Skip to main content

Hoden und Infertilität beim Mann

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathologie

Part of the book series: Pathologie ((PATHOL))

  • 6235 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Das Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit allen Erkrankungen des Hodens – von den Fehlbildungen und Fehllagerungen bis zu den Tumoren. Die normale Entwicklung des Hodens vom Embryo bis zum geschlechtsreifen Mann wird detailliert dargestellt. Die häufigsten Störungen der Geschlechtsdifferenzierung mit ihrem genetischen Hintergrund werden ausführlich besprochen. Weitere wesentliche Themen sind der Kryptorchismus und die männliche Infertilität sowie die Rolle der pathohistologischen Diagnostik bei diesen Erkrankungen. Die Besprechung häufiger und seltener Hodentumoren beruht auf dem letzten Stand des Wissens. Dem Einsatz von Immunhistochemie, Zytogenetik und molekularen Methoden in der Routinediagnostik ist breiter Raum gewidmet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 469.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Agraharkar M, Gokhale S, Gupta R (2002–2003) Wegener’s granulomatosis diagnosed by testicular biopsy. Int Urol Nephrol 34: 559–564

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ahlberg NE, Bartley O, Chidekel N (1966) Right and left gonadal veins. An anatomical and statistical study. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 4:593–601

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aitken RJ, Koopman P, Lewis SEM (2004) Seeds of concern. Nature 432:48–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Albores Saavedra J, Huffman H, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Ayala AG (1996) Anaplastic variant of spermatocytic seminoma. Hum Pathol 27:650–655

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Bozom IA, El-Faqih SR, Hassan SH, El-Tiraifi AE, Talic RF (2000) Granulosa cell tumor of the adult type: a case report and review of the literature of a very rare testicular tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1525–1528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Altay B, Çetinkalp Ş, Doganavşargil B, Hekimigil M, Semerci B (2003) Streptozotocin-induced diabetic effects on spermatogenesis with proliferative cell nuclear antigen immunostaining of adult rat testis. Fert Steril 80:828–831

    Google Scholar 

  7. Amelar RD (1956) Anorchism without eunuchoidism. J Urol 76:174–178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. American Academy of Pediatrics (1996) Timing of elective surgery on the genitalia of male children with particular reference to the risks, benefits, and psycological effects of surgery and anesthesia. Pediatrics 97:590–594

    Google Scholar 

  9. Andersson M, Page DC, Pettay D, Subrt I, Turleau C, de Grouchy J, de la Chapelle AY (1988) Autosomal translocations and mosaicism in the etiology of 45,X maleness: assignment of fertility factor to distal Yq11. Hum Genet 79:2–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Andrews PW (1983) Ultrastructural differentiation of a clonal human embryonal carcinoma cell line in vitro. Cancer Res 43:2190–2198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Anghel G, Petti N, Remotti D, Ruscio C, Blandino F, Majolino I (2002) Testicular plasmacytoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 71:98–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Armstrong GR, Buckley CH, Kelsey AM (1991) Germ cell expression of placental alkaline phosphatase in male pseudohermaphroditism. Histopathology 18:541–547

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Attanoos RL, Gibbs AR (2000) Primary malignant gonadal mesotheliomas and asbestos. Histopathology 37:150–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Aynsley-Green A, Zachmann M, Illig R, Rampini S, Prader A (1979) Congenital bilateral anorchia in childhood: A clinical and therapeutic evaluation of twenty-one cases. Clin Endocrinol 5:381–391

    Google Scholar 

  15. Azar N, Guillevin L, Huong Du LT, Herreman G, Meyrier A, Godeau P (1989) Symptomatic urogenital manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: analysis of 8 of 165 patients. J Urol 142:136–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baccetti B, Capitani S, Collodel G, Strehler E, Piomboni P (2002) Recent advances in human sperm pathology. Contraception 65:283–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baccetti B, La Marca A, Piomboni P, Capitani S, Bruni E, Petraglia F, De Leo V (2002) Insulin-dependent diabetes in men associated with hypothalamo-pituitary derangement and with impairment in semen quality. Hum Reprod 17:2673–2677

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bach AM, Hann LE, Shi W, Giess CS, Yoo HH, Sheinfeld J, Thaler HT (2003) Is there an increased incidence of contralateral testicular cancer in patients with intratesticular microlithiasis? AJR 180:497–500

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bär W, Hedinger C (1976) Comparison of histologic types of primary testicular germ cell tumors with their metastases: consequences for the WHO and the British nomenclatures? Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 370:41–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Banks ER, Mills SE (1990) Histiocytoid (epithelioid) hemangioma of the testis. The so-called vascular variant of ″adenomatoid tumor″. Am J Surg Patho l4:584–589

    Google Scholar 

  21. Barqawi A, Caruso A, Meacham RB (2004) Experimental varicocele induces testicular germ cell apoptosis in the rat. J Urol 171:501–503

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Barthold JS, Gonzalez R (2003) Epidemiology of congenital cryptorchidism, testicular ascent and orchidopexy. J Urol 170:2396–2401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bartsch G, Frank S, Marberger H, Mikuz G (1980) Testicular torsion: late results with special regard to fertility and endocrine function. J Urol 124:375–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Battifora H, Sorensen HR, Mehta P, Ahn C, Niland J, Hage E, Pettijohn DE, Olsson L (1992) Tumor-associated antigen 43-9F is of prognostic value in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. A retrospective immunohistochemical study. Cancer 70:1867–1872

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Beckstead JH (1983) Alkaline phosphatase histochemistryin human germ cell neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 7:341–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Behringer RR, Cate RL, Froelick GJ, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL (1990) Abnormal sexual development in transgenic mice chronically expressing Mullerian inhibiting substance. Nature 345:167–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Richie JP (1989) Sonography of the male genital tract. Am J Roentgenol 153:705–713

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Berkovitz GD, Fechner PY, Marcantonio SM, Bland G, Stetten G, Goodfellow PN, Smith KD, Migeon CJ (1992) The role of the sex-determing region of the Y chromosome (SRY) in the etiology of 46,XX true hermaphroditism. Hum Genet 88:411–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bernstein R (1981) The Y chromosome and primary sexual differentiation. JAMA 245:1953–1956

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Berta P, Hawkins JR, Sinclair AH, Taylor A, Griffiths BL, Goodfellow PN, Fellous M (1990) Genetic evidence equating SRY and testis-determining factor. Nature 29:448–450

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bostwick DG, Eble JN (1997) Urologic surgical pathology. Mosby, St. Louis, S 457–645

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brinkmann AO (2001) Molecular basis of androgen insensitivity. Molec Cell Endocrin 179:105–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bromberg W, Wong C, Kurek S, Salim A (2003) Traumatic bilateral testicular dislocation. J Trauma 54:1009–1011

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brosman SA (1979) Testicular tumors in prepubertal children. Urology 13:581–588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Brown LM, Pottern LM, Hoover RN, Devesa SS, Aselton P, Flannery JT (1986) Testicular cancer in the United States: trends in incidence and mortality. Int J Epidemiol 15:164–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Buffum J (1986) Pharmacosexology update: prscription drugs and sexual function. J Psychoactive Drugs 18:97–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bünzli HF (1968) Formen granulomatöser Orchitis. Virchows Arch Abt [A] Pathol Anat 345:33–44

    Google Scholar 

  38. Burke AP, Mostofi FK (1988) Placental alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry of intratubulär malignant germ cells and associated testicular germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol 19:663–670

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bush JM, Gardiner DW, Palmer JS, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Veeramachaneni DN (2011) Testicular germ cell tumours in dogs are predominantly of spermatocytic seminoma type and are frequently associated with somatic cell tumours. Int J Androl 34:e288–e295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bydder S, Charles A, Hewitt I, Walpole I, Algar EM, Smith N, Phillips MB (2002) Wilms tumor in a pediatric renal transplant recipient with unexpected Denys-Drash syndrome. Transplant Proc 34:3203–3204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Caccamo D, Socias M, Truchet C (1991) Malignant Brenner tumor of the testis and epididymis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:524–527

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cameron DF, Murray FT, Drylie DD (1985) Interstitial compartment pathology and spermatogenic disruption in testes from impotent diabetic men. Anat Rec 213:53–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Canto P, Soderlund D, Ramon G, Nishimura E, Mendez JP (2002) Mutational analysis of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene in two individuals with Leydig cell tumors. Am J Med Genet 18:148–152

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cao D, Li J, Guo CC, Allan RW, Humphrey PW (2009) SAAL4 is a novel diagnostic marker for testicular germ cell tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1065–1077

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Carney JA, Gordon H, Carpenter PC, Shenoy BV, Go VL (1985) The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity. Medicine 64:270–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Carney JA (1995) Carney complex: the complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, endocrine overactivity, and schwannomas. Semin Dermatol 14:90–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Carriere P, Baade P, Fritschi L (2007) Population based incidence and age distribution of spermatocytic seminoma. J Urol 178:125–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Casella R, Nudell D, Cozzolino D, Wang H, Lipshultz LI (2002) Primary testicular amyloidosis mimicking tumor in a cryptorchid testis. Urology 59:445xiii–445xiv

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chaganti RSK, Houldsworth J (2000) Genetics and biology of adult human male germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 60:1475–1482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Chan PT, Goldstein M (2002) Medical backgrounder on varicocele. Drugs Today 38:59–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chandley AC, Edmond P (1971) Meiotic studies on a subfertile patient with a ring Y chromosome. Cytogenetics 10:295–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chandley AC (1979) The chromosomal basis of human infertility. Br Med Bull 35:181–186

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chandley AC, Ambros P, McBeath S, Hargreave TB, Kilanowski F, Spowart G (1986) Short arm dicentric Y chromosome with associated statural defect in a sterile man. Hum Genet 73:350–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chandrasekera SK, Barber NJ, Sheriffdeen AH (2003) Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia. Urology 62:1120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Charny CW, Meranze DR (1948) Pathology of mumps orchitis. J Urol 60:140–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Chemes HE, Muzulin PM, Venara MC, Muhlmann MC, Martinez M, Gamboni M (2003) Early manifestation of testicular dysgenesis in children: pathological phänotypes, karyotype correlations and precursor stages of tumour development. APMIS 111:12–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM (1998) Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1361–1367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chilvers C, Forman D, Pike Fogelman MCK, Wadsworth ME (1984) Apparent doubling of frequency of undescended testis in England and Wales in 1961–81. Lancet II:330–332

    Google Scholar 

  59. Chou FF, Lee CH, Lee CT, Huang FJ, Hsu KL (2003) Spermatogenesis after parathyreoidectomy in patients with symptomatic secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Coll Surg 196:854–858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Chresta CM, Masters JRW, Hickman JA (1996) Hypersensitivity of human testicular tumors to etopside-induced apoptosis is associated with functional p53 and high bax:bcl2-ratio. Cancer Res 56:1834–1841

