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Functional Morphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract

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Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Infection via the Gut

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 337))

Abstract

The primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is water, electrolyte, and nutrient transport. To perform this function, the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract is in close contact with the gastrointestinal lumen. Because the lumen is connected to the external environment and, depending on the site, has a high bacterial and antigen load, the epithelium must also prevent pathogenic agents within the gastrointestinal lumen from gaining access to internal tissues. This creates a unique challenge for the gastrointestinal tract to balance the requirements of forming a barrier to separate the intestinal lumen from underlying tissue while simultaneously setting up a system for moving water, electrolytes, and nutrients across the barrier. In the face of this, the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract form a selectively permeable barrier that is tightly regulated. In addition, the intestinal mucosa actively participates in host defense by engaging the mucosal immune system. Complex tissue organization and diverse cellular composition are necessary to achieve such a broad range of functions. In this chapter, the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract and their relevance to infectious diseases are discussed.

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Abbreviations

MLC:

Myosin regulatory light chain

MLCK:

myosin light chain kinase

CVB:

Coxsackie virus B

M cells:

microfold cells

ZO:

zonula occludens

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Acknowledgements

L.S. is a fellow of Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America sponsored by Ms. Laura McAteer Hoffman. The author thanks Christopher Weber and Daniel Clayburgh for help with microscopy and is grateful for critical reviews by Jerrold Turner, Erika Sullivan, Christopher Weber, Rong Zeng, and Sam Nalle.

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  1. Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Le Shen

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  1. Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 1, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan

    Chihiro Sasakawa

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Shen, L. (2009). Functional Morphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Sasakawa, C. (eds) Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Infection via the Gut. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 337. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01846-6_1

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