am J Kidney Dis 58:310–319
Fervenza FC, Abraham RS, Erickson SB, Irazabal MV, Eirin A, Specks U, Nachman PH, Bergstralh EJ, Leung N, Cosio FG, Hogan MC, Dillon JJ, Hickson LJ, Li X, Cattran DC, Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group (2010) Rituximab therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A 2-year study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2188–2198
Floege J, Feehally J (2013) Treatment of IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 9:320–327
Fogo AB (2003) Animal models of FSGS: lessons for pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Nephrol 23:161–171
Gale DP, de Goicoechea Jorge E, Cook HT, Martínez-Barricarte R, Hadjisavvas A, McLean AG (2010) Identification of a mutation in complement factor H-related protein 5 in patients of Cypriot origin with glomerulonephritis. Lancet 376():794–801
Gärtner HV, Watanabe T, Ott V, Adam A, Bohle A, Edel HH, Kluthe R, Renner E, Scheler F, Schmülling RM, Sieberth HG (1977) Correlations between morphologic and clinical features in idiopathic perimembranous glomerulonephritis. Curr Top Pathol 65:1–29
Gharavi AG, Yan Y, Scolari F, Schena FP, Frasca GM, Ghiggeri GM, Cooper K, Amoroso A, Viola BF, Battini G, Caridi G, Canova C, Farhi A, Subramanian V, Nelson-Williams C, Woodford S, Julian BA, Wyatt RJ, Lifton RP (2000) IgA nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis, is linked to 6q22-23. Nat Genet 26:354–357
Glassock RJ (2009) Analyzing antibody activity in IgA nephropathy. J Clin Invest 119:1450–1452
Goumenos DS, Kawar B, El Nahas M, Conti S, Wagner B, Spyropoulos C, Vlachojannis JG, Benigni A, Kalfarentzos F (2009) Early histological changes in the kidney of people with morbid obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:3732–3738
Gross WL, Csernok E, Helmchen U (1995) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies, autoantigens, and systemic vasculitis. APMIS 103:81–97
Gross WL, Lüdemann J, Kiefer G, Lehmann H (1986) Anticytoplasmic antibodies in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet 5:806
Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH (1997) Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976–1979 and 1995–1997. Am J Kidney Dis 30:621–631
Habib R, Niaudet P, Levy M (1994) Schönlein-Henoch purpura and IgA nephropathy. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM (Hrsg) Renal pathology, 2. Aufl. Lippincott, Philadelphia, S 472–523
Haffner D, Schindera F, Aschoff A, Matthias S, Waldherr R, Schärer K (1997) The clinical spectrum of shunt nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1143–1148
Harris AA, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (1998) Crescentic glomerulonephritis with a paucity of glomerular immunoglobulin localization. Am J Kidney Dis 32:179–184
Hellmark T, Segelmark M (2014) Diagnosis and classification of Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM). J Autoimmun 48/49:108–112
Heymann W, Hackel DB, Harwood S, Wilson SG, Hunter JL (1959) Production of nephritic syndrome in rats by Freund’s adjuvants and rat kidney suspensions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 100:660–664
Holley KE, Donadio JV Jr (1994) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM (Hrsg) Renal pathology, 2. Aufl. Lippincott, Philadelphia, S 294–329
International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (1978) Nephrotic syndrome in children: Prediction of histopathology from clinical and laboratory characteristics at time of diagnosis. Kidney Int 13:159–165
Iwakiri T, Fujimoto S, Kitagawa K, Furuichi K, Yamahana J, Matsuura Y, Yamashita A, Uezono S, Shimao Y, Hisanaga S, Tokura T, Wada T, Kitamura K, Asada Y (2013) Validation of a newly proposed histopathological classification in Japanese patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. BMC Nephrol 14:125
Jennette JC (1981) Evolution of mesangial IgM nephropathy into focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Nephrol 1:222
Jennette JC, Falk RJ (1990) Adult minimal change glomerulopathy with acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 16:432–437
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, Flores-Suarez LF, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hagen EC, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Kallenberg CG, Lamprecht P, Langford CA, Luqmani RA, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Ozen S, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Rees AJ, Scott DG, Specks U, Stone JH, Takahashi K, Watts RA (2013) 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65:1–11
Johnson RI, Gretch DR, Yamabe H, Hart J, Bacchi CE, Hartwell P, Couser WG, Corey L, Wener MH, Alpers CE, Willson R (1993) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. NEJM 328:465–470