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Christensen TB, Daugaard G, Geertsen PF, von der Maase H (1998) Effect of chemotherapy on carcinoma in situ of the testis. Ann Oncol 9:657–660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Clermont Y (1963) The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man. Am J Anat 112:35–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Clermont Y (1966) Renewal of spermatogonia in man. Am J Anat 118:509–524

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Coffin CM, Ewing S, Dehner LP (1985) Frequency of intratubulär germ cell neoplasia with invasive germ cell tumors. Histologic and immunocytochemical features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:555–559

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Comperat E, Tissier F, Boye K, De Pinieux G, Vieillefond A (2004) Non-Leydig sex-cord tumors of the testis. The place of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis and prognosis. A study of twenty cases. Virchows Arch 444:567–571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Constantinou J, Nitkunan T, Al-Izzi M, McNicholas TA (2004) Testicular granulocytic sarcoma, a source of diagnostic confusion. Urology 64:807–809

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Coppes MJ, Rackley R, Zhao XL, Liefers GJ, Casey G, Williams BR (1993) Analysis of WT1 in granulosa cell and other sex cord-stromal tumors. Cancer Res 53:2712–2714

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Coupland CAC, Chilvers CED, Davey G, Pike MC, Oliver RTD, Forman D (1999) Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours by histological tumour type. Br J Cancer 80:1859–1863 (on behalf of the United Kingdom Testicular cancer Study Group)

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Csapò T, Kuthy E, Lantos J, Ormos J (1975) Experimentally induced malakoplakia. Am J Pathol 79:453–464

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cullen M (1991) Management of Stage I non-seminoma: surveillance and chemotherapy. In: Horwich A (Hrsg) Testicular cancer. Investigation and management. Chapmann & Hall Medical, London

    Google Scholar 

  71. Cummings JM, Boullier JA, Sekhon D, Bose K (2002) Adult testicular torsion. J Urol 167:2109–2110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Cummings OW, Ulbright TM, Young RH, Del Tos AP, Fletcher CD, Hull MT (1997) Desmoplastic small round cell tumors of the paratesticular region. A report of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:219–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Czene K, Lichtenstein P, Hemminki P (2002) Enviromental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 milllion individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Int J Cancer 99:260–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Damjanov I, Niejadlik DC, Rabuffo JV, Donadio JA (1980) Cribriform and sclerosing seminoma devoid of lymphoid infiltrates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104:527–530

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Damjanov I (1993) Pathology of infertility. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  76. Datta MW, Young RH (2000) Malignant melanoma metastatic to the testis: a report of three cases with clinically significant manifestations. Int J Surg Pathol 8:49–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Daugaard G, von der Maase H, Olsen J, Rorth M, Skakkebaek NE (1987) Carcinoma in situ testis in patients with assumed extragonadal germ-cell tumours. Lancet 2:528–530

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Decaussin M, Borda A, Bouvier R, Ruffion A, David C, Agard C, Arcin F, Collet F, Berger N (2004) Le seminome spermatocytaire. Ann Pathol 24:161–166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dehner LP, Scott D, Stocker JT (1986) Meconium periorchitis: a clinicopathologic study of four cases with a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 17:807–812

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. De Jong B, Oosterhuis JW, Castedo SM, Vos A, te Meerman GJ (1990) Pathogenesis of adult testicular germ cell tumors. A cytogenetic model. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 48:143–167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. De Jong B, De Gouveia Brazao CA, Stoop H, Wolffenbuttel KP, Oosterhuis JW, Puppels GJ, Weber RF, Looijenga LH, Kok DJ (2004) Raman spectroscopic analysis identifies testicular microlithiasis as intratubular hydroxyapatite. J Urol 171:92–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. De la Chapelle A, Hortling H, Niemi M, Wennström J (1964) XX sex chromosome in a human male. First case. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 412:25–38

    Google Scholar 

  83. Delahunt B, Nacey JN (1996) Ovarian-type papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the testis. Br J Urol 77:156–157

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Delavierre D (2003) Orchi-epididymite. Ann Urol (Paris) 37:322–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Delbridge ML, Longepied G, Depetris D, Mattei MG, Disteche CM, Marshall Graves JA, Mitchell MJ (2004) TSPY, the candidate gonadoblastoma gene on the human Y chromosome, has a widely expressed homologue on the X – implications for Y chromosome evolution. Chromosome Res 12:345–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Delozier-Blanchet CD, Walt H, Engel E, Vuagnat P (1987) Cytogenetic studies of human testicular germ cell tumours. Int J Androl 10:69–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Deveci MS, Deveci G, Onguru O, Kilciler M, Celasun B (2002) Testicular (gonadal stromal) fibroma: case report and review of the literature. Pathol Int 52:326–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Dieckmann KP, Loy V, Buttner P (1993) Prevalence of bilateral testicular germ cell tumours and early detection based on contralateral intra-epithelial neoplasia. Br J Urol 71:340–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Dieckmann KP, Skakkebaek NE (1999) Carcinoma in situ of the testis: review of biological and clinical features. Int J Cancer 83:815–822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dieckmann KP, Classen J, Loy V (2003) Diagnosis and management of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) – surgical aspects. APMIS 111:64–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Eble JN (1994) Spermatocytic seminoma. Hum Pathol 25:1035–1042

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA (2004) WHO Classification of tumours. Pathology & Genetics. Tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  93. Egli CA, Rosenthal SM, Grumbach MM, Montalvo JM, Gondos B (1985) Pituitary gonadotropin-indipendent male-limited autosomal dominant sexual precocity in nine generations: familial testotoxicosis. J Pediatr 106:33–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Elert A, Jahn K, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R (2003) Der familiäre Leistenhoden. Klin Pädiatr 215:40–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. El-Naggar AK, Ro JY, McLemore D, Ayala AG, Batsakis JG (1992) DNA ploidy in testicular germ cell neoplasms. Histogenetic and clinical implications. Am J Surg Pathol 16:611–618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Engeler DS, Hosli PO, John H, Bannwart F, Sulser T, Amin MB, Heitz PU, Hailemariam S (2000) Early orchiopexy: prepubertal intratubular germ cell neoplasia and fertility outcome. Urology 56:144–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Erlandson RA (1994) Diagnostic transmission electron microscopy of tumors with clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetical correlations. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  98. Fajardo LF, Dueker GE, Kosek JC (1968) Light and electron microscopic observations on granulomatous orchitis. Invest Urol 6:158–169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Färber C, Groß S, Neesen J, Buiting K, Horsthemke B (2000) Identification of a testis-specific gene (C15orf2) in the Prader-Willi syndrome region on chromosome 15. Genomics 65:174–183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Favorito LA, Klojda CA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ (2003) Is there a relationship with anomalous insertions of the distal gubernaculums testis and testicular ectopia? Analysis in human fetuses and patients with cryptorchidism. J Urol 170:554–557

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2004) GLOBOCAN 2002 Cancer Incidence Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. IARC Cancer Base No. 5 version 2.0. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  102. Ferro F, Lais A, Boldrini R, De Peppo F, Federici G, Bosman C (1996) Hepatogonadal fusion. J Pediatr Surg 3:435–436

    Google Scholar 

  103. Ferry JA, Harris NL, Young RH, Coen J, Zietman A, Scully RE (1994) Malignant lymphoma of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. A clinicopathologic study of 69 cases with immunophenotypic analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 18:376–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Finn LS, Viswanatha DS, Belasco JB, Snyder H, Huebner D, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES, Salhany KE (1999) Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood. Cancer 85:1626–1635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Foresta C, Bettella A, Moro E, Roverato A, Merico M, Ferlin A (2001) Sertoli cell function in infertile patients with and without microdeletions of the azoospermia factors on the Y-Chromosome long arm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2414–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Frauscher F, Klauser A, Stenzl A, Helweg G, Amort B, zur Nedden D (2001) US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers. Radiology 219:427–431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Freedman LS, Parkinson MC, Jones WG, Oliver RT et al (1987) Histopathology in the prediction of relapse of patients with stage I testicular teratoma treated by orchidectomy alone. Lancet 2:294–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Frisman DM (2005) www.ImmunoQuery.com

  109. Fritsch H, Kühnel W (2003) Männliche Gesclechtsorgane. In: Fritsch H, Kühnel W (Hrsg) Innere Organe Taschenatlas der Anatomie, Bd. 2. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 259–273

    Google Scholar 

  110. Fujisawa M, Yamanaka K, Okada h, Arakawa S, Kamidono S (2002) Growth hormone releasing hormone test for infertile men with spermatogenetic maturation arrest. J Urol 168:2083–2085

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Fukuda T, Hedinger CE (1975) Ultrastructure of developing germ cells in the fetal human testis. Cell Tissue Res 161:55–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Fung CY, Kalish LA, Brodsky GL, Richie JP, Garnick MB (1988) Stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor: prediction of metastatic potential by primary histopatology. J Clin Oncol 6:1467–1473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ganem JP, Jhaveri FM, Marroum MC (1998) Primary adenocarcinoma of the epididymis: case report and review of the literature. Urology 52:904–908

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z, Belenky A, Gornish M (2004) Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril 81:424–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Giannatempo P1, Paolini B, Miceli R, Raggi D, Nicolai N, Farè E, Catanzaro M, Biasoni D, Torelli T, Stagni S, Piva L, Mariani L, Salvioni R, Colecchia M, Gianni AM, Necchi A (2013) Persistent CD30 expression by embryonal carcinoma in the treatment time course: prognostic significance of a worthwhile target for personalized treatment. J Urol 190:1919–1924

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Gilcrease MZ, Schmidt L, Zbar B, Truong L, Rutledge M, Wheeler TM (1995) Somatic von Hippel Lindau mutation in clear cell papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Hum Pathol 26:1341–1346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Gilcrease MZ, Delgado R, Albores-Savedra J (1998) Testicular Sertoli cell tumor with a heterologous sarcomatous component: immunohistochemical assessment of Sertoli cell differentiation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 122:907–911

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Giralt SA, Dexeus F, Amato R, Sella A, Logothetis C (1992) Hyperthyroidism in men with germ cell tumors and high levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. Cancer 69:1286–1290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Givler RL (1969) Testicular involvement in leukaemia and lymphoma. Cancer 23:1290–1295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Giwercman A, Bruun E, Frimodt-Moller C, Skakkebæk NE (1989) Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes of men with a history of cryptorchidism. J Urol 142:998–1001

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Roth LM (1976) The human yolk sac and yolk sac carcinoma. An ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 7:675–691

