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Overview of Toll-Like Receptors in the CNS

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Toll-like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 336))

Abstract

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were first identified in 1997 based on their homology with Drosophila Toll, which mediates innate immunity in the fly. Over the past eight years, the number of manuscripts describing TLR expression and function in the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing steadily and expanding beyond their traditional roles in infectious diseases to neurodegenerative disorders and injury. Interest in the field serves as the impetus for this volume in the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology series entitled Toll-Like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology. The first five chapters highlight more traditional roles for TLRs in infectious diseases of the CNS. The second half of the volume discusses recently emerging roles for TLRs in noninfectious neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges faced by these models in identifying endogenous ligands. Several conceptual theories are introduced in various chapters that deal with the dual nature of TLR engagement and whether these signals favor neuroprotective versus neurodegenerative outcomes.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

CNS:

Central nervous system

CTMI :

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

DAMP:

Danger-associated molecular pattern

dsRNA:

Double-stranded RNA

FACS:

Fluorescent-activated cell sorting

IFN:

Interferon

IκB:

Inhibitory kappa B

IκK:

Inhibitory-κB kinase

IL:

Interleukin

IL-1R:

Interleukin-1 receptor

IL-18R:

Interleukin-18 receptor

IRAK:

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LTA:

Lipoteichoic acid

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NIKNF-κB:

inducing kinase

ODN:

Oligodeoxynucleotide

Pam3Cys:

Tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PGN:

Peptidoglycan

Poly I:C:

Polyinosine:cytosine

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

ssRNA:

Single-stranded RNA

TIRAP:

Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TRAF:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor

TRIF:

TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Kielian’s laboratory is supported by grants from the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RO1s NS055385, NS40730, and NS053487).

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  1. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    Tammy Kielian

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  1. Dept. Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, S. 42nd St. 600 , Omaha, 68198-3135, U.S.A.

    Tammy Kielian

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Kielian, T. (2009). Overview of Toll-Like Receptors in the CNS. In: Kielian, T. (eds) Toll-like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 336. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00549-7_1

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