Kain R, Exner M, Brandes R, Ziebermayr R, Cunningham D, Alderson CA, Davidovits A, Raab I, Jahn R, Ashour O, Spitzauer S, Sunder-Plassmann G, Fukuda M, Klemm P, Rees AJ, Kerjaschki D (2008) Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nature Medicine 14:1088–1096
Kambham N (2012) Postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Adv Anat Pathol 19:338–347
Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Valeri AM, Lin J, D’Agati VD (2001) Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic. Kidney Int 59:1498–1509
Kanodia KV, Vanikar AV, Kute VB, Trivedi HL (2013) Plasmodium vivax malaria associated with acute post infectious glomerulonephritis. Ren Failure 35:1024–1026
Kawasaki Y, Ono A, Ohara S, Suzuki Y, Suyama K, Suzuki J, Hosoya M (2013) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in childhood: pathogenesis, prognostic factors and treatment. Fukushima J Med Sci 59:15–26
KDIGO (2008) KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis c in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 73(Suppl 109):69–77
Kerjaschki D, Ullrich R, Diem K, Pietromonaco S, Orlando RA, Farquahr MG (1992) Identification of a pathogenic epitope involved in initiation of Heymann nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11179–11183
Korbet SM (2012) Treatment of primary FSGS in adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:1769–1776
Kurts C, Panzer U, Anders HJ, Rees AJ (2013) The immune system and kidney disease: basic concepts and clinical implications. Nat Rev Immunol 13:738–753
Kussmaul A, Maier R (1866) Über eine bisher nicht beschriebene eigenthümliche Arterienerkrankung (Periarteriitis nodosa), die mit Morbus Brightii und rapid fortschreitender allgemeiner Muskellähmung einhergeht. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1:484–517
Lai KN, Li PKT, Lui SF, Au TC, Tam JSL, Tong KL, Lai FM-M (1991) Membranous nephropathy related to hepatitis B in adults. NEJM 324:1457–1363
Levy M, Berger J (1988) Worldwide perspective of IgA nephropathy. Am J Kid Dis 12:340–347
Levy M, Gubler MC, Habib R (1981) Pathology and immunopathology of shunt nephritis in children: report of 10 cases. In: Zurukyoglu W, Papadimitriou M, Pyppasopoules M, Sion M, Zamboulis C (Hrsg) Proc 8th Int Congr Nephrol. Karger, Basel, S 290–296
Liu XQ, Paterson AD, He N, St George-Hyslop P, Rauta V, Gronhagen-Riska C, Laakso M, Thibaudin L, Berthoux F, Cattran D, Pei Y (2008) IL5RA and TNFRSF6B gene variants are associated with sporadic IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1025–1033
Löhlein M (1910) Über hämorrhagische Nierenaffektionen bei chronischer ulceröser Endokarditis (embolische nichteitrige Herdnephritis). Med Klin 6:375–379
Lorenz EC, Sethi S, Leung N, Dispenzieri A, Fervenza FC, Cosio FG (2010) Recurrent membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 77:721–728
Lyons PA, Rayner TF, Trivedi S, Holle JU, Watts RA, Jayne DR, Baslund B, Brenchley P, Bruchfeld A, Chaudhry AN et al (2012) Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 367:214–223
Majumdar A, Chowdhary S, Ferreira MA, Hammond LA, Howie AJ, Lipkin GW, Littler WA (2000) Renal pathological findings in infective endocarditis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1782–1787
Malangone J, Abuelo JG, Pezzulo JC, Lund K, McCloin CA (1989) Clinical and laboratory features of patients with chronic renal disease at the start of dialysis. Clin Nephrol 31:77–87
Marras D, Bruggeman LA, Gao F, Tanji N, Mansukhani MM, Cara A, Ross MD, Gusella GL, Benson G, D’Agati VD, Hahn BH, Klotman ME, Klotman PE (2002) Replication and compartmentalization of HIV-1 in kidney epithelium of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy. Nat Med 8:522–526
Martínez-Barricarte R, Heurich M, Valdes-Cañedo F, Vazquez-Martul E, Torreira E, Montes T, Tortajada A, Pinto S, Lopez-Trascasa M, Morgan BP, Llorca O, Harris CL, de Rodríguez Córdoba S (2010) Human C3 mutation reveals a mechanism of dense deposit disease pathogenesis and provides insights into complement activation and regulation. J Clin Invest 120:3702–3712
Masani N, Jhaveri KD, Fishbane S (2014) Update on membranoproliferative GN. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:600–608
McGrogan A, Franssen CF, de Vries CS (2011) The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26:414–430
Moroni G, Ponticelli C (2014) Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis: Early treatment is a must. Autoimmun Rev 13:723–729
Mustonen J, Pasternack A, Helin H, Nikkila M (1985) Clinicopathologic correlations in a series of 143 patients with IgA glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 5:150–157
Nadasdy T, Silva FG, Hogg RJ (1994) Minimal change nephrotic syndrome-focal sclerosis complex. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM (Hrsg) Renal Pathology. Lippincott, Philadelphia, S 330–389