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Gorlov IP, Kamat A, Bogatcheva NV, Jones E, Lamb DJ, Truong A, Bishop CE, McElreavy K, Agoulnik AI (2002) Mutations of the GREAT gene cause cryptorchidism. Hum Mol Genet 11:2309–2318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Gorski RA (1991) Sexual differentiation of the endocrine brain. In: Motta M (Hrsg) Brain endocrinology, 2. Aufl. Raven Press, New York, S 71

    Google Scholar 

  124. Grabstald H, Swan LL (1952) Genitourinary leprosy in leprosy. JAMA 149:1287–1291

    Google Scholar 

  125. Grady RW, Ross JH, Kay R (1997) Epidemiological features of testicular teratoma in a prepubertal population. J Urol 158:1191–1192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Greco MA, Feiner HD, Theil KS, Mufarrij AA (1984) Testicular stromal tumor with myofilaments: ultrastructural comparison with normal gonadal stroma. Hum Pathol 15:238–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Grem JL, Robins I, Wilson KS, Gilchrist K, Trump DK (1986) Metastatic Leydig cell tumor of the testis. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Cancer 58:2116–2119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Griffin JE, Wilson JD (1985) Disorders of the testis and male reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW (Hrsg) Textbook of endocrinology, 7. Aufl. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, S 259

    Google Scholar 

  129. Grigor KM, Rorth M (1993) Should the contralateral testis be biopsied? Round table discussion. Eur Urol 23:129–135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Hack WWM, Meijer RW, Bos SD, Haasnoot K (2003) A new classification for undescended testis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37:43–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Hack WW, Meijer RW, van der Voort-Doedens LM, Bos SD, De Kok ME (2003) Previous testicular position in boys referred for an undescended testis: further explanation of the late orchidopexy enigma? BJU Int 92:293–296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Hack WW, Meijer RW, van der Voort-Doedens LM, Bos SD, Haasnoot K (2003) Natural course of aquired undescended testis in boys. Br J Surg 90:728–731

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Hadziselimovic F (1983) Cryptorchidism. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  134. Hadziselimovic F, Leibundgut B, Da Rugna D, Buser MW (1986) The value of testicular biopsy in patients with varicocele. J Urol 135:707–710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Hadziselimovic F, Herzog B, Liebundgut B, Jenny P, Buser M (1989) Testicular and vascular changes in children and adults with varicocele. J Urol 142:583–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hadziselimovic F, Herzog B (1997) Treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue after successful orchiopexy markedly improves the chance of fertility later in life. J Urol 158:1193–1195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hadziselimovic F, Sneyder HM, Huff DS (1999) An unusual subset of cryptorchidism: possible end organ failure. J Urol 162:983–985

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Hailelemariam S, Engler DS, Bannwart F, Amin MB (1997) Primary mediastinalgerm cell tumor with intratubulär germ cell neoplasia of the testis- further support for germ cell origin of these tumors: a case report. Cancer 79:1031–1036

    Google Scholar 

  139. Halperin D, Visscher DW, Wallis T, Lawrence WD (1995) Evaluation of chromosome 12 copy number in ovarian granulosa cell tumors using interphase cytogenetics. Int J Gynecol Pathol 14:319–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Turtle JR (1984) Young’s syndrome: obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med 310:3–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Handelsman DJ, Wishart S, Conway AJ (2000) Oestradiol enhances testosterone-induced suppression of human spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 15:672–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Hanson JA, Ambaye AB (2009) Adult granulosa cell tumor. A review of the literature for clinicopathological predictors of malignancy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 135:143–146

    Google Scholar 

  143. Harland SJ (2000) Conundrum of the hereditary component of testicular cancer. Lancet 356:1455–1456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Harms D, Kock LR (1997) Testicular juvenile granulosa cell and Sertoli cell tumours: a clinicopathological study of 29 cases from the Kiel Paediatric Tumour Registry. Virchows Arch 430:301–309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Harrison RG, McGregor GA (1957) Anomalous origin of the testicular arteries. Anat Rec 129:401–409

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hassan MA, Killick SR (2004) Negative lifestyle is associated with a significant reduction in fecundity. Fertil Steril 81:384–392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Hassold T, Abruzzo M, Adkins K, Griffin D, Merrill M, Millie E, Saker D, Shen J, Zaragoza M (1996) Human aneuploidy: incidence, origin, and etiology. Environ Mol Mutagen 28:167–175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Hassold T, Benham F, Leppert M (1998) Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of sex-chromosome monosomy. Am J Hum Gen 49:534–541

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hedinger CE, Plattner D (1961) Dysgenetische, sogenannte hypoplastisache Zonen in retiniertenund beidseits normal deszendierten Hoden. Pathol Microbiol 24:227–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hedinger CE, Huber R, Weber E (1967) Frequency of so called hypoplastic or dysgenetic zones in scrotal and otherwise normal human testis. Virchows Arch [A] 342:165–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hedinger C, Dhom G (1991) Pathologie des männlichen Genitales. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (Hrsg) Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, Bd. 21. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  152. Heimdal K, Olsson H, Tretli S, Flodgren P, Borresen AL, Fossa SD (1996) Familial testicular cancer in Norway and southern Sweden. Br J Cancer 73:964–969

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Heinemann V, Frey U, Linke J, Dieckmann KP (2003) Testicular microlithiasis – one case and four points to note. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37:515–518

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Heller ME, Jacobs HS (1978) Prolactin and infertility. Fertil Contracept 2:33–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hendrick V, Gitlin M, Altshuler L, Korenman S (2000) Antidepressant medications, mood and male fertility. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25:37–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Henley JD, Ferry J, Ulbright TM (2000) Miscellaneous rare paratesticular tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 17:319–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Herr HW, Sheinfeld J (1997) Is biopsy of the contralateral testis necessary in patients with germ cell tumors? J Urol 158:1331–1334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Herrinton LJ, Zhao W, Husson G (2002) Management of cryptorchism and risk of testicular cancer. Am J Epidem 157:602–605

    Google Scholar 

  159. Hienz HA (1969) YY-syndrome forms. Lancet 1:155–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Hill GS (1989) Uropathology Bd. 2. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  161. Hittmair A, Rogatsch H, Offner F, Feichtinger H, Ofner D, Mikuz G (1992) Deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry and semiquantitative histology of spermatogenesis: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 58:1040–1045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Hittmair A, Rogatsch H, Feichtinger H, Hobisch A, Mikuz G (1995) Testicular seminomas are aneuploid tumors. Lab Invest 72:70–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Hittmair A, Rogatsch H, Hobisch A, Mikuz G, Feichtinger H (1996) CD30 expression in seminoma. Hum Pathol 27:1166–1171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. von Hochstetter AR (1981) Mitotic count in seminomas – an unreliable criterion for distinguishing between classical and anaplastic types. Virchows Arch [A] 390:63–69

    Google Scholar 

  165. Holstein AF, Korner F (1974) Light and electron microscopical analysis of cell types in human seminoma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 363:97–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Hori K, Uematsu K, Yasoshima H, Sakurai ez al K (1997) Contribution of cell prolifertaive activity to malignancy potential in testicular seminoma. Pathol Int 47:282–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Hornstein OP (1982) Orchipathia e varicocele. In: Jecht EW, Zeitler E (Hrsg) Varicocele and male infertility. Springer, Berlin, S 18–26

    Google Scholar 

  168. Hu M, Zhang GY, Arbuckle S, Graf N, Shun A, Silink M, Lewis D, Alexander SI (2004) Prophylactic bilateral nephrectomies in two paediatric patients with missense mutations in the WT1 gene. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:223–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Hu Y, Tanriverdi F, MacColl GS, Bouloux PM (2003) Kallmann’s syndrome: molecular pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Bio 35:1157–1162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Hurwitz RS, Kaptein JS (2001) How well does contralateral testis hypertrophy predict the absence of the nonpalpable testis? J Urol 165:588–592

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Hussong J, Crussi FG, Chou PM (1997) Gonadoblastoma: immunohistochemical localisation of Mullerian inhibiting substance, inhibin, WT-1, and p53. Mod Pathol 10:1101–1105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Thonneau P (2003) Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. J Urol 170:5–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Ibanez-Tallon I, Heintz N, Omran H (2003) The beat or not to beat: roles of cilia in development and disease. Hum Mol Genet 12:R27–R35

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Igawa K, Nishioka K (2003) Leg ulcer in Klinefelter syndrome. JEDV 17:62–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Imperial SL, Sidhu JS (2002) Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor arising in splenogonadal fusion. Arch Pathol Lab Med 26:1222–1225

    Google Scholar 

  176. Ioannides AS, Turnock R (2001) An audit of the management of the acute scrotum in children with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura. JR Coll Surg Edinb 46:98–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Isojarvi JI, Lofgren E, Juntunen KS, Pakarinen AJ, Paivansalo M, Rautakorpi I, Tuomivaara L (2004) Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology 62:247–253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Irvine DS (1998) Epidemiology and etiology of male infertility. Hum Reprod 13:33–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Ivell R, Hartung S (2003) The molecular basis of cryptorchidism. Mol Hum Reprod 9:175–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Izquierdo MA, van der Valk P, van Ark-Otte J, Rubio G, Germa-Lluch JR, Ueda R, Scheper RJ, Takahashi T, Giaccone G (1995) Differential expression of the c-kit proto-oncogene in germ cell tumours. J Pathol 177:253–258

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Jackson MB, Chilvers C, Pike MC, Ansell P, Bull D (1986) Cryptorchidism: an apparent substantial increase since 1960. Br Med J 293:1401–1404

    Google Scholar 

  182. Jacobsen GK (1983) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in testicular germ cell tumours. A comparison of histologic and serologic occurrence of tumour markers. APMIS 91:183–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Jacobsen GK (1986) Histogenetic considerations concerning germ cell tumours. Morphological and immunohistochemical comparative investigation of the human embryo and testicular germ cell tumours. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 408:509–525

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Janetschek G, Schreckenberg F, Mikuz G, Marberger M (1988) Experimental testicular torsion: effect on endocrine and exocrine function and contralateral testicular histology. Urol Res 16:43–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Ježek D, Knuth UA, Schulze W (1998) Successful testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in spite of high serum follicle stimulating hormone and azoospermia: correlation between testicular morphology, TESE results, semen analysis and serum hormone values in 103 infertile men. Hum Reprod 13:1230–1234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Ježek D, Kneževič, Kalanj-Bognar S, Vukelić Ž, Khren I (2004) From testicular biopsy to human embryo. Verh Dtsch Gesell Path 88:136–143

    Google Scholar 

  187. Ježek D (2012) Atlas on the Human Testis. Normal Morphology and Pathology. Springer, London

    Google Scholar 

  188. Jiménez JD, Cebrián JL, Guarch R, Hualde A (2010) Tumor testicular de celulas de Sertoli con marcadores neuroendocrinos positivos. Actas Urol Esp 34:481–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Jimenez-Quintero LP, Ro JY, Zavala-Pompa A, Amin MB, Tetu B, Ordonez NG, Ayala AG (1993) Granulosa cell tumor of the adult testis: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases and a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 24:1120–1125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Joensuu H, Klemi PJ (1988) DNA Aneuploidy in adenomas of endocrine organs. Am J Pathol 132:145–151

