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Platelets: A New Cell Type in Liver Physiology

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Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases

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Abstract

Platelets are the smallest type of blood cells, which are only fragments of bone marrow megakaryocyte cytoplasm and are biconvex discs, approximately 3 μm in diameter. The development of megakaryocytes and production of platelets are unique processes. Megakaryocyte maturation involves nuclear duplication without cell division, resulting in giant cells. Cytoplasmic organelles are organized into domains representing nascent platelets, demarcated by a network of invaginated plasma membranes. Within the marrow, megakaryocytes are localized next to the sinusoidal walls and this facilitates the exit of large segments of cytoplasm into the circulation. The fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm into individual platelets then results from the shear forces of circulating blood [1]. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the dominant hormone controlling megakaryocyte development, but many cytokines and hormones take part, including interleukins 3, 6, and 11 [2].

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-hydroxytryptamine = serotonin

5-HIAA:

5-hydroxyindol acetic acid

5-HTP:

5 hydroxytryptophan

CTL:

cytotoxic T lymphocytes response

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

HGF:

hepatocyte growth factor

HSC:

hepatic stellate cells

I/R:

ischemia/reperfusion

NASH:

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

PDGF:

platelet-derived growth factor

SERT:

serotonin reuptake transporter

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor-β

TPO:

thrombopoietin

TPH:

tryptophan hydroxylase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swiss HPB Center, Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse, 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland

    Mickael Lesurtel & Pierre-Alain Clavien

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  1. Mickael Lesurtel
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  2. Pierre-Alain Clavien
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Correspondence to Pierre-Alain Clavien .

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  1. Inselspital, Universität Bern, Murtenstr. 35, Bern, 3010, Switzerland

    Jean-Francois Dufour

  2. Klinik für Viszeral- und, Universitätsspital Zürich, Rämistr. 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland

    Pierre-Alain Clavien

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Lesurtel, M., Clavien, PA. (2010). Platelets: A New Cell Type in Liver Physiology. In: Dufour, JF., Clavien, PA. (eds) Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00150-5_7

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