Nasr SH, Markowitz GS, Whelan JD, Albanese JJ, Rosen RM, Fein DA, Kim SS, D’Agati VD (2003) IgA-dominant acute poststaphylococcal glomerulonephritis complicating diabetic nephropathy. Hum Pathol 34:1235–1241
Nasr SH, Radhakrishnan J, D’Agati VD (2013) Bacterial infection-related glomerulonephritis in adults. Kidney Int 3:792–803
Nasr SH, Valeri AM, Appel GB, Sherwinter J, Stokes MB, Said SM, Markowitz GS, D’Agati VD (2009) Dense deposit disease: Clinicopatho- logic study of 32 pediatric and adult patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:22–32
International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (1978) Nephrotic syndrome in children: Prediction of histopathology from clinical and laboratory characteristics at time of diagnosis. Kidney Int 13:159–165
Neugarten J, Baldwin DS (1986) Glomerulonephritis in bacterial endocarditis. Am J Med 77:297–304
Ortiz-Butcher C (1993) The spectrum of kidney diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2:355–364
Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, Wieslander J, Kashtan C, Borza DB, Neilson EG, Wilson CB, Hudson BG (2010) Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med 363:343–354
Pedchenko V, Vanacore R, Hudson B (2011) Goodpasture’s disease molecular architecture of the autoantigen provides clues to etiology and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 20:290–296
Pickering MC, D’Agati VD, Nester CM, Smith RJ, Haas M, Appel GB, Alpers CE, Bajema IM et al (2013) C3 glomerulopathy: consensus report. Kidney Int 84:1079–1089
Piram M, Mahr A (2013) Epidemiology of immunoglobulin A vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein): current state of knowledge. Curr Opin Rheumatol 25:171–178
Ponticelli C, Glassock RJ (2010) Posttransplant recurrence of primary glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2363–2372
Rees AJ (1996) Vasculitis and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5:273–281
Remuzzi G, Zoja C, Bertani T (1993) Glomerulonephritis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2:465–474
Rennke HG (1995) Secondary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 47:643–656
Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S (2013) Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura? Autoimmun Rev 12:1016–1021
Rodriguez-Iturbe B (1992) Acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis. In: Cameron S, Davison AM, Grünfeld JP, Kerr D, Ritz E (Hrsg) Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, S 405–417
Rood IM, Deegens JKJ, Wetzels JFM (2012) Genetic causes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: implications for clinical practise. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 27:882–890
Rosenstiel PE, Gruosso T, Letourneau AM, Chan JJ, LeBlanc A, Husain M, Najfeld V, Planelles V, D’Agati VD, Klotman ME, Klotman PE (2008) HIV-1 Vpr inhibits cytokinesis in human proximal tubule cells. Kidney Int 74:1049–1058
Rusai K, Zaller V, Szilagyi A, Kain R, Prohaszka Z, Cook HAT (2013) A rare case: childhood-onset C3 glomerulonephritis due to homozygous factor H deficiency. Clin Exp Nephrol Case Rep 2:234–238
Sanders JS, Rutgers A, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CG (2011) Pulmonary renal syndrome with a focus on anti-GBM disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2:328–334
Schreiber RD, Götz O, Müller-Eberhard HJ (1976) Nephritic factor: Its structure and function and its relationship to initiating factor of the alternative pathway. Scand Immunol 5:705–713
Schulze M, Donadio JV, Pruchno CJ, Baker PJ, Johnson RI, Stahl RAK, Watkins S, Martin DC, Wurzner R, Götze D, Couser WG (1991) Elevated urinary excretion of the C5b-9 complex in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 40:533–538
Schwertz R, Rother U, Anders D, Gretz N, Scharer K, Kirschfink M (2001) Complement analysis in children with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: A long-term follow-up. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 12:166–172
Servais A, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Lequintrec M, Salomon R, Blouin J, Knebelmann B, Grünfeld JP, Lesavre P, Noël LH, Fakhouri F (2007) Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: A new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. J Med Genet 44:193–199
Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Zhang Y, Zand L, Meyer NC, Borsa N, Nasr SH, Smith RJH (2013) Atypical postinfectious glomerulonephritis is associated with abnormalities in the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int 83:293–299
Sethi S, Nester CM, Smith RJ (2012) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy: Resolving the confusion. Kidney Int 81:434–441
Sitprija V, Boonpucknavig V (1994) renal involvement in parasitic diseases. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM (Hrsg) Renal pathology, 2. Aufl. Lippincott, Philadelphia, S 626–657
Smith RJH, Alexander J, Barlow PN et al (2007) New approaches to the treatment of Dense Deposit Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2447–2456
Sorger K, Gessler U, Hübner FK, Köhler H, Schulz W, Stühlinger W, Thoenes GH, Thoenes W (1982) Subtypes of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Synopsis of clinical and pathological features. Clin Nephrol 17:114–128
Sorger K et al (1983) The garland type of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis: morphological characteristics and follow-up studies. Clin Nephrol 20:17–26
Stanescu HC, Arcos-Burgos M, Medlar A, Bockenhauer D, Kottgen A, Dragomirescu L, Voinescu C, Patel N, Pearce K, Hubank M, Stephens HA, Laundy V, Padmanabhan S, Zawadzka A, Hofstra JM, Coenen MJ, den Heijer M, Kiemeney LA, Bacq-Daian D, Stengel B, Powis SH, Brenchley P, Feehally J, Rees AJ, Debiec H, Wetzels JF, Ronco P, Mathieson PW, Kleta R (2011) Risk HLA-DQA1 and PLA(2)R1 alleles in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 364:616–626
Stehman-Breen C, Willson R, Alpers C, Gretch D, Johnson RJ (1995) Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 4:2287–2294
Stokes MB, Chawla H, Brody RI, Kumar A, Gertner R, Goldfarb DS, Gallo G (1997) Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 29:514–525
Strife CF, McEnery PT, McAdams AJ, West CD (1977) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with disruption of the glomerular basement membrane. Clin Nephrol 7:65–72
Suzuki H, Fan R, Zhang Z, Brown R, Hall S, Julian BA, Chatham WW, Suzuki Y, Wyatt RJ, Moldoveanu Z, Lee JY, Robinson J, Tomana M, Tomino Y, Mestecky J, Novak J (2009) Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgA nephropathy patients is recognized by IgG anti- bodies with restricted heterogeneity. J Clin Invest 119:1668–1677
Swaminathan S, Leung N, Lager DJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Bergstralh EJ, Rohlinger A, Fervenza FC (2006) Changing incidence of glomerular disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota: A 30-year renal biopsy study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1():483–487
van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin LA, van Es LA, van der Giessen M, van der Hem GK, The TH (1985) Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet I:425–429
Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G, D’Agati V, Appel G (2007) Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:445–453
Wehrmann M, Bohle A, Bogenschütz O, Eissele R, Freislederer A, Ohlschleger C, Schumm G, Batz C, Gärtner HV (1990) Long-term prognosis of chronic idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: An analysis of 334 cases with particular regard to tubulo-interstitial changes. Clin Nephrol 31:67–76
Wei C, El Hindi S, Li J et al (2011) Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Med 17:952–960
Wenderfer SE, Swinford RD, Braun MC (2010) C1q nephropathy in the pediatric population: pathology and pathogenesis. Pediatr Nephrol 25:1385–1396
Woo KT, Chan CM, Chin YM, Choong HL, Tan HK, Foo M, Anantharaman V, Lee GS, Chiang GS, Tan PH, Lim CH, Tan CC, Lee E, Tan HB, Fook-Chong S, Lau YK, Wong KS (2010) Global evolutionary trend of the prevalence of primary glomerulonephritis over the past three decades. Nephron Clin Pract 116:337–346
Working Group of the International IgA Nephropathy Network and the Renal Pathology Society, Roberts IS et al (2009) Kidney Int 76:546–556
Wu J, Wang N, Wang J, Xie Y, Li Y, Liang T, Wang J, Yin Z, He K, Chen X (2010) Identification of a uromodulin fragment for diagnosis of IgA nephropathy. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:1971–1978
Yanagihara T, Hayakawa M, Yoshida J, Tsuchiya M, Morita T, Murakami M, Fukunaga Y (2005) Long-term follow-up of diffuse membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1. Pediatr Nephrol 20:585–590
Zhou XJ, Silva FG (2007) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In: Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwawrtz MM, Silva FG (Hrsg) Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney, 6. Aufl. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, S 253–319
Zuo Y, Matsusaka T, Zhong J, Ma J, Ma LJ, Hanna Z, Jolicoeur P, Fogo AB, Ichikawa I (2006) HIV-1 genes vpr and nef synergistically damage podocytes, leading to glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2832–2843
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kain, R., Hopfer, H., Kerjaschki, D. (2016). Primäre Glomerulonephritiden. In: Amann, K., Kain, R., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04565-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04566-0
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)