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Johnsen SG (1970) Testicular biopsy score count: A method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes. Normale values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Hormones 1:2–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Johnson MD, Tho SPT, Behzadian A, McDonough PG (1989) Molecular scanning of Yq 11 (interval 6) in men with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1732–1737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Jones EC, Murray SK, Young RH (2000) Cysts and epithelial proliferations of the testicular collecting system (including rete testis). Semin Diagn Pathol 17:270–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Jones MA, Young RH, Srigley JR, Scully RE (1995) Paratesticular serous papillary carcinoma. A report of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1359–1365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Jones MA, Young RH, Scully RE (1997) Benign fibromatous tumors of the testis and paratesticular region: a report of 9 cases with a proposed classification of fibromatous tumors and tumor-like lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 21:296–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Jørgensen N, Andersen AG, Eustache F, Irvine DS, Suominen J, Petersen JH, Andersen AN, Auger J, Cawood EH, Horte A, Jensen TK, Jouannet P, Keiding N, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE (2001) Regional differences in semen quality in Europe. Hum Reprod 16:1012–1019

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Josso N, Vigier B, Picard JY (1988) Anti-müllerian hormone:Recent developments. In: Parvinen M, Huhtaniemi I, Pelliniemi LJ (Hrsg) Ares – Serono. Development and function of the reproductive organs, Bd. II. VIIth Ares-Serono Symposia Series, Roma, S 29–31

    Google Scholar 

  198. Joudi FN, Austin JC, Vogelgesang SA, Jensen CS (2004) Isolated testicular vasculitis presenting as a tumor like lesion. J Urol 171:799

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Kadikoylu G, Tuncer G, Bolaman Z, Sina M (2002) Brucellar orchitis in Innerwest Anatolia Region of Turkey. A report of 12 cases. Urol Int 69:33–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Kaijser M, Akre O, Cnattingius S, Ekbom A (2003) Maternal lung cancer and testicular cancer risk in the offspring. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:643–646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Kallmann FJ, Schoenfeld WA, Barrere SE (1944) The genetic aspects of primary eunuchoidism. Am J Ment Defic 58:203–236

    Google Scholar 

  202. Kaplan WE, Firlit CF (1981) Treatment of testicular yolk sac carcinoma in the young child. J Urol 12:663–666

    Google Scholar 

  203. Karnak I, Senocak ME, Gogus S, Buyukpamukcu N, Hicsonmez A (1997) Testicular enlargement in patients with 11-hydroxylase deficiency. J Pediatr Surg 32:756–758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Katsoff D, Check JH (1997) A challenge to the concept that the use of calcium channel blockers causes reversible male infertility. Hum Reprod 12:1480–1482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Kaufmann WE, Reiss AL (1999) Molecular and cellular genetics of fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 88:11–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Kay R (1993) Prepubertal testicular tumor registry. J Urol 150:671–674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Kerr JB, de Krester DM (1981) The cytology of the human testis. In: Burger H, de Kretser DM (Hrsg) The testis. Raven Press, New York, S 141–169

    Google Scholar 

  208. Khetan N, Torkington J, Jamison MH (1999) Polyorchidism presenting as retractile testes. BJU Inter 83:524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Kim I, Young RH, Scully RE (1985) Leydig cell tumors of the testis: a clinico-pathological analysis of 40 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 9:177–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. King CM, Hanbury DC (2003) Does testicular microlithiasis matter? Clin Radiol 58:495–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Klinefelter HF, Reifenstein EC, Albreight F (1942) Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without a-Leydigism, and increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone. J Clin Endocrinol 2:615–627

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Koff SA (1991) Does compensatory testicular enlargement predict monarchism? J Urol 136:277–279

    Google Scholar 

  213. Kormano M, Suoeranta H (1971) Microvascular organization of the adult human testis. Anat Rec 170:31–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Kosztolany G, Trixler M (1983) Yq deletion with short stature, abnormal male development, and schizoid character disorder. J Med Genet 20:393–394

    Google Scholar 

  215. Kraggerud SM, Berner A, Bryne M, Pettersen EO, Fossa SD (1999) Spermatocytic seminoma as compared to classical seminoma: an immunohistochemical and DNA flow cytometric study. APMIS 107:297–302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Deligianni V, Miras K (2002) A prospective controlled study of the impact of hyperthyroidism on reproductive function in males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3667–3671

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Kratzer SS, Ulbright TM, Talerman A, Srigley JR, Roth LM, Wahle GR, Moussa M, Stephens JK, Millos A, Young RH (1997) Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: contrasting features of sixmalignant and six benign tumors and a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1271–1280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Krishnamurthy H, Kats R, Danilovich N, Javeshghani D, Sairam MR (2001) Intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in the absence of follicle-stimulating hormone-receptor signaling. Biol Reprod 65:1201–1207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Kuroda N, Senzaki T, Yamasaki Y, Miyazaki E, Hayashi Y, Toi M, Hiroi M, Enzan H (2004) Sertoli cell tumor of the testis (not otherwise specified) with the expression of neuroendocrine markers and without the expression of inhibin-alpha. Pathol Int 54:719–724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Lack EE, Kozakewich HPW (1990) Embryology, developemental anatomy, and selected aspects of non-neoplastic pathology. In: Lack EE (Hrsg) Pathology of the adrenal glands. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  221. Lamb DJ (1993) Growth factors and testicular development. J Urol 150:583–592

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Lanzafame S, Leonardi R, Torrisi A (2004) Extratesticular Leydig cell tumor of the spermatic cord. J Urol 171:1238–1239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Laron L, Zilka E (1969) compensatory hypertophy of testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:1409–1413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Lau Y, Chou P, Iezzoni J, Alonzo J, Komuves L (2000) Expression of a candidate gene for the gonadoblastoma locus in gonadoblastoma and testicular seminoma. Cytogenet Cell Genet 91:160–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Lawrence WD, Young RH, Scully RE (1986) Sex cord-stromal tumors. In: Talerman A, Roth LM (Hrsg) Pathology of the testis and its adnexa. Churchill Livingstone, New York, S 67–92

    Google Scholar 

  226. Lee JS, Choi YD, Choi C (2004) Primary testicular osteosarcoma with hydrocele. Virchows Arch 445:210–213

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Lee MM, Donahoe PK, Silvermann BL, Hasegawa T, Hasegawa Y, Gustafson ML, Chang YC, MacLaughlin DT (1997) Measurements of serum müllerian inhibiting substance in the evaluation of childern with nonpalpable gonads. N Engl J Med 336:1480–1486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Lennox B, Ahmad RN, Mack WS (1970) A method for determinating the relative total length of the tubules in the testis. J Pathol 102:229–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Lim J, Goriely A, Turner GD, Ewen KA, Jacobsen GK, Graem N, Wilkie AO, Rajpert-De Meyts E (2011) OCT2, SSX and SAGE1 reveal the phenotypic heterogeneity of spermatocytic seminoma reflecting distinct subpopulations of spermatogonia. J Pathol 224:473–483

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Loehrer PJ Sr, Hui S, Clark S, Seal M, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Ulbright T, Mandelbaum I, Rowland R, Donohue JP (1986) Teratoma following cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: a clinicopathological correlation. J Urol 135:1183–1189

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Selig DE, Ogden S, Dexeus F, Swanson D, Johnson D, von Eschenbach A (1986) Cyclic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin plus vinblastine and bleomycin in advanced germinal tumors. Am J Med 81:219–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Looijenga LH, Rosenberg C, van Gurp RJ, Geelen E, van Echten-Arends J, de Jong B, Mostert M, Wolter Oosterhuis J (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization of microdissected samples from different stages in the development of a seminoma and a non-seminoma. J Pathol 191:187–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Looijenga LH, Zafarana G, Grygalewicz B, Summersgill B, Debiec-Rychter M, Veltman J, Schoenmakers EF, Rodriguez S, Jafer O, Clark J, van Kessel AG, Shipley J, van Gurp RJ, Gillis AJ, Oosterhuis JW (2003) Role of gain of 12p in germ cell tumour development APMIS, Bd. 111., S 161–171

    Google Scholar 

  234. Lovell-Badge R (1993) Sex determining gene expression during embryogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 339:159–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Lowe X, Eskenazi B, Nelson DO, Kidd S, Alme A, Wyrobek AJ (2001) Frequency of XY sperm increases with age in fathers of boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 69:1046–1054

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Loy V, Dieckmann KP (1993) Prevalence of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) in patients with testicular germ cell tumour. Results of the German multicentre study. Eur Urol 23:120–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Mack WS, Scott LS, Ferguson-Smith MA, Lennox B (1961) Ectopic testis and true undescended tetis: A histological comparison. J Pathol 82:439–443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Mahi-Brown CA, Yule TD, Tung KS (1988) Evidence for active immunological regulation in prevention of testicular autoimmune disease independent of the blood-testis barrier. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 16:165–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Makler A, Glezerman M, Lunenfeld B (1977) The fertile eunuch syndrome. An isolated leydig-cell failure? Andrologia 9:163–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Mancini RE, Rosemberg E, Cullen M, Lavieri JC, Vilar O, Bergada C, Andrada JA (1965) Cryptorchid and scrotal human testis.I. Cytological, cytochemical and quantitative studies. J Clin Endocrinol 25:927–942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Manivel JC, Niehans G, Wick MR, Dehner LP (1987) Intermediate trophoblast in germ cell neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 11:693–701

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Marmar J, Benoff S (2003) Editorial: new scientific information related to varicoceles. J Urol 170:2371–2373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Maron O (1987) Zur Histometrie der männlichen Keimdrüse. (Vergleichende Untersuchungen an gesunden und pathologischen Hoden). Doktordissertation Medizinische Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck

    Google Scholar 

  244. Mašera A, Ovčak Z, Mikuz G (1999) Angiosarcoma of the testis. Virchows Arch 434:351–353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Masur Y, Steffens J, Ziegler M, Remberger K (1996) Leydigzell-Tumoren des Hodens – klinische und morphologische Aspekte. Urologe [A] 35:468–471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Matsuzawa-Watanabe Y, Inoue J, Semba K (2003) Transcriptional activity of testis-determining factor SRY is modulated by the Wilms’tumor 1 gene product, WT1. Oncogene 22:7900–7904

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Matteson JR, Stock JA, Hanna MK, Arnold TV, Nagler HM (2001) Medicolegal aspects of testicular torsion. Urology 57:783–786

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Mayr D, Kaltz-Wittmer C, Arbogast S, Amann G, Aust DE, Diebold J (2002) Characteristic pattern of genetic aberrations in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Mod Pathol 15:951–957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. McCluggage WG, Shanks JH, Whiteside C, Maxwell P, Banerjee SS, Biggart JD (1998) Immunohistochemical study of testicular sex cord-stromal tumors, including staining with anti-inhibin antibody. Am J Surg Pathol 22:615–619

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. McClure J (1983) Malakoplakia. J Pathol 140:275–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. McDougall EM, Mikhael BR, Carpenter B (1986) Ectopic renal tissue associated with an undescended testis: a case report. J Urol 135:1018–1019

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. McGlynn KA, Devesa SS, Sigurdson AJ, Brown LM, Tsao L, Tarone RE (2003) Trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors in the United States. Cancer 97:63–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. McIlwain L, Sokol L, Moscinski LC, Saba HI (2003) Acute myeloid leukemia mimicking primary testicular neoplasm. Presentation of a case with review of literature. Eur J Haematol 70:242–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. McLaren A (1990) Sex determination. What makes a man a man? Nature 346:216–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. McTaggart SJ, Algar E, Chow CW, Powell HR, Jones CL (2001) Clinical spectrum of Denys-Drash and Frasier syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 16:335–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Megalli M, Gursel E, Lattimer JK (1972) Reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts as a cause of recurring epididymitis in childern. J Urol 108:978–979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Menon PK, Vasudevarao, Sabhiki A, Kudesia S, Joshi DP, Mathur UB (2002) A case of carcinoma rete testis: histomorphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings and review of literature. Indian J Cancer 39:106–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Merry C, Sweeney B, Puri P (1997) The vanishing testis: anatomical and histological findings. Eur Urol 31:65–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Meyer T, Höcht B (2003) Die historische Entwicklung der operativen Behandlung des Maldescensus testis. Zentralbl Chir 128:537–542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Michael H (1998) Non germ cell tumors arising in patients with testicular germ cell tumors. J Urol Pathol 9:39–60

    Google Scholar 

  261. Miettinen M, Salo J, Virtanen I (1986) Testicular stromal tumor: ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and gel electrophoretic evidence of epithelial differentiation. Ultrastruct Pathol 10:515–528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Mikuz G (1973) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung an zwei Fällen granulomatöser Orchitis. Virchows Arch [A] Pathol Anat 360:223–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Mikuz G, Lederer B (1973) Quantitativ cytochemische Untersuchungen der Veränderungen des Nucleoproteins von Spermien bei Fertilitätsstörungen des Mannes. Beitr Path 149:186–195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Mikuz G, Loewit K, Herbst M (1975) Nebenierenähnliche Leydig Zellen. Virchows Arch [B) Cell Pathol 19:359–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Mikuz G (1978) Orchitis. Morphologische und funktionelle Untersuchungen bei Versuchstieren und beim Menschen. In: Bargmann W, Doerr W (Hrsg) Normale und Pathologische Anatomie, Bd. 36. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  266. Mikuz G, Hofstadter F, Hager J (1979) Testis involvement in Schonlein-Henoch purpura. Pathol Res Pract 165:323–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Mikuz G, Damjanov I (1982) Inflammation of the testis, epididymis, peritesticular membranes, and scrotum. Pathol Annu 17:101–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Mikuz G (1985) Testicular torsion: simple grading for histological evaluation of tissue damage. Appl Pathol 3:134–139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Mikuz G, Schwarz C, Bartsch G (1985) Wert der semiquantitativen morphologischen Beurteilung von Hodenbiopsien bei Fertilitätsstörungen des Mannes. Pathologe 4:244–251

    Google Scholar 

  270. Mikuz G (2008) Männliche Geschlechtsorgane. In: Böcker W, Denk H, Heitz PU, Moch H (Hrsg) Pathologie. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München

    Google Scholar 

  271. Mikuz G, Colecchia M (2012) Teratoma with somatic-type malignant components of the testis. A review and an update. Virchows Arch 461:27–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Mikuz G (2014) Spermatozytäres Seminom – ein Tumor mit vielen Gesichtern. Pathologe 35:232–237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Mikuz G, Böhm GW, Behrend, Schäfer G, Colecchia M, Verdorfer I (2014) Therapy-resistant metastasizing anaplastic spermatocytic semionoma – a cytogenetical hybrid. Anal Quant Cytopathol-Histpathol 36:177–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Miller DR, Leikin SL, Albo VC, Palmer NF, Sather HN, Hammond GD (1990) The prognostic value of testicular biopsy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 8:57–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Miller FNAC, Sidhu PS (2002) Does testicular microlithiasis matter? A review. Clin Radiol 57:883–890

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Mirilas P, Mamoulakis C, De Almeida M (2003) Puberty does not induce serum antisperm surface antibodies in patients with previously operated cryptorchidism. J Uro l170:2432–2435

    Google Scholar 

  277. Modan-Moses D, Litmanovich T, Rienstein S, Meyerovitsch J, Goldn B, Aviram-Goldring A (2003) True hermaphroditism with ambiguous genitalia due to a complicated mosaic karyotype: clinical features, cytogenetic findings, and literatute review. Am J Med Genet 30:300–303

    Google Scholar 

  278. Molenaar WM, Oosterhuis JW, Meiring A, Sleyfer DT, Schraffordt Koops H, Cornelisse CJ (1986) Histology and DNA contents of a secondary malignancy arising in a mature residual lesion six years after chemotherapy for a disseminated nonseminomatous testicular tumor. Cancer 58:264–268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Moller R (1980) Arrangement and fine structure of lymphatic vessels in the human spermatic cord. Andrologia 12:564–576

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Moller H, Prener A, Skakkebæk NE (1996) Testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, ingunal hernia, testicular atrophy, and genital malformations: case control studies in Denemark. Cancer Causes Control 7:264–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Monoski M, Nudell DM, Lipschutz LI (2002) Effects of medical therapy, alcohol,, and smoking on male fertility. Contemporary Urology 19:69–74

    Google Scholar 

  282. Morgan DR, Brame KG (1999) Granulosa cell tumour of the testis displaying immunoreactivity for inhibin. BJU Int 83:731–732

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Moriyama N, Daly JJ, Keating MA, Lin CW, Prout GR Jr (1985) Vascular invasion as a prognosticator of metastatic disease in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Importance in “surveillance only” protocols. Cancer 56:2492–2498

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Morris JM (1953) The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphroditism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 65:1192–1211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Mosharafa AA, Foster RS, Leibovich BC, Ulbright TM, Bihrle R, Einhorn LH, Donohue JP (2004) Histology in mixed germ cell tumors. Is there a favourite pairing? J Urol 171:1471–1473

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Mostofi FK, Price EB Jr (1973) Tumors of the male genital system AFIP, Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 2nd Series, Fascicle 8. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  287. Mostofi FK, Sobin LH (1977) Histological typing of tumours of the testis International histological classification of tumors, Bd. 16. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  288. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA (1985) Pathology of germ cell tumors of testes. Prog Clin Biol Res 203:1–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA, Davis CJ Jr (1988) Developments in histopathology of testicular germ cell tumors. Semin Urol 6:171–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA (1998) Histological typing of testis tumours, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  291. Motzer RJ, Amsterdam A, Prieto V, Sheinfeld J, Murty VV, Mazumdar M, Bosl GJ, Chaganti RS, Reuter VE (1998) Teratoma with malignant transformation: diverse malignant histologies arising in men with germ cell tumors. J Urol 159:133–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Moul JW, Heidenreich A (1996) Prognostic factors in low-stage nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Oncology 10:1359–1368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Müller J, Skakkebaek NE (1983) Quantification of germ cells and seminiferous tubules by stereological examination of testicles from 50 boys who suffered from sudden death. Int J Androl 6:143–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Müller J, Skakkebaek NE, Ritzen M, Ploen L, Petersen KE (1985) Carcinoma in situ of the testis in children with 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. J Pediatr 106:431–436

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Murphy WM (1997) Urological pathology, 2. Aufl. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  296. Murray FT, Cameron DF, Ketchum C (1984) Return of gonadalfunction in men with prolactin-secreting tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:79–85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Mykytyn K, Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Beck G, Bugge K, Haines HL, Cornier AS, Cox GF, Fulton AB, Carmi R, Iannaccone A, Jacobson SG, Weleber RG, Wright AF, Riise R, Hennekam RC, Luleci G, Berker-Karauzum S, Biesecker LG, Stone EM, Sheffield V (2003) Evaluation of complex inheritance involving the most common Bardet-Biedl syndrome locus (BBS1). Am J Hum Genet 72:429–437

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Nacharaju VL, Muneyyrici-Delale O, Khan N (1997) Presence of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human semen: evidence of correlation with semen characteristics. Steroids 62:311–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Naderi AR, Safarinejad MR (2003) Endocrine profiles and semen quality in spinal cord injured men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:177–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Nagano T, Okomura K (1973) Fine structural changes of allergic aspermatogenesis in guinea pig II. Induced by the homologous parotid gland as antigen. Virchows Arch Abt B Zell Path 14:273–245

    Google Scholar 

  301. Narendranathan M, Sandler RS, Suchindran CM, Savitz DA (1989) Male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 11:403–406

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Neaves WB (1973) Permeability of Sertoli cells tight junctions to lanthanum after ligation of ductus deferens and ductuli efferentes. J Cell Biol 59:559–572

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Newbold RR, Bullock BC, McLachlan JA (1986) Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis. Diethylstilbestrol-induced lesions of the mouse rete testis. Am J Pathol 125:625–628

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Niehans GA, Manivel JC, Copland GT, Scheithauer BW, Wick MR (1988) Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms. Cancer 62:1113–1123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Nistal M, Paniagua R (1977) Congenital testicular lymphangiectasis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 377:79–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Nistal M, De la Roza C, Cano J (1979) Sindrome de feminizacion testicular completa. Patologia 12:119–125

    Google Scholar 

  307. Nistal M, Lazaro R, Garcia J, Paniagua R (1992) Testicular granulosa cell tumor of the adult type. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116:284–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Nistal M, Paniagua R (1979) Histogenesis of human extraparenchymal Leydig cells. Acta Anat (Basel) 105:188–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Nistal M, Paniagua R, Diez-Pardo JA (1980) Histologic classification of undescended testis. Hum Pathol 11:666–674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Nistal M, Regadera J, Paniagua R (1984) Cytic dysplasia of the testis: light and electron microscopic study of three cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108:579–583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Nistal M, Riestra ML, Galmes-Belmonte I, Paniagua R (1999) Testicular biopsy in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1546–1554

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Nistal M, Castillo MC, Regadera J, Garcia (2003) Adenomatous hyperplasia of the rete testis.A review and report of new cases. Histol Histopathol 18:741–752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Nobunaga T, Tokugawa Y, Hashimoto K, Kubota Y, Sawai K, Kimura T, Shimoya K, Takemura M, Matsuzaki N, Azuma C, Saji F (1996) Elevated nitric oxide concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males: nitric oxide inhibits sperm motility. Am J Reprod Immunol 36:193–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Nochomovitz LE, Orenstein JM (1994) Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis. Consolidation and analysis of 31 reported cases with a review of miscellaneous entities. J Urol Pathol 2:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  315. Nogales-Fernandez F, Silverberg SG, Bloustein PA, Martinez-Hernandez A, Pierce GB (1977) Yolk sac carcinoma (endodermal sinus tumor): ultrastructure and histogenesis of gonadal and extragonadal tumors in comparison with normal human yolk sac. Cancer 39:1462–1474

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Oliva E, Alvarez T, Young RH (2005) Sertoli cell tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic andimmunohistochemical study of 54 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 29:143–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L (2001) Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod 16:1768–1776

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Osterlind A, Berthelsen JG, Abildgaard N, Hansen SO, Hjalgrim H, Johansen B, Munck-Hansen J, Rasmussen LH (1991) Risk of bilateral testicular germ cell cancer in Denmark: 1960–1984. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1391–1395

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Ozdemir BH, Ozdemir OG, Ozdemir FN, Ozdemir AI (2002) Value of testis biopsy in the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. Urology 59:201–205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Padron RS, Mas J, Zamora R, Riverol F, Licea M, Mallea L, Rodriguez J (1989) Lipids and testicular function. Int Urol Nephrol 21:515–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Paik ML, MacLennan GT, Seftel AD (1999) Embolic testicular infarction secondary to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Urol 161:919–920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Papanastasopoulos P, Repanti M, Damaskou V, Bravou V, Papadaki H (2008) Investigating differentiation mechanisms of the constituent cells of sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary. Virchows Arch 453:465–471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Papatsoris AG, Mpadra FA, Karamouzis MV, Frangides CY (2002) Endemic brucellar epididymo-orchitis: a 10-year experience. Int J Infect Dis 6:309–313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Parigi GB, Bardoni B, Avoltini V, Caputo MA, Bragheri R (1999) Is bilateral anorchia genetically determinated ? Eur J Pediatr Surg 9:312–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Park B, McPartland JM, Glass M (2004) Cannabis, cannabinoids and reproduction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 70:189–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Pasqualini RQ, Bur GE (1950) Sindrome hypoandrogenico con gametogenesis conservada: classification de la insuficienca testicular. Rev Asoc Med Argent 64:6–19

    Google Scholar 

  327. Patel SR, Richardson RL, Kvols L (1989) Metastatic cancer to the testes: a report of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Urol 142:1003–1005

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Pecile V, Filippi G (1991) Screening for fra(x) mutation and Klinefelter syndrome in mental institutions. Clin Genet 39:189–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Pena-Alonso R, Nieto K, Alvarez R, Palma I, Najera N, Erana L, Dorantes LM, Kofman-Alfaro S, Queipo G (2004) Distribution of Y-chromosome-bearing cells in gonadoblastoma and dysgenetic testis in 45,X/46,XY infants. Mod Patho 18:439–445

    Google Scholar 

  330. Perez-Atayde AR, Joste N, Mulhern H (1996) Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the infantile testis. Evidence of a dual epithelial smooth muscle differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 20:72–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Perlman EJ, Cushing B, Hawkins E, Griffin CA (1994) Cytogenetic analysis of childhood endodermal sinus tumor: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Pediatr Pathol 14:695–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Perry BB, Outman JE, Olsen LT, Damjanov I, Langenstroer P, Thrasher JB (2003) Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis presenting in an undescended testicle. J Urol 170:1304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Peter M (2002) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Semin Reprod Med 20:249–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Peters KH (1977) Ultrastruktur der Leydigzellen im Funiculus spermaticus des Menschen. Verh Anat Ges 71:555–559

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Petit C, De la Chapelle, Levilliers J (1987) An abnormal terminal Y-X interchange accounts for most but not all cases of human XX maleness. Cell 49:595–602

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Pfitzer P, Gilbert P, Rolz G, Vyska K (1982) Flow cytometry of human testicular tissue. Cytometry 3:116–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Philip J, Lundsteen C, Owen D, Hirschhorn K (1976) The frequency of chromosome aberrations in tall men with special reference to 47, XYY and 47, XXY. Am J Hum Genet 28:404–411

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  338. Pichmann S, Mikuz G, Schmid KW (1993) Chromogranins A and B in nonseminomatous testicular tumors. J Uropathology 1:43–54

    Google Scholar 

  339. Pitteloud N, Boepple PA, DeCruz S, Valkenburgh SB, Crowley WF Jr, Hayes FJ (2001) The fertile eunuch variant of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: spontaneous reversal associated with a homozygous mutation in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2470–2475

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Pohar KS, Rabbani F, Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ, Bajorin D, Sheinfeld J (2003) Results of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I and II pure embryonal carcinoma of the testis. J Urol 170:1155–1158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Polepalle SK, Shabaik A, Alagiri M (2003) Leydig cell tumor in a child with spermatocyte maturation and no pseudoprecocious puberty. Urology 62:551vi–551vii

    Google Scholar 

  342. Pommer G (1889) Verwachsungen des linken kryptorchischen Hodens und Nebenhodens mit der Milz in einer Missgeburt mit zahlreichen Bildungsdefecten. Ber Naturw Med Verein in Innsbruck 17–19:144–148

    Google Scholar 

  343. Prader A, Labhart A, Willi H (1956) Ein Syndrom von Adipositas, Kleinwuchs, Muskelhypotonie, Hypogenitalismus, Hypogonadismus und Diabetes mellitus. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 38:917–922

    Google Scholar 

  344. Prader A (1986) Disorders of sexual differentiation (intersexuality). In: Labhart A (Hrsg) Clinical endocrinology, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin, S 715–747

    Google Scholar 

  345. Prener A, Engholm G, Jensen OM (1996) Genital anomalies and risk of testicular cancer in Danish man. Epidemiology 7:14–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Pryor JL, Howards SS (1987) Varicocele. Urol Clin North Am 14:499–513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Pryor JP, Cameron KM, Collins WP, Hirsh AV, Mahony JD, Pugh RC, Fitzpatrick JM (1978) Indications for testicular biopsy or exploration in azoospermia. Br J Urol 50:591–594

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Pugh RCB (1976) Pathology of the testis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  349. Quaranta BP, Halperin EC, Kurtzberg J, Clough R, Martin PL (2004) The incidence of testicular recurrence in boys with acute leukemia treated with total body and testicular irradiation and stem cell transplantation. Cancer 101:845–850

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Queipo G, Zenteno JC, Pena R, Nieto K, Radillo A, Dorantes LM, Erana L, Lieberman E, Söderlund D, Jimenez AL, Ramon G, Kofman-Alfaro S (2002) Molecular analysis in true hermaphroditism: demonstration of low-level hidden mosaicism for Y derived sequences in 46,XX cases. Hum Genet 111:278–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Quigley CA, De Bellis A, Marschke KB, El-Awady MK, Wilson EM, French FS (1995) Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives. Endocr Rev 16:271–321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Rabes HM (1987) Proliferation of human testicular tumours. Int J Androl 10:127–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Raina V, Shukla NK, Gupta NP, Deo S, Rath GK (1995) Germ cell tumors in uncorrected cryptorchid testis at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi. Br J Cancer 71:380–383

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Rajpert-De Meyts E (2006) Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects. Hum Reprod Update 12:303–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Rakover Y, Adar H, Tal I, Lang Y, Kedar A (1989) Behcet disease: long-term follow-up of three children and review of the literature. Pediatrics 83:986–992

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Ray B, Hajdu SI, Whitmore WF (1974) Distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer 33:340–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Redmon JB, Carey P, Pryor JL (2002) Varicocele – the most common cause of male factor infertility? Hum Reprod Update 8:53–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Regadera J, Nistal M, Paniagua R (1985) Testis epididiymis, and spermatic cord in elderly men. Correlation of angiographic and histologic studies with systemic arteriosclerosis. Arch Path Lab Med 109:663–667

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Renshaw AA, Gordon M, Corless CL (1997) Immunohistochemistry of unclassified sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis with a predominance of spindle cells. Mod Pathol 10:693–700

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Rey R, Sabourin JC, Venara M, Long WQ, Jaubert F, Zeller WP, Duvillard P, Chemes H, Bidart JM (2000) Anti-Müllerian hormone is a specific marker of Sertoli and granulosa – cell origin in gonadal tumors. Hum Pathol 31:1202–1208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Rey R (2001) Intersex disorders: biochemical and molecular disorders. In: Robaire B, Chemes H, Morales CR (Hrsg) Andrology in the 21th century. Medimond Medical. Publications, Bolognia, Montreal, S 383–393

    Google Scholar 

  362. Richardson PG, Millward MJ, Shrimankar JJ, Cantwell BM (1992) Metastatic melanoma to the testis simulating primary seminoma. Br J Urol 69:663–665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Risbridger GP, Hodgson MY, deKretser DM (1981) Mechanism of action of gonadotropins on the testis. In: Burger H, deKretser DM (Hrsg) The testis. Raven Press, New York, S 195–211

    Google Scholar 

  364. Rives N, Joly G, Machy A, Simeon N, Leclerc P, Mace B (2000) Assessment of sex chromosome aneuploidy in sperm nuclei from 47,XXY and 46,XY/47,XXY males: comparison with fertile and infertile males with normal karyotype. Mol Hum Reprod 6:107–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Robboy SY, Miller T, Donahoe PK, Jahre K, Welch WR, Haseltime FP, Miller WA, Atkins L, Crawford JD (1982) Dysgenesis of testicular and streaks gonads in the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Hum Pathol 13:700–716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Rosai J, Khodadoust K, Silber I (1969) Spermatocytic seminoma. II. Ultrastructural study. Cancer 24:103–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Rosenberg C, Van Gurp RJ, Geelen E, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LH (2000) Overrepresentation of the short arm of chromosome 12 is related to invasive growth of human testicular seminomas and nonseminomas. Oncogene 19:5858–5862

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Rosler A, Leiberman E, Cohen T (1992) High frequency of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (classic 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency) among Jews from Morocco. Am J Med Genet 42:827–834

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. Ross JC, Gow JG, St. Hill CA (1961) Tuberculous Epididymitis. A review of 170 patients. Br J Surg 48:663–666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  370. Ross JH, Rybicki L, Kay R (2002) Clinical behaviour and a contemporary management algorithem for prepubertal testis tumors: a summary of the prepubertal testis tumor registry. J Urol 168:1675–1678

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  371. Rubenstein RA, Dogra VS, Seftel AD, Resnick MI (2004) Benign intrascrotal lesions. J Urol 171:1765–1772

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Rusnack SL, Wu HY, Huff DS, Snyder IIIHM, Zderic SA, Carr MC, Canning DA (2002) The ascending testis and the testis undescendend since birth share the same histopathology. J Urol 168:2590–2591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Rutgers JL, Scully RE (1987) Pathology of the testis in intersex syndromes. Semin Diagn Pathol 4:275–291

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Sakkas D, Mariethoz E, Manicardi G, Bizzaro D, Bianchi PG, Bianchi U (1999) Origin of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Rev Reprod 4:31–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Sarlis I, Yakoymakis S, Rebelakos AG (1980) Fibrous pseudotumor of the scrotum. J Urol 124:742–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Sato K, Ueda Y, Sakurai A, Ishikawa Y, Okamoto S, Ikawa H, Katsuda S (2005) Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: Comparative immunohistochemical study with Leydig cell tumor. Pathol Inter 55:366–371

    Google Scholar 

  377. Saukko P, Lignitz E (1990) Plötzlicher Tod durch maligne Hodentumoren. Z Rechtsmed 103:529–536

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Savas C, Candir O, Bezir M, Cakmak M (2001) Ectopic adrenocortical nodules along the spermatic cord of children. Int Urol Nephrol 32:681–685

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Sax L (2002) How common is intersex? a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling. J Sex Res 39:174–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Saylam KSP (2003) WT1 gene mutation responsible for male sex reversal and renal failure: the Frasier syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 110:111–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  381. Scheibli P (1968) Häufigkeit von sogennanten Ringtubuli mit intratubulären Körperchen in normal descendierten und fehlgelagerten Knabenhoden. Virchows Arch [A] 344:249–256

    Google Scholar 

  382. Schellhas HF (1974) Malignant potentialof the dysgenetic gonad. Part I. Obstet Gynecol 44:298–309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Schellhas HF (1974) Malignant potential of the dysgenetic gonad. Part II. Obstet Gynecol 44:455–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Schirren C, von Thiesenhausen HJ (1972) Untersuchungen des Hodengewebes bei andrologischen Patienten mit Orchitis, Epididymitis und traumatischer Hodenschädigung in der Anamnese. Andrologie 4:327–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Schlegel PN, Chang TS, Marshall FF (1997) Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 55:235–242

    Google Scholar 

  386. Schoor RA, Elhanbly SM, Niederberger C (2001) The pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility. Curr Urol Rep 2:432–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Schroeder J, de la Chapelle A, Hakola P, Virkkunen M (1981) The frequency of XYY and XXY men among criminal offenders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 63:272–276

    Google Scholar 

  388. Schuppe HC, Neumann NJ, Schock-Skasa G, Höppner W, Feldkamp J (1999) Secondary infertility as early symptom in a man with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Hum Reprod 14:252–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Scully RE (1970) Gonadoblastoma. A review of 74 cases. Cancer 25:1340–1356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  390. Seckl MJ, Fisher RA, Salerno G, Rees H, Paradinas FJ, Foskett M, Newlands ES (2000) Choriocarcinoma and partial hydatidiform moles. Lancet 356:36–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Sedlmeyer IL, Palmert MR (2002) Delayed puberty: analyses of a large case series from an academic center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1613–1620

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Sessions AE, Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC, Goldstein MM, Mevorach RA (2003) Testicular torsion: direction, degree, duration and desinformation. J Urol 169:663–665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Shah KH et al (1981) Epidermoid cyst of the testis: a report of three cases and analysis of 141 cases from the world literature. Cancer 47:577–582

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Shah K, Sivapalan G, Gibbson N, Tempest H, Griffin DK (2003) The genetic basis of infertility. Reproduction 126:13–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Sharp RM (2003) The “oestrogen hypothesis” – where do we stand now? Int J Androl 26:2–15

    Google Scholar 

  396. Shih DF, Wang JS, Tseng HH (1996) Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the testis. J Urol 156:1772

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  397. Shiraishi K, Naito K (2003) Fertile Eunuch syndrome with the mutations (Trp8Arg and Ile15Thr) in the beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. Endocr J 50:733–737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Shono T, Suita S (2003) Disturbed pituitary-testicular axis inhibits testicular descent in the prenatal rat. BJU International 92:641–643

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Shukla AR, Woodard C, Carr MC, Huff DS, Canning DA, Zderic SA, Kolon TF, Snyder HM 3rd (2004) Experience with testis sparing surgery for testicular teratoma. J Urol 171:161–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Shukla AR, Huff DS, Canning DA, Filmer RB, Snyder HM 3rd, Carpintieri D, Carr MC (2004) Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis:: contemporary clinical management and pathological diagnosis. J Urol 171:1900–1902

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  401. Shurbaji MS, Epstein JI (1988) Testicular vasculitis: implications for systemic disease. Hum Pathol 19:186–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Skotheim RI, Monni O, Mousses S, Fosså SD, Kallioniemi OP, Lothe RA, Kallioniemi A (2002) New insights into testicular germ cell tumorigenesis from gene expression profiling. Cancer Res 62:2359–2364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Sigg C (1979) Klassifizierung tubulärer Hodenatrophien bei Sterilitätsabklärungen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 109:1284–1293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Sigg C, Hedinger CE (1983) Atypical germ cells of the testis. Comparative ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigations. Virchows Arch [A] 402:439–450

    Google Scholar 

  405. Sills ES, Tucker MJ (2003) First experience with intracytoplasmic sperm injection for extreme oligozoospermia associated with Crohn’s disease and 6-mercaptopurine chemotherapy. Asian J Androl 5:76–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Silveira LF, MacColl GS, Bouloux PM (2002) Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Semin Reprod Med 20:327–338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Silver SA, Wiley JM, Perlman EJ (1994) DNA ploidy analysis of pediatric germ cell tumors. Mod Pathol 7:951–956

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Skakkebæk NE (1972) Possible carcinoma in situ of the testis. Lancet II:516–517

    Google Scholar 

  409. Skakkebaek NE, Zeuthen E, Nielsen J, Yde H (1973) Abnormal spermatogenesis in XYY males: a report on 4 cases ascertained through a population study. Fertil Steril 24:390–395

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Skakkebæk NE, Berthelsen JG, Giwercman A, Müller J (1987) Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis: possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma. Int J Androl 10:19–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-de Meyts E, Jorgensen N, Carlsen E, Meidahl Petersen P, Giwercman A, Andersen AG, Kold Jensen T, Andersson AM, Müller J (1998) Germ cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: an environmental connection? APMIS 106:3–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Skakkebæk NE, Holm M, Hoei-Hansen C, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-DeMeyts E (2003) Association between testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and testicular neoplasia: Evidence from 20 adult patients with signs of male development of the testis. APMIS 111:1–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Romer TE, Kula K (2003) Neoplastic potential of germ cells in relation to disturbances of gonadal organogenesis and changes in karyotype. J Androl 24:270–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Smals Ag, Kloppenborg PW, Benraad TJ (1977) Plasma testosterone profiles in Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:240–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Smith NM, Byard RW, Bourne AJ (1991) Testicular regression syndrome – a pathological study of 77 cases. Histopathology 19:269–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Snow BW, Rowland RG, Seal GM, Williams SD (1985) Testicular tumor in patient with persistent müllerian duct syndrome. Urology 26:495–497

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Sogani PC, Fair WR (1988) Surveillance alone in the treatment of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (NSGCT). Semin Urol 6:53–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Sogge MR, McDonald SD, Cofold PB (1979) The malignant potential of the dysgenetic germ cell in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Am J Med 66:515–518

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Song Z, Vaughn DJ, Bing Z (2011) Adult type granulosa cell tumor in adult testis:report of a case and review of the literature. Rare Tumors 3:117–118

    Google Scholar 

  420. Spires SE, Woolums CS, Pulito Ar, Spires SM (2000) Testicular regression syndrome: a clinical and pathological study of 11 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:694–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  421. Srigley JR, Mackay B, Toth P, Ayala A (1988) The ultrastructure and histogenesis of male germ neoplasia with emphasis on seminoma with early carcinomatous features. Ultrastruct Pathol 12:67–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  422. Städtler F (1973) Die normale und gestörte Hodenentwicklung des Menschen. Fischer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  423. Städtler F (1982) Die Pathologie des Hodens bei Fertilitätsstörungen. Pathologe 3:149–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Steinberg A, Steinberg E (1976) Secretion of an FSH inhibiting factor by cultured Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 99:918–921

    Google Scholar 

  425. Steinhauser K, Wurster K (1975) Die Nebenhodentuberkulose im Wandel der Zeit. Urologe [A] 14:6–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Steinman N, Gamzu R, Yogev L, Botchan A, Schreiber L, Yavetz H (2001) Serum leptin concentrations are higher in azoospermic than in normozoospermic men. Fertil Steril 75:821–822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Sultan C, Lumbroso S, Paris F, Jeandel C, Terouanne B, Belon C, Audran F, Poujol N, Georget V, Gobinet J, Jalaguier S, Auzou G, Nicolas JC (2002) Disorders of androgen action. Semin Reproduct Med 20:217–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. Sundaram S, Smith DH (2001) Giant cell arteritis mimicking a testicular tumour. Rheumatol Int 20:215–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Suurmeijer AJ, Gietema JA, Hoekstra HJ (2004) Placental site trophoblastic tumor in a late recurrence of a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis. Am J Surg Pathol 28:830–833

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Swerdlow AJ, Hermon C, Jacobs PA, Alberman E, Beral V, Daker M, Fordyce A, Youings S (2001) Mortality and cancer incidence in persons with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities: a cohort study. Ann Hum Genet 65:177–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Takahashi H (1993) Cytometric analysis of testicular seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma. Acta Pathol Jap 43:121–129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Talerman A, FuYS, Okagaki T (1984) Spermatocytic seminoma. 12 Ultrastructural and microspectrometric observations. Lab Invest 51:343–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Tan RS, Pu SJ (2002) Impact of obesity on hypogonadism in the andropause. Int J Androl 25:195–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  434. Tanaka Y, Sasaki Y, Tachibana K, Suwa S, Terashima K, Nakatani Y (1994) Testicular juvenile granulosa cell tumor in an infant with X/XY mosaicism clinically diagnosed as true hermaphroditism. Am J Surg Pathol 18:316–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  435. Taylor TA, Scott DG, Anderson CK, Jones N, Stewart PA (1978) Immunological studies of testicular tissue in oligozoospermic and azoospermic patients. Br J Urol 50:419–422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  436. Teilum G (1959) Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary and testis. Cancer 12:192–1105

    Google Scholar 

  437. Teilum G (1971) Special tumors of ovary and testis. Munksgaard, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  438. Tenover JS (2003) Declining testicular function in aging men. Int J Impot Res 15(4):S3–S8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  439. Tetu B, Ro JY, Ayala AG (1991) Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol 96:717–722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  440. Thum G (1991) Polyorchidism: case report and review of literature. J Urol 145:370–372

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  441. Tomasi PA, Oates R, Brown L, Delitala G, Page DC (2003) The pituitary-testicular axis in Klinefelter’s syndrome and oligo-azoospermic patients with and without deletions of the Y chromosome long arm. Clin Endocrinol 59:214–222

    Google Scholar 

  442. Trigg ME, Steinherz PG, Chappell R, Johnstone HS, Gaynon PS, Kersey JH, Cherlow JM, Grossman NJ, Sather HN, Hammond GD (2000) Early testicular biopsy in males with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: lack of impact on subsequent event-free survival. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 22:27–33

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  443. True LD, Otis CN, Delprado W, Scully RE, Rosai J (1988) Spermatocytic seminoma of testis with sarcomatous transformation. A report of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol 12:75–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  444. Trummer H, Ramschak-Schwarzer S, Haas J, Habermann H, Pummer K, Leb G (2001) Thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies in infertile males. Fertil Steril 76:254–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. Tsung SH, Aljouni K (1978) Immune competence in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Am J Med Sci 275:311–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Tung KS, Unanue ER, Dixon FJ (1971) Pathogenesis of experimental allergic orchitis. I. Transfer with immune lymph node cells. J Immunol 106:1453–1462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  447. Turner TT, Jones CE, Howards SS, Ewing LL, Zegeye B, Gunsalus GL (1984) On the androgen microenvironment of maturing spermatozoa. Endocrinology 115:1925–1932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  448. Uehling D (1980) Cryptorchidism in the Prader-Willi syndrome. J Urol 124:103–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  449. Ulbright TM, Loehrer PJ, Roth LM, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Clark SA (1984) The development of non-germ cell malignancies within germ cell tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. Cancer 54:1824–1833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  450. Ulbright TM, Clark SA, Einhorn LH (1985) Angiosarcoma associated with germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol 16:268–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  451. Ulbright TM, Young RH, Scully RE (1997) Trophoblastic tumors of the testis other than classic choriocarcinoma: “monophasic” choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor: areport of two cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:282–288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  452. Ulbright TM, Amin MB, Young RH (1999) Tumors of the testis, adnexa, spermatic cord, and scrotum. AFIP Atlas of tumor pathology, 3. Aufl. series, Fascicle, Bd. 25. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  453. Ulbright TM, Srigley JR, Reuter VE, Wojno K, Roth LM, Young RH (2000) Sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis with entrapped germ cells: a lesion mimicking unclassified mixed germ cell sex cord-stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 24:535–542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  454. Ulbright TM, Srigley JR (2001) Dermoid cyst of the testis: a study of five postpubertal cases, including a pilomatrixoma-like variant, with evidence supporting its separate classification from mature testicular teratoma. Am J Surg Pathol 25:788–793

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  455. Ulbright TM, Srigley JR, Hatzianastassiou DK, Young RH (2002) Leydig cell tumors of the testis with unusual features: adipose differentiation, calcification with ossification, and spindle-shaped tumor cells. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1424–1433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  456. Ulbright TM, Young RH (2003) Primary mucinous tumors of the testis and paratestis: a report of nine cases. Am J Surg Pathol 27:1221–1228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  457. van Echten J, Osterhuis JW, Looijenga LH, van de Pol M, Wiersema J, te Meerman GJ, Schraffordt Koops H, Sleijfer DT, de Jong B (1995) No recurrent structural abnormalities apart from i(12p) in primary germcell tumors of the adult testis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14:133–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. van Niekerk WA, Retief AE (1981) The gonads of human true hermaphrodits. Hum Genet 58:117–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  459. Vang R, Herrmann ME, Tavassoli FA (2004) Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of granulosa and sertoli components in ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors with mixed differentiation: potential implications for derivation of sertoli differentiation in ovarian tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 23:151–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  460. Verdorfer I, Rogatsch H, Tzankov A, Steiner H, Mikuz G (2004) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of human spermatocytic seminomas. J Pathol 204:277–281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  461. Verdorfer I, Höllrigl A, Susani M, Hartmann A, Rogatsch H, Mikuz G (2007) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of sex cord-stromal tumors: CHG analysis in Sertoli cell tumors of the testis. Virchows Arch 450:425–431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. Verdorfer I, Horst D, Höllrigl A, Strasser U, Susani M, Hartmann A, Rogatsch H, Mikuz G (2007) Leydig cell tumor of the testis:a molecular-cytogenetic study based on a large series of patients. Oncol Rep 17:585–589

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  463. Vermeulen A (1999) Androgens in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:221–224

    Google Scholar 

  464. Virchow R (1863) Die krankhaften Geschwülste. A. Hirschwald, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  465. Vogt HJ, Weidenbach T, Marquart KH, Vogel GE (1987) Idiopathic hemochromatosis in a 45-year-old infertile man. Andrologia 19:532–538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Wahlqvist L, Hulten L, Rosencrantz M (1966) Normal lymphatic drainage of the testis studied by funicular lymphography. Acta Chir Scand 132:454–465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  467. Wan J, Corvino TF, Greenfield SP, DiScala C (2003) Kidney and testicle injuries in team and individual sports: data from the national pediatric trauma registry. J Urol 170:1528–1531

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A, Oliver T, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz, von der Maase H (2002) Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 20:4448–4452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Washecka RM, Mariani AJ, Zuna RE, Honda SA, Chong CD (1996) Primary intratesticular sarcoma. Immunohistochemical ultrastructural and DNA flow cytometric study of three cases with a review of the literature. Cancer 77:1524–1528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  470. Weidner IS, Møller H, Jensen TK, SkakkebæK NE (1998) Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardners and farmers. Environ Health Perspect 106:793–796

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Wenzler DL, Bloom DA, Park JM (2004) What is the rate of spontaneous testicular descent in infants with cryptorchidism. J Urol 171:849–851

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  472. Werner CA (1950) Mumpsorchitis and testicular atrophy. Am Int Med 32:1066–1075

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. White PC, New MI, Dupont B (1987) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (1). N Engl J Med 316:1519–1524

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  474. White PC, New MI, Dupont B (1987) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2). N Engl J Med 316:1580–1586

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  475. Wick G, Jansen-Dürr P, Berger P, Blasko I, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2000) Diseases of aging. Vaccine 18:1567–1583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  476. Wischusen J, Baker HW, Hudson B (1981) Reversible male infertility due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol 14:571–577

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  477. Wittekind C, Meyer HJ (Hrsg) (2010) TNM: Klassifikation maligner Tumoren, 7. Aufl. Wiley VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  478. Wong TW, Straus FH 2nd, Warner NE (1973) Testicular biopsy in the study of male infertility. I. testicular causes of infertility. Arch Pathol 95:151–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  479. Wong TW, Straus FH 2nd, Warner NE (1973) Testicular biopsy in the study of male infertility. II. Posttesticular causes of infertility. Arch Pathol 95:160–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  480. Wong TW, Straus FH 2nd, Warner NE (1974) Testicular biopsy in the study of male infertility. III. Pretesticular causes of infertility. Arch Pathol 98(1):8

    Google Scholar 

  481. Woodhouse JB, Delahunt B, English SF, Fraser HF (2005) Testicular lipomatosis in Cowden’s syndrome. Mod Path 18:1151–1156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. World Health Organization (2010) Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm–cervical mucus interaction. WHO, Genf

    Google Scholar 

  483. www.wrongdiagnosis.com/m/male_infertility/stats.htm

  484. Yakirevich E, Yanai O, Sova Y, Sabo E, Stein A, Hiss J, Resnick MB (2002) Cytotoxic phenotype of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in normal and cryptorchid human testicular excurrent ducts. Hum Reprod 17:275–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  485. Yang DT, Lowichik A, Chen J, Snow BW, Ulbright Chen TMZ (2005) Cytogenetics of a pediatric unclassified sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis: a case report. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 156:80–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  486. Young RH, Lawrence WD, Scully RE (1985) Juvenile granulosa cell tumor – another neoplasm associated with abnormal chromosomes and ambiguous genitalia. A report of three cases Am J Surg Pathol 9:737–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  487. Young RH, Scully RE (1986) Testicular and paratesticular tumors and tumor-like lesions of ovarian common epithelial and Müllerian types. Am J Clin Pathol 86:146–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Young RH, Talerman A (1987) Testicular tumors other than germ cell tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 4:342–360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  489. Young RH, Finlayson N, Scully RE (1989) Tubular seminoma. Report of a case. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113:414–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  490. Young RH, Koelliker DD, Scully Re (1998) Sertoli cell tumors of the testis, not otherwise specified. A clinicopathologic analysis of 60 cases. Amer J Surg Pathol 22:709–721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Zeeman AM, Stoop H, Boter M, Gillis AJ, Castrillon DH, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LH (2002) VASA is a specific marker for both normal and malignant human germ cells. Lab Invest 82:159–166

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  492. Zhao C, Vinh TN, McManus K, Dabbs D, Barner R, Vang R (2009) Identification of the most sensitive and robust immunohistochemical markers in different categories of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 33:354–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  493. Zollinger A, Schmid W, Vilan J, Sorg B, Knoblauch M (1983) X-chromosomaler Schwachsinn mit brüchigem X-Chromosom und Makroorchidismus. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 113:238–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  494. Zorgniotti A, MacLeod J (1973) Studies in temperature, human semen quality, and varicocele. Fertil Steril 24:854–863

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  495. Zucca E, Conconi A, Mughal TI, Sarris AH, Seymour JF, Vitolo U, Klasa R, Ozsahin M, Mead GM, Gianni MA, Cortelazzo S, Ferreri AJ, Ambrosetti A, Martelli M, Thieblemont C, Moreno HG, Pinotti G, Martinelli G, Mozzana R, Grisanti S, Provencio M, Balzarotti M, Laveder F, Oltean G, Callea V, Roy P, Cavalli F, Gospodarowicz MK International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (2003) Patterns of outcome and prognostic factors in primary large-cell lymphoma of the testis in a survey by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 21:20–27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  496. Zuckerberg LR, Young RH, Scully RE (1991) Sclerosing Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: a report of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 15:829–864

    Google Scholar 

  497. Zuckman MH, Williams G, Lewin HS (1980) Mitosis counting in seminoma: An exerxise of questionable significance. Hum Pathol 19:329–335

    Google Scholar 

  498. Zuelzer WW, Beattie KM, Reisman LE (1964) Generalized unbalanced mosaicism attributable to dispermy and probable fertilization of a polar body. Am J Hum Genet 16:38–51

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregor Mikuz Prof. em. Dr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mikuz, G., Mazal, P. (2016). Hoden und Infertilität beim Mann. In: Amann, K., Kain, R., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04565-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04566-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics