Skip to main content

Pathologie der transplantierten Niere

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathologie

Zusammenfassung

Das Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die histologische Diagnostik von Nierentransplantatbiopsien, die den Goldstandard für den Nachweis und die Klassifikation von Abstoßungsreaktionen darstellt. Es werden die diagnostischen Läsionen der Abstoßung mit den ihnen zugrunde liegenden immunologischen Konzepten und ihrer Abbildung in der Banff-Klassifikation der Transplantatabstoßung beschrieben. Alle diagnostischen Kategorien sind in Text, Tabellen und histologischen Abbildungen dargestellt. Außerdem wird die Bedeutung komplementärer Untersuchungsmethoden wie Antikörperdiagnostik und molekulare Analyse beleuchtet. Schließlich werden die nicht durch Abstoßung bedingten Läsionen des Transplantats wie Infektionen, Medikamententoxizität und neoplastische Erkrankungen behandelt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 469.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Ahmed T, Senzel L (2012) The role of therapeutic apheresis in the treatment of acute antibody-mediated kidney rejection. J Clin Apher 27:173–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Aly Z, Reddivari V, Moiz A, Balasubramanian G, Cortese GM, Salinas-Madrigal L, Bastani B (2008) Renal allograft biopsies in the era of C4d staining: the need for change in the Banff classification system. Transpl Int 21:26–275

    Google Scholar 

  3. Amer H, Fidler ME, Myslak M, Morales P, Kremers WK, Larson TS, Stegall MD, Cosio FG (2007) Proteinuria after kidney transplantation, relationship to allograft histology and survival. Am J Transplant 7:2748–2756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aquino-Dias EC, Joelsons G, da Silva DM, Berdichevski RH, Ribeiro AR, Veronese FJ, Goncalves LF, Manfro RC (2008) Non-invasive diagnosis of acute rejection in kidney transplants with delayed graft function. Kidney Int 73:877–884

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arnold ML, Zacher T, Dechant M, Kalden JR et al (2004) Detection and specification of noncomplement binding anti-HLA alloantibodies. Hum Immunol 65:1288–1296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Asim M, Chong-Lopez A, Nickeleit V (2003) Adenovirus infection of a renal allograft. Am J Kidney Dis 41:696–701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker RJ, Hernandez-Fuentes MP, Brookes PA, Chaudhry AN, Cook HT, Lechler RI (2001) Loss of direct and maintenance of indirect alloresponses in renal allograft recipients: implications for the pathogenesis of chronic allograft nephropathy. J Immunol 167:7199–7206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA, van Son WJ (2007) Presentation and early detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Int 20:207–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bartel G, Regele H, Wahrmann M, Huttary N, Exner M, Hörl WH, Böhmig GA (2008) Posttransplant HLA alloreactivity in stable kidney transplant recipients-incidences and impact on long-term allograft outcomes. Am J Transplant 8:2652–2660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bartel G, Wahrmann M, Regele H, Kikic Z, Fischer G, Druml W, Muhlbacher F, Böhmig GA (2010) Peritransplant immunoadsorption for positive crossmatch deceased donor kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 10:2033–2042

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Batal I, Azzi J, El-Haddad N, Riella LV, Lunz JG 3rd, Zeevi A, Sasatomi E, Basu A, Tan H, Shapiro R, Randhawa P (2012) Immunohistochemical markers of tissue injury in biopsies with transplant glomerulitis. Hum Pathol 43:69–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bates WD, Davies DR, Welsh K, Gray DW, Fuggle SV, Morris PJ (1999) An evaluation of the Banff classification of early renal allograft biopsies and correlation with outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:2364–2369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Battegay EJ, Mihatsch MJ, Mazzucchelli L, Zollinger HU, Gudat F, Thiel G, Heitz PU (1988) Cytomegalovirus and kidney. Clin Nephrol 30:239–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Becker LE, Susal C, Morath C (2013) Kidney transplantation across HLA and ABO antibody barriers. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 18:445–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bestard O, Cruzado JM, la Franquesa M, Grinyo JM (2010) Biomarkers in renal transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:467–473

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bestard O, Cruzado JM, Mestre M, Caldes A, Bas J, Carrera M, Torras J, Rama I, Moreso F, Seron D, Grinyo JM (2007) Achieving donor-specific hyporesponsiveness is associated with FOXP3+ regulatory T cell recruitment in human renal allograft infiltrates. J Immunol 179:4901–4909

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bishop GA, Hall BM, Duggin GG, Horvath JS, Sheil AG, Tiller DJ (1986) Immunopathology of renal allograft rejection analyzed with monoclonal antibodies to mononuclear cell markers. Kidney Int 29:708–717

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bishop GA, Hall BM, Waugh J, Philips J, Horvath JS, Duggin GG, Johnson JR, Sheil AG, Tiller DJ (1986) Diagnosis of renal allograft rejection by analysis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens with immunostains and simple cytology. Lancet 2:645–650

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bohl DL, Storch GA, Ryschkewitsch C, Gaudreault-Keener M, Schnitzler MA, Major EO, Brennan DC (2005) Donor origin of BK virus in renal transplantation and role of HLA C7 in susceptibility to sustained BK viremia. Am J Transplant 5:2213–2221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Böhmig G, Regele H (2003) Diagnosis and treatment of antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection. Transplant Int 16:773–787

    Google Scholar 

  21. Böhmig GA, Exner M, Habicht A, Schillinger M, Lang U, Kletzmayr J, Saemann MD, Hörl WH, Watschinger B, Regele H (2002) Capillary C4d deposition in kidney allografts: a specific marker of alloantibody-dependent graft injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1091–1099

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Böhmig GA, Regele H, Säemann MD, Exner M, Druml W, Kovarik J, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ, Watschinger B (2000) Role of humoral immune reactions as target for antirejection therapy in recipients of a spousal-donor kidney graft. Am J Kidney Dis 35:667–673

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bonventre JV, Zuk A (2004) Ischemic acute renal failure: an inflammatory disease? Kidney Int 66:480–485

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bröcker V, Pfaffenbach A, Habicht A, Chatzikyrkou C, Kreipe HH, Haller H, Scheffner I, Gwinner W, Zilian E, Immenschuh S, Schwarz A, Horn PA, Heinemann FM, Becker JU (2013) Beyond C4d: the ultrastructural appearances of endothelium in ABO-incompatible renal allografts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:3101–3109

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bruno B, Zager RA, Boeckh MJ, Gooley TA, Myerson DH, Huang ML, Hackman RC (2004) Adenovirus nephritis in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation 77:1049–1057

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Brunt EM, Kissane JM, Cole BR, Hanto DW (1988) Transmission and resolution of type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in recipients of cadaveric renal allografts. Transplantation 46:595–598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cecka JM (2011) Current methodologies for detecting sensitization to HLA antigens. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 16:398–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chailimpamontree W, Dmitrienko S, Li G, Balshaw R, Magil A, Shapiro RJ, Landsberg D, Gill J, Keown PA (2009) Probability, predictors, and prognosis of posttransplantation glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:843–851

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chakera A, Dyar OJ, Hughes E, Bennett S, Hughes D, Roberts IS (2011) Detection of polyomavirus BK reactivation after renal transplantation using an intensive decoy cell surveillance program is cost-effective. Transplantation 92:1018–1023

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chandraker A (1999) Diagnostic techniques in the work-up of renal allograft dysfunction--an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 8:723–728

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chatterjee P, Mathur SR, Dinda AK, Guleria S, Mahajan S, Iyer VK, Arora VK (2012) Analysis of urine sediment for cytology and antigen expression in acute renal allograft rejection: an alternative to renal biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 137:816–824

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chowdhury P, Hernandez-Fuentes MP (2013) Non-invasive biomarkers to guide management following renal transplantation: the need for a multiplatform approach. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 18:1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Christiaans MH, Overhof R, ten Haaft A, Nieman F, van Hooff JP, van den Berg-Loonen EM (1996) No advantage of flow cytometry crossmatch over complement-dependent cytotoxicity in immunologically well-documented renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 62:1341–1347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cicora F, Paz M, Mos F, Roberti J (2013) Use of bortezomib to treat anti-HLA antibodies in renal transplant patients: A single-center experience. Transpl Immunol 29:7–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cohen D, Colvin RB, Daha MR, Drachenberg CB, Haas M, Nickeleit V, Salmon JE, Sis B, Zhao MH, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM (2012) Pros and cons for C4d as a biomarker. Kidney Int 81:628–639

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Collins AB, Schneeberger EE, Pascual MA, Saidman SL, Williams WW, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Cosimi AB, Colvin RB (1999) Complement activation in acute humoral renal allograft rejection: diagnostic significance of C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2208–2214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Colombo MB, Haworth SE, Poli F, Nocco A, Puglisi G, Innocente A, Serafini M, Messa P, Scalamogna M (2007) Luminex technology for anti-HLA antibody screening: evaluation of performance and of impact on laboratory routine. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 72:465–471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Colvin RB (2007) Antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection: diagnosis and pathogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1046–1056

