The degree of the cell injury caused by low temperatures depends on the freezing protocol (the cooling rate, the thawing rate, the exposition duration, the minimal temperature) as well as on the cell environment (an isolated cell in the solution, a densily packed ensemble of the cells in the tissue sample— in vitro; the cells in a living organism— in vivo).
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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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(2009). Biological Effects of Low Temperatures. In: Zhmakin, A.I. (eds) Fundamentals of Cryobiology. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88785-0_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88785-0_3
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