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Colvin RB (2011) Diagnostic pathology. Kidney diseases. Amirsys, Salt Lake City, Utah

    Google Scholar 

  40. Colvin RB, Cohen AH, Saiontz C, Bonsib S, Buick M, Burke B, Carter S, Cavallo T, Haas M, Lindblad A, Manivel JC, Nast CC, Salomon D, Weaver C, Weiss M (1997) Evaluation of pathologic criteria for acute renal allograft rejection: reproducibility, sensitivity, and clinical correlation. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1930–1941

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Colvin RB, Smith RN (2005) Antibody-mediated organ-allograft rejection. Nat Rev Immunol 5:807–817

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Corey HE (1997) Urine cytology: an underused method to diagnose acute renal allograft rejection. Pediatr Nephrol 11:226–230

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Corey HE, Alfonso F, Hamele-Bena D, Greenstein SM, Schechner R, Tellis V, Geva P, Koss LG (1997) Urine cytology and the diagnosis of renal allograft rejection. II. Studies using immunostaining. Acta Cytol 41:1742–1746

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cosio FG, Grande JP, Wadei H, Larson TS, Griffin MD, Stegall MD (2005) Predicting subsequent decline in kidney allograft function from early surveillance biopsies. Am J Transplant 5:2464–2472

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cosio FG, Pelletier RP, Sedmak DD (1999) Predictive value of histopathology and function on outcome of renal allografts after acute rejection. Transplant Proc 31:261–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cosio FG, Pelletier RP, Sedmak DD, Falkenhain ME, Henry ML, Elkhammas EA, Davies EA, Bumgardner GL, Ferguson RM (1999) Pathologic classification of chronic allograft nephropathy: pathogenic and prognostic implications. Transplantation 67:690–696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Crew RJ, Ratner LE (2010) ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation: current practice and the decade ahead. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:526–530

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dabade TS, Grande JP, Norby SM, Fervenza FC, Cosio FG (2008) Recurrent idiopathic membranous nephropathy after kidney transplantation: a surveillance biopsy study. Am J Transplant 8:1318–1322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. De Vusser K, Lerut E, Kuypers D, Vanrenterghem Y, Jochmans I, Monbaliu D, Pirenne J, Naesens M (2013) The predictive value of kidney allograft baseline biopsies for long-term graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:1913–1923

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Detwiler RK, Singh HK, Bolin P Jr., Jennette JC (1998) Cytomegalovirus-induced necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis in a renal transplant patient. Am J Kidney Dis 32:820–824

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dooper IM, Bogman MJ, Hoitsma AJ, Maass CN, Vooijs PG, Koene RA (1991) Immunocytology of urinary sediments as a method of differentiating acute rejection from other causes of declining renal graft function. Transplantation 52:266–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC, Hirsch HH, Wali R, Crowder C, Nogueira J, Cangro CB, Mendley S, Mian A, Ramos E (2004) Histological patterns of polyomavirus nephropathy: correlation with graft outcome and viral load. Am J Transplant 4:2082–2092

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dragun D, Hoff U, Park JK, Qun Y, Schneider W, Luft FC, Haller H (2000) Ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal transplantation is independent of the immunologic background. Kidney Int 58:2166–2177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dummer CD, Carpio VN, Goncalves LF, Manfro RC, Veronese FV (2012) FOXP3+ regulatory T cells: from suppression of rejection to induction of renal allograft tolerance. Transpl Immunol 26:1–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dupuy A, Simon RM (2007) Critical review of published microarray studies for cancer outcome and guidelines on statistical analysis and reporting. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:147–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Duquesnoy RJ, Marrari M, da SousaLC M, de Barroso MJR et al (2013) 16th IHIW: A Website for Antibody-Defined HLA Epitope Registry. Int J Immunogenet 40:54–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Einecke G, Reeve J, Sis B, Mengel M, Hidalgo L, Famulski KS, Matas A, Kasiske B, Kaplan B, Halloran PF (2010) A molecular classifier for predicting future graft loss in late kidney transplant biopsies. J Clin Invest 120:1862–1872

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Einecke G, Sis B, Reeve J, Mengel M, Campbell PM, Hidalgo LG, Kaplan B, Halloran PF (2009) Antibody-mediated microcirculation injury is the major cause of late kidney transplant failure. Am J Transplant 9:2520–2531

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. El-Zoghby ZM, Stegall MD, Lager DJ, Kremers WK, Amer H, Gloor JM, Cosio FG (2009) Identifying specific causes of kidney allograft loss. Am J Transplant 9:527–535

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Emovon OE, Chavin J, Rogers K, Self S (2004) Adenovirus in kidney transplantation: an emerging pathogen? Transplantation 77:1474–1475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Emovon OE, Lin A, Howell DN, Afzal F, Baillie, Rogers J, Baliga PK, Chavin K, Nickeleit V, Rajagapalan PR, Self S (2003) Refractory adenovirus infection after simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation: successful treatment with intravenous ribavirin and pooled human intravenous immunoglobulin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:2436–2438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fahim T, Böhmig GA, Exner M, Huttary N, Kerschner H, Kandutsch S, Kerjaschki D, Brambock A, Nagy-Bojarszky K, Regele H (2007) The cellular lesion of humoral rejection: predominant recruitment of monocytes to peritubular and glomerular capillaries. Am J Transplant 7:385–393

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fehr T, Gaspert A (2012) Antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection: therapeutic options and their experimental rationale. Transpl Int 25:623–632

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fehr T, Rusi B, Fischer A, Hopfer H, Wuthrich RP, Gaspert A (2009) Rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of chronic antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection. Transplantation 87:1837–1841

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fehr T, Stussi G (2012) ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 17:376–385

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Feucht HE, Schneeberger H, Hillebrand G, Burkhardt K, Weiss M, Riethmuller G, Land W, Albert E (1993) Capillary deposition of C4d complement fragment and early renal graft loss. Kidney Int 43:1333–1338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Fidler ME, Gloor JM, Lager DJ, Larson TS, Griffin MD, Textor SC, Schwab TR, Prieto M, Nyberg SL, Ishitani MB, Grande JP, Kay PA, Stegall MD (2004) Histologic findings of antibody-mediated rejection in ABO blood-group-incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 4:101–107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Fiorante S, Fernandez-Ruiz M, Lopez-Medrano F, Lizasoain M, Lalueza A, Morales JM, San-Juan R, Andres A, Otero JR, Aguado JM (2011) Acute graft pyelonephritis in renal transplant recipients: incidence, risk factors and long-term outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26:1065–1073

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Florescu MC, Miles CD, Florescu DF (2013) What do we know about adenovirus in renal transplantation? Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:2003–2010

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Franzese O, Mascali A, Capria A, Castagnola V, Paganizza L, Di Daniele N (2013) Regulatory T cells in the immunodiagnosis and outcome of kidney allograft rejection. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013:852395 doi:10.1155/2013/852395 (7 p.)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Friedrichs N, Eis-Hubinger AM, Heim A, Platen E, Zhou H, Buettner R (2003) Acute adenoviral infection of a graft by serotype 35 following renal transplantation. Pathol Res Pract 199:565–570

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Fromer DL, Birkhoff JD, Hardy MA, Benvenisty AI, Bennett B, Benson MC (2001) Bilateral intrarenal adrenal glands in cadaveric donor kidneys resembling renal cell carcinoma on intraoperative frozen section. J Urol 166:1820–1821

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Furness PN, Philpott CM, Chorbadjian MT, Nicholson ML, Bosmans JL, Corthouts BL, Bogers JJ, Schwarz A, Gwinner W, Haller H, Mengel M, Seron D, Moreso F, Canas C (2003) Protocol biopsy of the stable renal transplant: a multicenter study of methods and complication rates. Transplantation 76:969–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Galante NZ, Camara NO, Kallas EG, Salomao R, Pacheco-Silva A, Medina-Pestana JO (2006) Noninvasive immune monitoring assessed by flow cytometry and real time RT-PCR in urine of renal transplantation recipients. Transpl Immunol 16:73–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Game DS, Lechler RI (2002) Pathways of allorecognition: implications for transplantation tolerance. Transplant Immunol 10:101–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gaston RS, Cecka JM, Kasiske BL, Fieberg AM, Leduc R, Cosio FC, Gourishankar S, Grande J, Halloran P, Hunsicker L, Mannon R, Rush D, Matas AJ (2010) Evidence for antibody-mediated injury as a major determinant of late kidney allograft failure. Transplantation 90:68–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gebel HM, Lebeck LK (1991) Crossmatch procedures used in organ transplantation. Clin Lab Med 11:603–620

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gebel HM, Liwski RS, Bray RA (2013) Technical aspects of HLA antibody testing. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 18:455–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Genberg H, Kumlien G, Wennberg L, Tyden G (2010) Isoagglutinin adsorption in ABO-incompatible transplantation. Transfus Apher Sci 43:231–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gerth JWG (2008) Nierenbiopsie: Indikation und Durchführung. Nephrologe 3:169–177

    Google Scholar 

  81. Gibson IW, Gwinner W, Bröcker V, Sis B, Riopel J, Roberts IS, Scheffner I, Jhangri GS, Mengel M (2008) Peritubular capillaritis in renal allografts: prevalence, scoring system, reproducibility and clinicopathological correlates. Am J Transplant 8:819–825

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gloor JM, Sethi S, Stegall MD, Park WD, Moore SB, DeGoey S, Griffin MD, Larson TS, Cosio FG (2007) Transplant glomerulopathy: subclinical incidence and association with alloantibody. Am J Transplant 7:2124–2132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Gloor JM, Stegall MD (2007) ABO incompatible kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16:529–534

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gondos A, Dohler B, Brenner H, Opelz G (2013) Kidney graft survival in Europe and the United States: strikingly different long-term outcomes. Transplantation 95:267–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Graziotto R, Del Prete D, Rigotti P, Anglani F, Baldan N, Furian L, Valente M, Antonello A, Marchini F, D’Angelo A, Gambaro G (2006) Perforin, Granzyme B, and fas ligand for molecular diagnosis of acute renal-allograft rejection: analyses on serial biopsies suggest methodological issues. Transplantation 81:1125–1132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Guilbert M, Latour M, Fortin M, Singh H, Nickeleit V, Hebert M, Renoult E (2012) Biopsy proven polyoma-JC associated nephropathy eleven years after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:882A

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gwinner W, Hinzmann K, Erdbruegger U, Scheffner I, Broecker V, Vaske B, Kreipe H, Haller H, Schwarz A, Mengel M (2008) Acute tubular injury in protocol biopsies of renal grafts: prevalence, associated factors and effect on long-term function. Am J Transplant 8:1684–1693

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gwinner W, Suppa S, Mengel M, Hoy L, Kreipe HH, Haller H, Schwarz A (2005) Early calcification of renal allografts detected by protocol biopsies: causes and clinical implications. Am J Transplant 5:1934–1941

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Haas M (2013) Pathology of C4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection in renal allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 18:319–326

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Haas M, Kraus ES, Samaniego-Picota M, Racusen LC, Ni W, Eustace JA (2002) Acute renal allograft rejection with intimal arteritis: histologic predictors of response to therapy and graft survival. Kidney Int 61:1516–1526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Haas M, Mirocha J (2011) Early ultrastructural changes in renal allografts: correlation with antibody-mediated rejection and transplant glomerulopathy. Am J Transplant 11:2123–2131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Haas M, Montgomery RA, Segev DL, Rahman MH, Racusen LC, Bagnasco SM, Simpkins CE, Warren DS, Lepley D, Zachary AA, Kraus ES (2007) Subclinical acute antibody-mediated rejection in positive crossmatch renal allografts. Am J Transplant 7:576–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Haas M, Rahman MH, Racusen LC, Kraus ES, Bagnasco SM, Segev DL, Simpkins CE, Warren DS, King KE, Zachary AA, Montgomery RA (2006) C4d and C3d staining in biopsies of ABO- and HLA-incompatible renal allografts: correlation with histologic findings. Am J Transplant 6:1829–1840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Haas M, Segev DL, Racusen LC, Bagnasco SM, Locke JE, Warren DS, Simpkins CS, Lepley D, King KE, Kraus ES, Montgomery RA (2009) C4d deposition without rejection correlates with reduced early scarring in ABO-incompatible renal allografts. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:197–204

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Haas M, Segev DL, Racusen LC, Bagnasco SM, Melancon JK, Tan M, Kraus ES, Rabb H, Ugarte RM, Burdick JF, Montgomery RA (2008) Arteriosclerosis in kidneys from healthy live donors: comparison of wedge and needle core perioperative biopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:37–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Haas M, Sis B, Racusen LC, Solez K, Glotz D, Colvin RB, Castro MCR, David DSR, David-Neto E, Bagnasco SM, Cendales LC, Cornell LD, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg CB, Farver CF, Farris AB, Gibson IW, Kraus E, Liapis H, Loupy A, Nickeleit V, Randhawa P, Rodriguez ER, Rush D, Smith RN, Tan CD, Wallace WD, Mengel M, Banff meeting report writing committee (2014) Banff 2013 Meeting Report: Inclusion of C4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection and antibody-associated arterial lesions. Am J Transplant 14:272–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Halloran PF, de Freitas DG, Einecke G, Famulski KS, Hidalgo LG, Menge LM, Reeve J, Sellares J, Sis B (2010) An integrated view of molecular changes, histopathology and outcomes in kidney transplants. Am J Transplant 10:2223–2230

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Halloran PF, de Freitas DG, Einecke G, Famulski KS, Hidalgo LG, Mengel M, Reeve J, Sellares J, Sis B (2010) The molecular phenotype of kidney transplants. Am J Transplant 10:2215–2222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Halloran PF, Einecke G (2006) Microarrays and transcriptome analysis in renal transplantation. Nature clinical practice. Nephrology 2:2–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Halloran PF, Schlaut J, Solez K, Srinivasa NS (1992) The significance of the anti-class I response. II. Clinical and pathologic features of renal transplants with anti-class I-like antibody. Transplantation 53:550–555

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Halloran PF, Wadgymar A, Ritchie S, Falk J, Solez K, Srinivasa NS (1990) The significance of the anti-class I antibody response. I. Clinical and pathologic features of anti-class I-mediated rejection. Transplantation 49:85–91

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Herrera GA, Alexander RW, Cooley CF, Luke RG, Kelly DR, Curtis JJ, Gockerman JP (1986) Cytomegalovirus glomerulopathy: a controversial lesion. Kidney Int 29:725–733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Herzenberg AM, Gill JS, Djurdjev O, Magil AB (2002) C4d deposition in acute rejection: an independent long-term prognostic factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:234–241

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Hidalgo LG, Sellares J, Sis B, Mengel M, Chang J, Halloran PF (2012) Interpreting NK cell transcripts versus T cell transcripts in renal transplant biopsies. Am J Transplant 12:1180–1191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Hidalgo LG, Sis B, Sellares J, Campbell PM, Mengel M, Einecke G, Chang J, Halloran PF (2010) NK cell transcripts and NK cells in kidney biopsies from patients with donor-specific antibodies: evidence for NK cell involvement in antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 10:1812–1822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hill GS, Nochy D, Bruneval P, Duong van Huyen JP, Glotz D, Suberbielle C, Zuber J, Anglicheau D, Empana JP, Legendre C, Loupy A (2011) Donor-specific antibodies accelerate arteriosclerosis after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:975–983

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hill GS, Nochy D, Loupy A (2010) Accelerated arteriosclerosis: a form of transplant arteriopathy. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:11–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hirohashi T, Chase CM, Della Pelle P, Sebastian D, Alessandrini A, Madsen JC, Russell PS, Colvin RB (2012) A novel pathway of chronic allograft rejection mediated by NK cells and alloantibody. Am J Transplant 12:313–321

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hirohashi T, Uehara S, Chase CM, DellaPelle P, Madsen JC, Russell PS, Colvin RB (2010) Complement independent antibody-mediated endarteritis and transplant arteriopathy in mice. Am J Transplant 10:510–517

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hirsch HH, Brennan DC, Drachenberg CB, Ginevri F, Gordon J, Limaye AP, Mihatsch MJ, Nickeleit V, Ramos E, Randhawa P, Shapiro R, Steiger J, Suthanthiran M, Trofe J (2005) Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations. Transplantation 79:1277–1286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hirsch HH, Knowles W, Dickenmann M, Passweg J, Klimkait T, Mihatsch MJ, Steiger J (2002) Prospective study of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 347:488–496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Hirsch HH, Randhawa P (2009) BK virus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 9(Suppl 4):S136–S146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ho J, Wiebe C, Gibson IW, Rush DN, Nickerson PW (2012) Immune monitoring of kidney allografts. Am J Kidney Dis 60:629–640

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Hornick P (2006) Direct and indirect allorecognition. Methods Mol Biol 333:145–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hu M, Wang C, Zhang GY, Saito M, Wang YM, Fernandez MA, Wang Y, Wu H, Hawthorne WJ, Jones C, O’Connell PJ, Sparwasser T, Bishop GA, Sharland AF, Alexander SI (2013) Infiltrating foxp3(+) regulatory T cells from spontaneously tolerant kidney allografts demonstrate donor-specific tolerance. Am J Transplant 13:2819–2830

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Ishida H, Tanabe K, Ishizuka T, Furusawa M, Miyamoto N, Ishikawa N, Shirakawa H, Shimmura H, Ishii D, Nozaki T, Setoguchi K, Toma H (2005) The mechanism responsible for accommodation after living-related kidney transplantations across the blood barrier. Transplant Int 18:716–720

    Google Scholar 

  117. Ison MG, Nalesnik MA (2011) An update on donor-derived disease transmission in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 11:1123–1130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Issa N, Cosio FG, Gloor JM, Sethi S, Dean PG, Moore SB, DeGoey S, Stegall MD (2008) Transplant glomerulopathy: risk and prognosis related to anti-human leukocyte antigen class II antibody levels. Transplantation 86:681–685

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Ito M, Hirabayashi N, Uno Y, Nakayama A, Asai J (1991) Necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with adenovirus infection. Human Pathology 22:1225–1231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ivanyi B (2003) Transplant capillaropathy and transplant glomerulopathy: ultrastructural markers of chronic renal allograft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:655–660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Ji S, Liu M, Chen J, Yin L, Sha G, Chen H, Liu Z, Li L (2004) The fate of glomerular mesangial IgA deposition in the donated kidney after allograft transplantation. Clin Transplant 18:536–540

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Jin YP, Singh RP, Du ZY, Rajasekaran AK, Rozengurt E, Reed EF (2002) Ligation of HLA class I molecules on endothelial cells induces phosphorylation of Src, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase in an actin-dependent manner. J Immunol 168:5415–5423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Jindra PT, Jin YP, Rozengurt E, Reed EF (2008) HLA class I antibody-mediated endothelial cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway. J Immunol 180:2357–2366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Jindra PT, Zhang X, Mulder A, Claas F, Veale J, Jin YP, Reed EF (2006) Anti-HLA antibodies can induce endothelial cell survival or proliferation depending on their concentration. Transplantation 82:33–35

    Google Scholar 

  125. Joshi K, Nada R, Radotra BD, Jha V, Sakhuja V (2004) Pathological spectrum of cytomegalovirus infection of renal allograft recipients – an autopsy study from north India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 47:327–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kadereit S, Michelson S, Mougeno TB, Thibault P, Verroust PJ, Mignon F, Colimon R, Ronco P (1992) Polymerase chain reaction detection of cytomegalovirus genome in renal biopsies. Kidney Int 42:1012–1016

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Kaplan C, Pasternack B, Shah H, Gallo G (1975) Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys. Am J Pathol 80:227–234

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kazory A, Ducloux D, Chalopin JM, Angonin R, Fontaniere B, Moret H (2003) The first case of JC virus allograft nephropathy. Transplantation 76:1653–1655

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kerman RH, Susskind B, Kerman DH, Lam M, Gerolami K, Williams J, Kalish R, Campbell M, Katz SM, Van Buren CT, Kahan BD (1997) Anti-HLA antibodies detected in posttransplant renal allograft recipient sera correlate with chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 29:1515–1516

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Kerman RH, Van Buren CT, Lewis RM, DeVera V, Baghdahsarian V, Gerolami K, Kahan BD (1990) Improved graft survival for flow cytometry and antihuman globulin crossmatch-negative retransplant recipients. Transplantation 49:52–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kiberd BA, Rose C, Gill JS (2009) Cancer mortality in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 9:1868–1875

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Kienzl-Wagner K, Pratschke J, Brandacher G (2011) Proteomics – a blessing or a curse? Application of proteomics technology to transplant medicine. Transplantation 92:499–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Kikic Z, Regele H, Nordmeyer V, Wahrmann M, Kletzmayr J, Bartel G, Böhmig GA (2011) Significance of peritubular capillary, glomerular, and arteriolar C4d staining patterns in paraffin sections of early kidney transplant biopsies. Transplantation 91:440–446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kiser RL, Thomas DB, Andreoni K, Klemmer PJ (2003) Preexisting crescentic glomerulonephritis in the renal allograft. Am J Kidney Dis 42:E20–E26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kissmeyer-Nielsen F, Olsen S, Petersen VP, Fjeldborg O (1966) Hyperacute rejection of kidney allografts associated with preexisting humoral antibodies against donor cells. Lancet 1:662–665

    Google Scholar 

  136. Knechtle SJ (2010) Immunoregulation and tolerance. Transplant Proc 42:13–15

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kozlowski T, Nickeleit V, Andreoni K (2011) Donor-transmitted adenovirus infection causing kidney allograft nephritis and graft loss. Transpl Infect Dis 13:168–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kramer A, Stel VS, Abad Diez JM et al (2013) Renal replacement therapy in Europe—a summary of the 2010 ERA–EDTA Registry Annual Report. Clin Kidney J 6:105–115

    Google Scholar 

  139. Lamb KE, Lodhi S, Meier-Kriesche HU (2011) Long-term renal allograft survival in the United States: a critical reappraisal. Am J Transplant 11:450–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Leemans JC, Stokman G, Claessen N, Rouschop KM, Teske GJ, Kirschning CJ, Akira S, van der Poll T, Weening JJ, Florquin S (2005) Renal-associated TLR2 mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the kidney. J Clin Invest 115:2894–2903

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lefaucheur C, Loupy A, Vernerey D, Duong-Van-Huyen JP, Suberbielle C, Anglicheau A, Verine J, Beuscart T, Nochy D, Bruneval P, Charron D, Delahousse M, Empana JP, Hill GS, Glotz D, Legendre C, Jouven X (2013) Antibody-mediated vascular rejection of kidney allografts: a population-based study. Lancet 381:313–319

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Legendre C, Sberro-Soussan R, Zuber J, Rabant M, Loupy A, Timsit MO, Anglicheau D (2013) Eculizumab in renal transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 27:90–92

    Google Scholar 

  143. Legendre C, Thervet E, Skhiri H, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, Cantarovich F, Noel LH, Kreis H (1998) Histologic features of chronic allograft nephropathy revealed by protocol biopsies in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 65:1506–1509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Lerut E, Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Vanrenterghem Y, Van Damme B (2007) Subclinical peritubular capillaritis at 3 months is associated with chronic rejection at 1 year. Transplantation 83:1416–1422

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Li B, Hartono C, Ding R, Sharma VK, Ramaswamy R, Qian B, Serur D, Mouradian J, Schwartz JE, Suthanthiran M (2001) Noninvasive diagnosis of renal-allograft rejection by measurement of messenger RNA for perforin and granzyme B in urine. N Engl J Med 344:947–954

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Liapis G, Singh HK, Derebail VK, Gasim AM, Kozlowski T, Nickeleit V (2012) Diagnostic significance of peritubular capillary basement membrane multilaminations in kidney allografts: old concepts revisited. Transplantation 94:620–629

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Liapis H, Storch GA, Hill DA, Rueda J, Brennan DC (2003) CMV infection of the renal allograft is much more common than the pathology indicates: a retrospective analysis of qualitative and quantitative buffy coat CMV-PCR, renal biopsy pathology and tissue CMV-PCR. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:397–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Liapis H, Wang HL (2011) Pathology of solid organ transplantation. Springer, Berlin, S 405

    Google Scholar 

  149. Lipkowitz GS, Madden RL, Kurbanov A, Mulhern JG, O’Shea MH, Germain MJ, Freeman J, Braden GL (2000) Transplantation and 2-year follow-up of kidneys procured from a cadaver donor with a history of lupus nephritis. Transplantation 69:1221–1224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Liptak P, Kemeny E, Morvay Z, Szederkenyi E, Szenohradszky P, Marofka F, Toldi J, Exner M, Ivanyi B (2005) Peritubular capillary damage in acute humoral rejection: an ultrastructural study on human renal allografts. Am J Transplant 5:2870–2876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Lo DJ, Kaplan B, Kirk AD (2014) Biomarkers for kidney transplant rejection. Nat Rev Nephrol 10:215–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Loupy A, Hill GS, Jordan SC (2012) The impact of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies on late kidney allograft failure. Nature reviews Nephrology 8:348–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Loupy A, Hill GS, Nochy D, Legendre C (2010) Antibody-mediated microcirculation injury is the major cause of late kidney transplant failure. Am J Transplant 10(952):952 (author reply 953)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Loupy A, Hill GS, Suberbielle C, Charron D, Anglicheau D, Zuber J, Timsit MO, Duong JP, Bruneval P, Vernerey D, Empana JP, Jouven X, Nochy D, Legendre CH (2011) Significance of C4d Banff scores in early protocol biopsies of kidney transplant recipients with preformed donor-specific antibodies (DSA). Am J Transplant 11:56–65

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Loupy A, Jordan SC (2013) Transplantation: Donor-specific HLA antibodies and renal allograft failure. Nature reviews Nephrology 9:130–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Loupy A, Suberbielle-Boissel C, Hill GS, Lefaucheur C, Anglicheau D, Zuber J, Martinez F, Thervet F, Mejean A, Charron D, Duong van Huyen JP, Bruneval P, Legendre C, Nochy D (2009) Outcome of subclinical antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients with preformed donor-specific antibodies. Am J Transplant 9:2561–2570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Lynch RJ, Platt JL (2010) Accommodation in renal transplantation: unanswered questions. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:481–485

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Macdonald FI, Ashraf S, Picton M, Dyer PA, Parrott NR, Short CD, Roberts IS (1999) Banff criteria as predictors of outcome following acute renal allograft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1692–1697

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Magil AB (2005) Infiltrating cell types in transplant glomerulitis: relationship to peritubular capillary C4d deposition. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1084–1089

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Mannon RB, Matas AJ, Grande J, Leduc R, Connett J, Kasiske B, Cecka JM, Gaston RS, Cosio F, Gourishankar S, Halloran PF, Hunsicker L, Rush D (2010) Inflammation in areas of tubular atrophy in kidney allograft biopsies: a potent predictor of allograft failure. Am J Transplant 10:2066–2073

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Martin S, Dyer PA, Mallick NP, Gokal R, Harris R, Johnson RWG (1987) Posttransplant antidonor lymphocytotoxic antibody production in relation to graft outcome. Transplantation 44:50–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Matignon M, Muthukumar T, Seshan SV, Suthanthiran M, Hartono C (2012) Concurrent acute cellular rejection is an independent risk factor for renal allograft failure in patients with c4d-Positive Antibody-Mediated Rejection. Transplantation 94:603–611

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Mauiyyedi S, Crespo M, Collins AB, Schneeberger EE, Pascual AA, Saidman SL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Williams WW, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, Colvin RB (2002) Acute humoral rejection in kidney transplantation: II. Morphology, immunopathology, and pathologic classification. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:779–787

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Mauiyyedi S, Pelle, Saidman S, Collins AB, Pascual M, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Williams WW, Cosimi AA, Schneeberger EE, Colvin RB (2001) Chronic humoral rejection: identification of antibody-mediated chronic renal allograft rejection by C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:574–582

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. McCall SJ, Tuttle-Newhall JE, Howell DN, Fields TA (2003) Prognostic significance of microvascular thrombosis in donor kidney allograft biopsies. Transplantation 75:1847–1852

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. McKenna RM, Takemoto SK, Terasaki PI (2000) Anti-HLA antibodies after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 69:319–326

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Meier-Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Srinivas TR, Kaplan B (2004) Lack of improvement in renal allograft survival despite a marked decrease in acute rejection rates over the most recent era. Am J Transplant 4:378–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Mengel M, Bogers J, Bosmans JL, Seron D, Moreso F, Carrera M, Gwinner W, Schwarz A, De Broe M, Kreipe H, Haller H (2005) Incidence of C4d stain in protocol biopsies from renal allografts: results from a multicenter trial. Am J Transplant 5:1050–1056

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Mengel M, Chapman JR, Cosio FG, Cavaille-Coll MW, Haller H, Halloran PF, Kirk AD, Mihatsch MJ, Nankivell BJ, Racusen LC, Roberts IS, Rush DN, Schwarz A, Seron D, Stegall MD, Colvin RB (2007) Protocol biopsies in renal transplantation: insights into patient management and pathogenesis. Am J Transplant 7:512–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Mengel M, Gwinner W, Schwarz A, Bajeski R, Franz I, Bröcker V, Becker T, Neipp M, Klempnauer J, Haller H, Kreipe H (2007) Infiltrates in protocol biopsies from renal allografts. Am J Transplant 7:356–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Mengel M, Husain S, Hidalgo L, Sis B (2012) Phenotypes of antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplants. Am J Transplant 25:611–622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Mengel M, Marwedel M, Radermacher J, Eden G, Schwarz A, Haller H, Kreipe H (2003) Incidence of polyomavirus-nephropathy in renal allografts: influence of modern immunosuppressive drugs. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:1190–1196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Mengel M, Reeve J, Bunnag S, Einecke G, Jhangri GS, Sis B, Famulski K, Guembes-Hidalgo L, Halloran PF (2009) Scoring total inflammation is superior to the current Banff inflammation score in predicting outcome and the degree of molecular disturbance in renal allografts. Am J Transplant 9:1859–1867

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Mengel M, Sis B, Haas M, Colvin RB, Halloran PF, Racusen LC, Solez K, Cendales L, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg CB, Farver CF, Rodriguez ER, Wallace WD, Glotz D (2012) Banff 2011 Meeting report: new concepts in antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 12:563–570

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mengel M, Sis B, Halloran PF (2007) SWOT analysis of Banff: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the international Banff consensus process and classification system for renal allograft pathology. Am J Transplant 7:2221–2226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Mihatsch MJ, Kyo M, Morozumi K, Yamaguchi Y, Nickeleit V, Ryffel B (1998) The side-effects of ciclosporine-A and tacrolimus. Clin Nephrol 49:356–363

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Mihatsch MJ, Nickeleit V, Gudat F (1999) Morphologic criteria of chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 31:1295–1297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Mihatsch MJ, Ryffel B, Gudat F (1995) The differential diagnosis between rejection and cyclosporine toxicity. Kidney Int Suppl 52:S63–S69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Mihatsch MJ, Thiel G, Ryffel B (1988) Morphologic diagnosis of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Semin Diagn Pathol 5:104–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Milstone A, Vilchez RA, Geiger X, Fogo AB, Butel JS, Dummer S (2004) Polyomavirus simian virus 40 infection associated with nephropathy in a lung-transplant recipient. Transplantation 77:1019–1024

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Mirnezami R, Nicholson J, Darzi A (2012) Preparing for precision medicine. N Eng J Med 366:489–491

    Google Scholar 

  182. Miura M, Ogawa Y, Kubota KC, Harada H, Shimoda N, Ono T, Morita K, Watarai Y, Hirano T, Nonomura K (2007) Donor-specific antibody in chronic rejection is associated with glomerulopathy, thickening of peritubular capillary basement membrane, but not C4d deposition. Clin Transplant 21:8–12

    Google Scholar 

  183. Mizuiri S, Shigetomi Y, Sugiyama K, Miyagi M, Hatano T, Tajima E, Aikawa A, Ohara T, Kawamura E, Hasegawa A (2000) Successful transplantation of a cadaveric kidney with post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Transplant 4:56–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Molitoris BA, Sutton TA (2004) Endothelial injury and dysfunction: role in the extension phase of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 66:496–499

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Mollnes TE, Fiane AE (2003) Perspectives on complement in xenotransplantation. Mol Immunol 40:135–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Monteiro F, Buelow R, Mineiro C, Rodriguez H, Kalil J (1997) Identification of patients at high risk of graft loss by pre- and posttransplant monitoring of anti-HLA class I IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transplantation 63:542–546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Moreso F, Ibernon M, Goma M, Carrera M, Fulladosa X, Hueso M, Gil-Vernet S, Cruzado JM, Torras J, Grinyo JM, Seron D (2006) Subclinical rejection associated with chronic allograft nephropathy in protocol biopsies as a risk factor for late graft loss. Am J Transplant 6:747–752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Mueller A, Schnuelle P, Waldherr R, van der Woude FJ (2000) Impact of the Banff ’97 classification for histological diagnosis of rejection on clinical outcome and renal function parameters after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 69:1123–1127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Mueller TF, Solez K, Mas V (2011) Assessment of kidney organ quality and prediction of outcome at time of transplantation. Semin Immunopathol 33:185–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Munivenkatappa RB, Schweitzer EJ, Papadimitriou JC, Drachenberg CB, Thom KA, Perencevich EN, Haririan A, Rasetto F, Cooper M, Campos L, Barth RN, Bartlett ST, Philosophe B (2008) The Maryland aggregate pathology index: a deceased donor kidney biopsy scoring system for predicting graft failure. Am J Transplant 8:2316–2324

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M (2008) Janeway’s immunobiology. Garland Science, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  192. Nalesnik MA, Woodle ES, Dimaio JM, Vasudev B, Teperman LW, Covington S, Taranto S, Gockerman JP, Shapiro R, Sharma V, Swinnen LJ, Yoshida A, Ison MG (2011) Donor-transmitted malignancies in organ transplantation: assessment of clinical risk. Am J Transplant 11:1140–1147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Nankivell BJ, Chapman JR (2006) Chronic allograft nephropathy: current concepts and future directions. Transplantation 81:643–654

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Nankivell BJ, Chapman JR (2006) The significance of subclinical rejection and the value of protocol biopsies. Am J Transplant 6:2006–2012

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Netto MV, Fonseca BA, Dantas M, Saber LT, Castro MC, Ferraz AS (2002) Granzyme B, FAS-ligand and perforin expression during acute cellular rejection episodes after kidney transplantation: comparison between blood and renal aspirates. Transplant Proc 34:476–478

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Nicholson ML, Metcalfe MS, White SA, Waller JR, Doughman TM, Horsburgh T, Feehally J, Carr SJ, Veitch PS (2000) A comparison of the results of renal transplantation from non-heart-beating, conventional cadaveric, and living donors. Kidney Int 58:2585–2591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Nickeleit V (2009) The pathology of kidney transplantation. In: Ruiz P (Hrsg) Transplantation Pathology. Cambridge University Press, New York, S 45–110

    Google Scholar 

  198. Nickeleit V (2009) Pathology: donor biopsy evaluation at time of renal grafting. Nat Rev Nephrol 5:249–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Nickeleit V (2013) Foretelling the future: predicting graft outcome by evaluating kidney baseline transplant biopsies. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:1716–1719

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Nickeleit V, Andreoni K (2007) The classification and treatment of antibody-mediated renal allograft injury: where do we stand? Kidney Int 71:7–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Nickeleit V, Brylawski B, Singh H, Rivier L (2013) Urinary polyomavirus-Haufen shedding in mouse and man: a proof-of-concept study for a non-invasive urine biomarker for polyomavirus nephropathy. Lab Invest 93(Suppl 1):390A–391A

    Google Scholar 

  202. Nickeleit V, Hirsch HH, Binet IF, Gudat F, Prince O, Dalquen P, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ (1999) Polyomavirus infection of renal allograft recipients: from latent infection to manifest disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1080–1089

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Nickeleit V, Hirsch HH, Zeiler M, Gudat F, Prince O, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ (2000) BK-virus nephropathy in renal transplants-tubular necrosis, MHC-class II expression and rejection in a puzzling game. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:324–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Nickeleit V, Klimkait T, Binet IF, Dalquen P, Del Zenero V, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ, Hirsch HH (2000) Testing for polyomavirus type BK DNA in plasma to identify renal-allograft recipients with viral nephropathy. N Engl J Med 342:1309–1315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Nickeleit V, Mihatsch MJ (2006) Kidney transplants, antibodies and rejection: is C4d a magic marker? Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:2232–2239

    Google Scholar 

  206. Nickeleit V, Mihatsch MJ (2004) Polyomavirus allograft nephropathy and concurrent acute rejection: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Am J Transplant 4:838–839

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Nickeleit V, Mihatsch MJ (2006) Polyomavirus nephropathy in native kidneys and renal allografts: an update on an escalating threat. Transplant Int 19:960–973

    Google Scholar 

  208. Nickeleit V, Singh HK, Mihatsch MJ (2003) Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12:599–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Nickeleit V, Steiger J, Mihatsch MJ (2002) BK virus infection after kidney transplantation. Graft 5(December Suppl):S46–S57

    Google Scholar 

  210. Nickeleit V, True K, Detwiler R, Kozlowski T, Singh H (2012) Risk assessment for polyomavirus nephropathy using urine cytology and the detection of decoy cells: cheap and efficient. Transplantation 94:e42–e44 (author reply e45)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Nickeleit V, Vamvakas EC, Pascual M, Poletti BJ, Colvin RB (1998) The prognostic significance of specific arterial lesions in acute renal allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1301–1308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Nickeleit V, Zeiler M, Gudat F, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ (1998) Histological characteristics of interstitial renal allograft rejection. Kidney Blood Press Res 21:230–232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Nickeleit V, Zeiler M, Gudat F, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ (2002) Detection of the complement degradation product C4d in renal allografts: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:242–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Olsen S, Spencer E, Cockfield S, Marcussen N, Solez K (1995) Endocapillary glomerulitis in the renal allograft. Transplantation 59:1421–1425

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Onuigbo M, Haririan A, Ramos E, Klassen D, Wali R, Drachenberg C (2002) Cytomegalovirus-induced glomerular vasculopathy in renal allografts: a report of two cases. Am J Transplant 2:684–678

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Park WD, Grande JP, Ninova D, Nath KA, Platt JL, Gloor JM, Stegall MD (2003) Accommodation in ABO-incompatible kidney allografts, a novel mechanism of self-protection against antibody-mediated injury. Am J Transplant 3:952–960

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Parker SM, Pullman JM, Khauli RB (1995) Successful transplantation of a kidney with early membranous nephropathy. Urology 46:870–872

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Pascual M, Vallhonrat H, Cosimi AB, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Colvin RB, Delmonico FL, Ko DS, Schoenfeld DA, Williams WW Jr. (1999) The clinical usefulness of the renal allograft biopsy in the cyclosporine era: a prospective study. Transplantation 67:737–741

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Pascual MA, Crespo M, Tolkoff-Rubin N (2001) Progress in understanding humoral rejection in kidney transplantation: implications for patient management. Nefrologia 21:327–331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Patel R, Terasaki PI (1969) Significance of the positive test in kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 280:735–739

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Platt JL (1992) Mechanisms of tissue injury in hyperacute xenograft rejection. Asaio J 38:8–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Ponticelli C (2014) Basiliximab: efficacy and safety evaluation in kidney transplantation. Expert Opin Drug Saf 13:373–381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Quintana LF, Banon-Maneus E, Sole-Gonzalez A, Campistol JM (2009) Urine proteomics biomarkers in renal transplantation: an overview. Transplantation 88(Suppl):S45–S49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Racusen LC, Colvin RB, Solez K, Mihatsch MJ, Halloran PF, Campbell PM, Cecka MJ, Cosyns JP, Demetris AJ, Fishbein MC, Fogo A, Furness P, Gibson IW, Glotz D, Hayry P, Hunsickern L, Kashgarian M, Kerman R, Magil AJ, Montgomery R, Morozumi K, Nickeleit V, Randhawa P, Regele H, Seron D, Seshan S, Sund S, Trpkov K (2003) Antibody-mediated rejection criteria - an addition to the Banff 97 classification of renal allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 3():708–714

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Racusen LC, Halloran PF, Solez K (2004) Banff 2003 meeting report: new diagnostic insights and standards. Am J Transplant 4:1562–1566

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB, Bonsib SM, Castro MC, Cavallo T, Croker BP, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg CB, Fogo AB, Furness P, Gaber LW, Gibson IW, Glotz D, Goldberg JC, Grande J, Halloran PF, Hansen HE, Hartley B, Hayry PJ, Hill CM, Hoffman EO, Hunsicker LG, Lindblad AS, Yamaguchi X et al (1999) The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int 55:713–723

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Randhawa P, Uhrmacher J, Pasculle W, Vats A, Shapiro R, Eghtsead B, Weck K (2005) A comparative study of BK and JC virus infections in organ transplant recipients. J Med Virol 77:238–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Randhawa PS, Minervini MI, Lombardero M, Duquesnoy R, Fung J, Shapiro R, Jordan M, Vivas C, Scantlebury V, Demetris A (2000) Biopsy of marginal donor kidneys: correlation of histologic findings with graft dysfunction. Transplantation 69:1352–1357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Rane S, Nada R, Minz M, Sakhuja V, Joshi K (2012) Spectrum of cytomegalovirus-induced renal pathology in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 44:713–716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Rebibou JM, Bittencourt MC, Saint-Hillier Y, Chabod J, Dupont I, Bittard H, Chalopin JM, Herve P, Tiberghien P (2004) T-cell flow-cytometry crossmatch and long-term renal graft survival. Clin Transplant 18:558–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Reeve J, Einecke G, Mengel M, Sis B, Kayser N, Kaplan B, Halloran PF (2009) Diagnosing rejection in renal transplants: a comparison of molecular- and histopathology-based approaches. Am J Transplant 9:1802–1810

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Regele H, Böhmig GA, Habicht A, Gollowitzer D, Schillinger M, Rockenschaub S, Watschinger B, Kerjaschki D, Exner M (2002) Capillary deposition of complement split product C4d in renal allografts is associated with basement membrane injury in peritubular and glomerular capillaries: a contribution of humoral immunity to chronic allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2371–2380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Regele H, Exner M, Watschinger B, Wenter C, Wahrmann M, Osterreicher C, Saemann MD, Mersich N, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ, Böhmig GA (2001) Endothelial C4d deposition is associated with inferior kidney allograft outcome independently of cellular rejection. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 16:2058–2066

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Reinholt FP, Bohman SO, Wilczek H, von Willebrand E, Hayry P (1990) Fine-needle aspiration cytology and conventional histology in 200 renal allografts. Transplantation 49:910–912

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Reinke P, Fietze E, Ode-Hakim S, Prosch S, Lippert J, Ewert R, Volk HD (1994) Late-acute renal allograft rejection and symptomless cytomegalovirus infection. Lancet 344:1737–1738

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Remuzzi G, Cravedi P, Perna A, Dimitrov BD, Turturro M, Locatelli G, Rigotti P, Baldan N, Beatini M, Valente U, Scalamogna M, Ruggenenti P (2006) Long-term outcome of renal transplantation from older donors. N Engl J Med 354:343–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Remuzzi G, Grinyo J, Ruggenenti P, Beatini M, Cole EH, Milford EL, Brenner BM (1999) Early experience with dual kidney transplantation in adults using expanded donor criteria. Double Kidney Transplant Group (DKG). J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2591–2598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Renkens JJ, Rouflart MM, Christiaans MH, van den Berg-Loonen EM, van Hooff JP, van Heurn LW (2005) Outcome of nonheart-beating donor kidneys with prolonged delayed graft function after transplantation. Am J Transplant 5:2704–2709

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Richardson WP, Colvin RB, Cheeseman SC, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Herrin JT, Cosimi AB, Collins AB, Hirsch MS, McCluskey RT, Russell PS, Rubin RH (1981) Glomerulopathy associated with cytomegalovirus viremia in renal allografts. N Engl J Med 305:57–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Roberti I, Reisman L, Burrows L, Lieberman KV (1995) Urine cytology and urine flow cytometry in renal transplantation – a prospective double blind study. Transplantation 59:495–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Roberts DM, Jiang SH, Chadban SJ (2012) The treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients-a systematic review. Transplantation 94:775–783

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Rogers S, Cambrosio A (2007) Making a new technology work: the standardization and regulation of microarrays. Yale J Biol Med 80:165–178

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Rose ML, West LJ (2012) Accommodation: does it apply to human leukocyte antigens? Transplantation 93:244–246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Rubin RH, Colvin RB (1998) Impact of cytomegalovirus infection on renal transplantation. In: Racusen LC, Solez K, Burdick JF (Hrsg) Kidney transplant rejection: diagnosis and treatment. Marcel Dekker, New York, S 605–625

    Google Scholar 

  245. Rush D (2006) Protocol transplant biopsies: an underutilized tool in kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1:138–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Rush D, Arlen D, Boucher A, Busque S, Cockfield SM, Girardin C, Knoll G, Lachance JG, Landsberg D, Shapiro J, Shoker A, Yilmaz S (2007) Lack of benefit of early protocol biopsies in renal transplant patients receiving TAC and MMF: a randomized study. Am J Transplant 7:2538–2545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Rush D, Nickerson P, Gough J, McKenna R, Grimm P, Cheang M, Trpkov K, Solez K, Jeffery J (1998) Beneficial effects of treatment of early subclinical rejection: a randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2129–2134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Rush DN, Jeffery JR, Gough J (1995) Sequential protocol biopsies in renal transplant patients: repeated inflammation is associated with impaired graft function at 1 year. Transplant Proc 27:1017–1018

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Rush DN, Jeffery JR, Gough J (1995) Sequential protocol biopsies in renal transplant patients. Clinico-pathological correlations using the Banff schema. Transplantation 59:511–514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Sabek O, Dorak MT, Kotb M, Gaber AO, Gaber L (2002) Quantitative detection of T-cell activation markers by real-time PCR in renal transplant rejection and correlation with histopathologic evaluation. Transplantation 74:701–707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Salcido-Ochoa F, Yusof N, Hue SS, Haase D, Kee T, Rotzschke O (2012) Are we ready for the use of foxp3(+) regulatory T cells for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy in kidney transplantation? Journal of Transplantation 2012:397952 doi: 10.1155/2012/397952 (15 p.)

    Google Scholar 

  252. Sanfilippo F, Croker BP, Bollinger RR (1982) Fate of four cadaveric donor renal allografts with mesangial IgA deposits. Transplantation 33:370–372

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Schaub S, Nickerson P, Rush D, Mayr M, Hess C, Golian M, Stefura W, Hayglass K (2009) Urinary CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels correlate with the extent of subclinical tubulitis. Am J Transplant 9:1347–1353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Schonermarck U, Guba M, Weiss M, Illner WD, Arbogast H, Bosch T (2006) Cholesterol atheroembolic disease in kidney allografts – case report and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 66:386–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Schwarz A, Gwinner W, Hiss M, Radermacher J, Mengel M, Haller H (2005) Safety and adequacy of renal transplant protocol biopsies. Am J Transplant 5:1992–1996

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Schwarz A, Mengel M, Gwinner W, Eisenberger U, Hiss M, Radermacher J, Fiebeler A, Abou-Rebyeh F, Haller H (2002) Protocol biopsy program after renal transplantation: structure and first results. Transplant Proc 34:2238–2239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Scornik JC, Brunson ME, Schaub B, Howard RJ, Pfaff WW (1994) The crossmatch in renal transplantation. Evaluation of flow cytometry as a replacement for standard cytotoxicity. Transplantation 57:621–625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Seemayer CA, Gaspert A, Nickeleit V, Mihatsch MJ (2007) C4d staining of renal allograft biopsies: a comparative analysis of different staining techniques. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 22:568–576

    Google Scholar 

  259. Sellares J, de Freitas DG, Mengel M, Reeve J, Einecke G, Sis B, Hidalgo LG, Famulski K, Matas A, Halloran PF (2012) Understanding the causes of kidney transplant failure: the dominant role of antibody-mediated rejection and nonadherence. Am J Transplant 12:388–399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Sellares J, Reeve J, Loupy A, Mengel M, Sis B, Skene A, de Freitas DG, Kreepala C, Hidalgo LG, Famulski KG, Halloran PF (2013) Molecular diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection in human kidney transplants. Am J Transplant 13:971–983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Seron D, Moreso F, Boverr J, Condom E, Gil-Vernet S, Canas C, Fulladosa X, Torras J, Carrera M, Grinyo JM, Alsina J (1997) Early protocol renal allograft biopsies and graft outcome. Kidney Int 51:310–316

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Sethi S, Fervenza FC (2012) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis – a new look at an old entity. N Engl J Med 366:1119–1131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Sethi S, Vrana JA, Theis JD, Leung N, Sethi A, Nasr SH, Fervenza FC, Cornell FD, Fidler ME, Dogan A (2012) Laser microdissection and mass spectrometry-based proteomics aids the diagnosis and typing of renal amyloidosis. Kidney Int 82:226–234

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Setoguchi K, Ishida H, Shimmura H, Shimizu T, Shirakawa H, Omoto K, Toki D, Iida S, Setoguchi S, Tokumoto T, Horita S, Nakayama H, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K (2008) Analysis of renal transplant protocol biopsies in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 8:86–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Sharma SG, Nickeleit V, Herlitz LC, de Gonzalez AK, Stokes MB, Singh HK, Markowitz GS, D’Agati VD (2012) BK polyoma virus nephropathy in the native kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:620–631

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Shin M, Kim SJ (2011) ABO Incompatible Kidney Transplantation-Current Status and Uncertainties. Jounal of Transplantation 2011:970421 doi: 10.1155/2011/970421 (11 p.)

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Shishido S, Asanuma H, Nakai H, Mori Y, Satoh H, Kamimaki I, Hataya H, Ikeda M, Honda M, Hasegawa A (2003) The impact of repeated subclinical acute rejection on the progression of chronic allograft nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1046–1052

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Sigdel TK, Lee S, Sarwal MM (2011) Profiling the proteome in renal transplantation. Proteomics Clin Appl 5:269–280

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Siliano PR, Rocha LA, Medina-Pestana JO, Heilberg IP (2010) The role of host factors and bacterial virulence genes in the development of pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1290–1297

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Singh HK, Andreoni KA, Madden V, True K, Detwiler R, Weck K, Nickeleit V (2009) Presence of urinary Haufen accurately predicts polyomavirus nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:416–427

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Singh HK, Donna Thompson B, Nickeleit V (2009) Viral Haufen are urinary biomarkers of polyomavirus nephropathy: New diagnostic strategies utilizing negative staining electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol 33:222–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Singh HK, Nickeleit V (2004) Kidney disease caused by viral infections. Curr Diag Pathol 10:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  273. Sis B (2012) Endothelial molecules decipher the mechanisms and functional pathways in antibody-mediated rejection. Hum Immunol 73:1218–1225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Sis B, Campbell PM, Mueller T, Hunter C, Cockfield SM, Cruz J, Meng C, Wishart D, Solez K, Halloran PF (2007) Transplant glomerulopathy, late antibody-mediated rejection and the ABCD tetrad in kidney allograft biopsies for cause. Am J Transplant 7:1743–1752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Sis B, Halloran PF (2010) Endothelial transcripts uncover a previously unknown phenotype: C4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:42–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Sis B, Jhangri GS, Bunnag S, Allanach K, Kaplan B, Halloran PF (2009) Endothelial gene expression in kidney transplants with alloantibody indicates antibody-mediated damage despite lack of C4d staining. Am J Transplant 9:2312–2323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Sis B, Mengel M, Haas M, Colvin RB, Halloran PF, Racusen LC, Solez K, Baldwin WM 3rd, Bracamonte ER, Broecker V, Cosio F, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg C, Einecke G, Gloor J, Glotz D, Kraus E, Legendre G, Liapis H, Mannon RB, Nankivell BJ, Nickeleit V, Papadimitriou VC, Randhawa P, Regele H, Renaudin K, Rodriguez ER, Seron D, Seshan S, Suthanthiran M, Wasowska BA, Zachary A, Zeevi A (2010) Banff ’09 meeting report: antibody mediated graft deterioration and implementation of Banff working groups. Am J Transplant 10:464–471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Solez K, Axelsen RA, Benediktsson H, Burdick JF, Cohen AH, Colvin RB, Croker BP, Droz D, Dunnill MS, Halloran PF et al (1993) International standardization of criteria for the histologic diagnosis of renal allograft rejection: the Banff working classification of kidney transplant pathology. Kidney Int 44:411–422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Solez K, Colvin RB, Racusen LC, Haas M, Sis B, Mengel M, Halloran PF, Baldwin W, Banfi G, Collins AB, Cosio F, David DS, Drachenberg, Einecke G, Fogo AB, Gibson IW, Glotz D, Iskandar SS, Kraus E, Lerut E, Mannon RB, Mihatsch M, Nankivell BJ, Nickeleit V, Papadimitriou JC, Randhawa P, Regele H, Renaudin K, Roberts I, Seron D, Smith RN, Valente M (2008) Banff 07 classification of renal allograft pathology: updates and future directions. Am J Transplant 8:753–760

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Solez K, Colvin RB, Racusen LC, Sis B, Halloran PF, Birk PE, Campbell PM, Cascalho M, Collins AB, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg CB, Gibson IW, Grimm PC, Haas M, Lerut E, Liapis H, Mannon RB, Marcus PB, Mengel M, Mihatsch MJ, Nankivell BJ, Nickeleit V, Papadimitriou JC, Platt JL, Randhawa P, Roberts I, Salinas-Madriga L, Salomon DR, Seron D, Sheaff M, Weening JJ (2007) Banff ’05 Meeting Report: differential diagnosis of chronic allograft injury and elimination of chronic allograft nephropathy (’CAN’). Am J Transplant 7:518–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Spohn B, Bauer H, Gmahle E, Guth R, Franz HE (1983) Comparison of urine cytology versus fine needle aspiration cytology in monitoring renal allograft dysfunction. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 19:495–499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Sujeet K, Vasudev B, Desai P, Bellizzi J, Novoa-Takara L, He C, El-Meanawy A (2011) Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis secondary to adenovirus nephritis in renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 13:174–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Sumitran-Holgersson S (2001) HLA-specific alloantibodies and renal graft outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:897–904

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Swerdlow SH, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (2008) WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th edn. World Health Organization classification of tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, S 439

    Google Scholar 

  285. Taflin C, Nochy D, Hill G, Frouget T, Rioux N, Verine J, Bruneval P, Glotz D (2010) Regulatory T cells in kidney allograft infiltrates correlate with initial inflammation and graft function. Transplantation 89:194–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Tait BD, Susal C, Gebel HM, Nickerson PW, Zachary AA, Claas FH, Reed EF, Bray RA, Campbell P, Chapman JR, Coates PT et al (2013) Consensus guidelines on the testing and clinical management issues associated with HLA and non-HLA antibodies in transplantation. Transplantation 95:19–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Takahashi K (2004) Accommodation in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation: why do kidney grafts survive? Transplant Proc 36(Suppl):193S–196S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Takahashi K (2005) A new concept of accommodation in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 19(Suppl 14):76–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Terasaki PI (2003) Humoral theory of transplantation. Am J Transplant 3:665–673

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Terasaki PI, Cai J (2008) Human leukocyte antigen antibodies and chronic rejection: from association to causation. Transplantation 86:377–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Terasaki PI, McClelland JD (1964) Microdroplet assay of human serum cytotoxins. Nature 204:998–1000

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Thaunat O, Legendre C, Morelon E, Kreis H, Mamzer-Bruneel MF (2007) To biopsy or not to biopsy? Should we screen the histology of stable renal grafts? Transplantation 84:671–676

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Tinckam KJ, Djurdjev O, Magil AB (2005) Glomerular monocytes predict worse outcomes after acute renal allograft rejection independent of C4d status. Kidney Int 68:1866–1874

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Trappe R, Oertel S, Riess H (2006) Pathogenese, Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie transplantationsassoziierter lymphoproliferativer Erkrankungen. Dtsch Arztebl International 103:3259

    Google Scholar 

  295. Troppmann C, Gillingham KJ, Benedetti E, Almond PS, Gruessner NJS, Matas AJ (1995) Delayed graft function, acute rejection, and outcome after cadaver renal transplantation. The multivariate analysis. Transplantation 59:962–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Tsaur I, Gasser M, Aviles B, Lutz J, Lutz L, Grimm M, Lange V, Lopau V, Heemann U, Germer CT, Chandraker A, Waaga-Gasser AM (2011) Donor antigen-specific regulatory T-cell function affects outcome in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 79:1005–1012

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Tuazon TV, Schneeberger EE, Bhan AK, McCluskey RT, Cosimi AB, Schooley RT, Rubin RH, Colvin RB (1987) Mononuclear cells in acute allograft glomerulopathy. Am J Pathol 129:119–132

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Türk TR, Witzke O, Zeier M (2010) KDIGO-Leitlinien zur Betreuung von Nierentransplantatempfängern. Nephrologe 5:94–107

    Google Scholar 

  299. Uehara S, Chase CM, Cornell LD, Madsen JC, Russell PS, Colvin RB (2007) Chronic cardiac transplant arteriopathy in mice: relationship of alloantibody, C4d deposition and neointimal fibrosis. Am J Transplant 7:57–65

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Varma MC, Kushner YB, Ko DS, Kawai T, Martins PN, Kaur P, Markmann JF, Kotton CN (2011) Early onset adenovirus infection after simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant. Am J Transplant 11:623–627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Vasconcellos LM, Schachter AD, Zheng XX, Vasconcellos LH, Shapiro M, Harmon WE, Strom TB (1998) Cytotoxic lymphocyte gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes correlates with rejecting renal allografts. Transplantation 66:562–566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Waikar SS, Betensky RA, Emerson SC, Bonventre JV (2012) Imperfect gold standards for kidney injury biomarker evaluation. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:13–21

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Waiser J, Budde K, Schutz M, Liefeldt L, Rudolph B, Schonemann C, Neumayer HH, Lachmann N (2012) Comparison between bortezomib and rituximab in the treatment of antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1246–1251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Walsh RC, Alloway RR, Girnita AL, Woodle ES (2012) Proteasome inhibitor-based therapy for antibody-mediated rejection. Kidney Int 81:1067–1074

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Watcharananan SP, Avery R, Ingsathit A, Malathum K, Chantratita W, Mavichak V, Chalermsanyakorn P, Jirasiritham S, Sumethkul V (2011) Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery. Am J Transplant 11:1308–1314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Webster AC, Craig JC, Simpson JM, Jones MP, Chapman JR (2007) Identifying high risk groups and quantifying absolute risk of cancer after kidney transplantation: a cohort study of 15,183 recipients. Am J Transplant 7:2140–2151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Wiebe C, Gibson IW, Blydt-Hansen TD, Karpinski M, Ho J, Storsley LJ, Goldberg A, Birk PE, Rush DN, Nickerson PW (2012) Evolution and clinical pathologic correlations of de novo donor-specific HLA antibody post kidney transplant. Am J Transplant 12:1157–1167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Wieczorek G, Bigaud M, Menninger K, Riesen S, Quesniaux V, Schuurman HJ, Audet M, Blancher A, Mihatsch MJ, Nickeleit V (2006) Acute and chronic vascular rejection in nonhuman primate kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:1285–1296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Williams WW, Taheri D, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Colvin RB (2012) Clinical role of the renal transplant biopsy. Nat Rev Nephrol 8:110–121

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Yagisawa T, Nakada T, Takahashi K, Toma H, Ota K, Yaguchi H (1995) Acute hemorrhagic cystitis caused by adenovirus after kidney transplantation. Urologia Internationalis 54:142–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Yannaraki M, Rebibou JM, Ducloux D, Saas P, Duperrier A, Felix S, Rifle G, Chalopin JM, Herve P, Tiberghien P, Ferrand C (2006) Urinary cytotoxic molecular markers for a noninvasive diagnosis in acute renal transplant rejection. Transplant Int 19:759–768

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Yoon HE, Kim SH, Kim JY, Oh EJ, Park SC, Choi BS, Choi YJ, Moon IS, Kim YS, Yang CW (2008) Clinical significance of C4d deposition in stable renal allografts in the early post-transplantation period. Clin Transplant 23:812–818

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Zhao YG, Shi BY, Qian YY, Bai HW, Xiao L, He XY (2013) Clinical efficacy of rituximab for acute rejection in kidney transplantation: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 46:1225–1230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Zollinger HU, Mihatsch MJ (1978) Renal pathology in biopsy. Springer, Berlin, S 581

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heinz Regele Prof. Dr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Regele, H., Mengel, M., Nickeleit, V. (2016). Pathologie der transplantierten Niere. In: Amann, K., Kain, R., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04565-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04566-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics