Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Pediatric Kidney

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Radiological Imaging of the Kidney

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 3092 Accesses

Abstract

Children are not small adults. In the urinary tract, particularly, there are many conditions that are more or less specific to children which need early and reliable diagnosis in order to provide proper treatment to prevent renal damage and severe long-term sequalae such as hypertension or renal insufficiency. This is particularly important for all congenital urinary tract malformations and also for many other congenital renal conditions – these are often detected prenatally and, after birth, need prompt and reliable diagnostic workup at minimal invasiveness. Additionally, even in conditions that are the same or similar to adults, the specific needs and conditions in childhood require different imaging approaches and algorithms, partially because of each of the following reasons: the child’s higher sensitivity to radiation, different physiology, different size and imaging appearance as well as different potential of the various imaging techniques. These differences are outlined, focusing on some important diseases and queries such as congenital hydronephrosis and obstructive uropathy, impact of vesicoureteral reflux on the kidney, imaging in infants with urinary tract infection, childhood urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, pediatric renal masses, as well as other miscellaneous renal conditions that may manifest in the child and indicate imaging. Additionally, specific needs for adapting and applying the various imaging techniques in childhood are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agrawal R, Jafri SZ, Gibson DP et al. (1995) Juxtaglomerular cell tumor. MR findings: a case report. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:140–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrons GA, Kingsman KD, Wagner BJ et al. (1997) Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in children: a comparative study of 21 cases. Am J Roentgenol 168:447–451

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrons GA, Wagner BJ, Davidson AJ et al. (1995) Multilocular cystic renal tumor in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 15:653–669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akay H, Akpinar E, Ergun O et al. (2006) Unenhanced multi-detector. CT evaluation of urinary stones and secondary signs in pediatric patients. Diagn Interv Radiol 12:147–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Alton DJ, LeQuesne GW, Gent R et al. (1992) Sonographically demonstrated thickening of the renal pelvis in children. Pediatr Radiol 22:426–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avni F, Bali MA, Regnault M et al. (2002) MR urography in children. Eur J Radiol 43:154–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avni FE, Matos C, Rypens F et al. (1997) Ectopic vaginal insertion of an upper pole ureter: demonstration by special sequences of MR imaging. J Urol 158:1931–1932

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avni FE, Nicaise N, Hall M et al.(2001) The role of MR imaging for the assessment of complicated duplex kidneys in children: preliminary report. Pediatr Radiol 31:215–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avni F, Riccabona M (2010) MR-imaging of the pediatric abdomen. In: Gourtsoyiannis N (ed) Clinical MRI of the abdomen. Springer, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Babyn P, Owens C, Gyepes M et al. (1995) Imaging patients with Wilms tumor. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 9:1217–1252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartram U, Darge K (2005) Harmonic versus conventional ultrasound imaging of the urinary tract in children. Pediatr Radiol 35:655–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benz-Bohm G, Hoppe D (2008) Urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiolgy. Springer, Berlin, pp 281–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrocal T, Gaya F, Arjonilla A et al. (2001) Vesicoureteral reflux: diagnosis and grading with echoenhanced cystosonography versus voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 221:359–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilal MM, Brown JJ (1997) MR imaging of renal and adrenal masses in children. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:179–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bluemke DA, Breiter SN (2000) Sedation procedures in MR imaging: safety, effectiveness, and nursing effect on examinations. Radiology 216:645–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bökenkamp A, von Kries R, Nowak Göttl U et al. (2000) Neonatal renal venous thrombosis in Germany between 1992 and 1994: epidemiology, treatment and outcome. Eur J Pediatr 159:44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Borthne A, Pierre-Jerome C, Nordshus T et al. (2000) MR urography in children: current status and future development. Eur Radiol 10:503–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borthue AS, Pierre Jerome C, Gjesdal KI et al. (2003) Pediatric excretory MR urography: comparison study of enhanced and non enhanced techniques. Eur Radiol 13:1423–1427

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosio M (1998) Cystosonography with echocontrast: a new imaging modality to detect vesico-ureteric reflux in children. Pediatr Radiol 28:250–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boss A, Schaefer JF, Martirosian P et al. (2006) Contrast-enhanced dynamic MR nephrography using the TurboFLASH navigator-gating technique in children. Eur Radiol 16:1509–1518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brader P, Riccabona M, Schwarz T et al. (2008) Value of comprehensive renal ultrasound in children with acute urinary tract infection for assessment of renal involvement: comparison with DMSA scintigraphy and clinical diagnosis. Eur Radiol 18:2981–2989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ et al. (2001) Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR 176:289–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography – an increasing source of radiation exposure. NEJM 357:2277–2284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brisse HJ (2009) Staging of common paediatric tumors. Pediatr Radiol 39(suppl):S482–S490

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldair AD, Hiorus MP, Abbuyantar A et al. (2007) CE-MRA for the detection of crossing vessels in children with symptomatic UPJ obstruction. Pediatr Radiol 37:356–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan HS, Cheng MY, Mancer K et al. (1987) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma: a clinico-radiologic study of 17 cases representing the pathologic spectrum of the disease. J Pediatr 111:64–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan Y, Chan K, Yeung G et al. (1999) Potential utility of MRI in the evaluation of children at risk of renal scanning. Pediatr Radiol 29:816–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christmann D, Becmeur F, Marcellin L et al. (1990) Mesoblastic nephroma presenting as a haemorrhagic cyst. Pediatr Radiol 20:553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T et al. (2008) Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) – update. Ultraschall Med 29:28–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MD (1996) Commentary: imaging and staging of Wilms’ tumor: problems and controversies. Pediatr Radiol 26:307–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig JC, Wheeler DM, Irwig L et al. (2000) How accurate is DMSA scintigraphy for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. J Nucl Med 41:986–993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dacher JN, Pfister C, Monroc M et al. (1996) Power Doppler sonographic pattern of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison with CT. Am J Roentgenol 166:1451–1455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Grattan-Smith JD, Riccabona M. Pediatric uroradiology: state of the art. Pediatr Radiol 2010, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Heidemeier A (2006) US diagnosis of urinary tract calculi in children using the “Twinkling Sign”. Ultrasound 14:167–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Jaramillo D, Siegel MJ (2008) Whole body MRI in children: current status and future applications. Eur J Radiol 68:289–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Moeller RT, Trusen A et al. (2005) Diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux with low-dose contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound imaging. Pediatr Radiol 35:73–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Tröger J, Duetting T et al. (1999) Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and the retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis. Radiology 210: 201–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Troeger J (2002) Vesicoureteral reflux grading in contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography. Eur J Radiol 43:122–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Zieger B, Rohrschneider W et al. (2001) Contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients. Am J Roentgenol 177:1411–1415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis CJ Jr, Barton JH, Sesterhenn IA et al. (1995) Metanephric adenoma. Clinico-pathological study of fifty patients. Am J Surg Pathol 19:160–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Delemarre JF, Sandstedt B, Harms D et al. (1996) The new SIOP (Stockholm) working classification of renal tumours of childhood. International Society of Paediatric oncology. Med Pediatr Oncol 26:145–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dick PT, Shuckett BM, Tang B, Daneman A, Kooh SW (1999) Observer reliability in grading nephrocalcinosis on ultrasound examinations in children. Pediatr Radiol 29:68–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernbach SK, Feinstein KA, Schmidt MB (2000) Pediatric voiding cystourethrography: a pictorial guide. Radiographics 20:155–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernbach SK, Maizels M, Conway JJ (1993) Ultrasound grading of hydronephrosis: introduction to the system used by the Society for Fetal Urology. Pediatr Radiol 23:478–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fotter R (2008) Nonneurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction (“voiding dysfunction”). In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 271–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Fotter R, Kopp W, Klein E et al. (1986) Unstable bladder in children: functional evaluation by modified VCUG. Radiology 161:811–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garel L, Habib R, Babin C et al. (1983) Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Diagnosis and prognostic value of ultrasound. Ann Radiol 26:169–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gassner I, Geley T (2004) Imaging femal genital anomalies. Eur Radiol 14(suppl 4):L107–L122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geley TE, Gassner I (2008) Lower urinary tract anomalies of urogenital sinus and female genital anomalies. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 137–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand MJ, Koch BL, Elgazzar AH et al. (1999) Cyclic cystography: diagnostic yield in selected pediatric populations. Radiology 213:118–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geller E, Smergel EM, Lowry PA (1997) Renal neoplasms of childhood. Radiol Clin North Am 35:1391–1413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good CD, Vinnicombe SJ, Minty IL et al. (1993) Posterior urethral valves in male infants and newborns: detection with US of the urethra before and during voiding. Radiology 198:387–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I (2001) Diuretic renography in infants with prenatal unilateral hydronephrosis: an explanation for the controversy about poor drainage. BJU Int 87:551–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I (2008) Diagnostic procedures: nuclear medicine. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I, Colarinha P, Fettich J et al. (2000) Guidelines for indirect radionuclide cystography in children. Eur J Nucl Med 28:BP16–BP20

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I, Colarinha P, Fettich J et al. (2000) Guidelines for standard and diuretic renogram in children. Eur J Nucl Med 28:BP21–BP30

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I, Riccabona M (2003) Investigating the newborn kidney – update on imaging techniques. Semin Neonatol 8:269–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith JD, Jones RA (2006) MR urography in children. Pediatr Radiol 36:1119–1132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith JD, Little SB, Jones RA (2008) MR urography in children: now we do it. Pediatr Radiol 38(suppl 1):S3–S17

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith JD, Little SB, Jones RA (2008) MR urography evaluation of obstructive uropathy. Pediatr Radiol 38(suppl 1): S49–S69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith JD, Perez-Bayfield MR, Jones RA et al. (2003) MR imaging of kidneys: functional evaluation using F-15 perfusion imaging. Pediatr Radiol 33:293–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gylys-Morin V, Hoffer FA, Kozakewich H et al. (1993) Wilms tumor and nephroblastomatosis: imaging characteristics at Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 188:517–521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gylys-Morin VM, Minevich E, Tackett LD et al. (2000) Magnetic resonance imaging of the dysplastic renal moiety and ectopic ureter. J Urol 164:2034–2039

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstein N, Heckrodt J, Rau WS (2003) Measurement of single-kidney glomerular filtration rate using a contrast-enhanced dynamic gradient-echo sequence and the Rutland-Patlak plot technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 18: 714–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstein N, Kooijman H, Tomaselli S et al. (2005) Glomerular filtration rate measured using the Patlak plot technique and contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI with different amounts of gadolinium-DTPA. J Magn Reson Imaging 22:406–414

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haller JO, Berdon WE, Friedman AP (1982) Increased renal cortical echogenicity: a normal finding in neonates and infants. Radiology 142:173–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman DS, Lesar MS, Madewell JE et al. (1981) Mesoblastic nephroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation of 20 cases. Am J Roentgenol 136:69–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez RJ, Goodsitt MM (1996) Reduction of radiation dose in pediatric patients using pulsed fluoroscopy. AJR 167:1247–1253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer PF (1996) Niere. In: Hoffmann V, Deeg KH, Weitzel D (eds) Ultraschall in Pädiatrie und Kinderchirurgie. Thieme, Stuttgart-New York, pp 340–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel KG, Khan SN, Penn D et al. (1982) Renal calcifications: a complication of long term furosemide therapy in preterm infants. Pediatrics 70:360–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphries PO, Sebire NJ, Siegel MJ et al. (2008) Tumors in pediatric patients at diffusion-weighted MR imaging: apparent diffusion coefficient and tumor cellularity. Radiology 245:848–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacinto JS, Modanlou HD, Crade MC et al. (1988) Renal calcification incidence in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 81:31–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jequier S, Kaplan BS (1991) Echogenic renal pyramids in children. J Clin Ultrasound 19:85–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RA, Perez-Brayfield MR, Kirsch AJ et al.(2004) Renal transit time with MR urography in children. Radiology 233:41–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kao SCS, Huda W, Frush DP (2005) Radiation and medical imaging in children. In: Carty H, Brunelle F, Stringer D et al. (eds) Imaging children, 2nd edn, vol I. Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, pp 3–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD (1995) Renal calcification in the first year of life. Pediatr Clin North Am 42:1397–1413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD (1998) What are the possible causes of neonatal nephrocalcinosis? Semin Nephrol (US) 18:364–367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz ME, Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD et al. (1994) Nephrocalcinosis in very low birth weight neonates: sonographic patterns, histologic characteristics, and clininal risk factors. J Ultrasound Med 13:777–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh EC, Ryan S, Awan A et al. (2005) Can MRI replace DMSA in the detection of renal parenchymal defects in children with urinary tract infections? Pediatr Radiol 35:275–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenda RB, Novljan G, Kenig A et al. (2000) Echo-enhanced ultrasound voiding cystography in children: a new approach. Pediatr Nephrol 14:297–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff SA (1982) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: role of newer diagnostic methods. J Urol 127:898–900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff SA, Thrall JH, Keyes JW Jr (1979) Diuretic radionuclide urography: a non-invasive method for evaluating nephro-ureteral dilatation. J Urol 122:451–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV et al. (1985) International Reflux Study in children: International system of radiographic grading of vesico-ureteric reflux. Pediatr Radiol 15:105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebovic SJ, Lebowitz RL (1980) Reducing patient dose in voiding cystourethrography. Urol Radiol 2:103–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan GJ, Martinez-Leon MI, Agrons GA et al. (1998) Nephrogenic rests, nephroblastomatosis, and associated lesions of the kidney. Radiographics 18:947–968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan GJ, Pennington DJ, Morrison JC et al. (1998) Childhood pyelonephritis: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and renal cortical scintigraphy for diagnosis. Radiology 207:377–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe LH, Isuani BH, Heller RM et al. (2000) Pediatric renal masses: Wilms tumor and beyond. Radiographics 20:1585–1603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell GA, Eggli DF, Gilday DL et al. (1997) Procedure guideline for radionuclide cystography in children. Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Med 38:1650–1654

    Google Scholar 

  • Maudgil DD, McHugh K (2002) The role of computed tomography in modern paediatric uroradiology. Eur J Radiol 43:129–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura M, Yokota K, Chen C et al. (1999) Hyperechoic renal papillae as a physiological finding in neonates. Clin Radiol 54:233–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro O, Conolly B, Taylor G et al. (1999) Metanephric adenoma of the kidney: a case report. Pediatr Radiol 29:100–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolte-Ernsting CC, Adam GB, Gunther RW (2001) MR urography: examination techniques and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 11:355–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolte-Ernsting CCA, Straty G, Tacke J et al. (2003) MR urography today. Abdom Imaging 28:191–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oguzkurt L, Karabulut N, Haliloglu M et al. (1997) Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Br J Radiol 70:850–851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly PH, Lawson RS, Shields RA et al. (1979) Idiopathic hydronephrosis – the diuresis renogram: a new non-invasive method of assessing equivocal pelvioureteral junction obstruction. J Urol 121:153–155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly PH, Lupton EW, Testa HJ et al. (1981) The dilated non-obstructed renal pelvis. Br J Urol 53:205–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly PH, Testa HJ, Lawson RS et al. (1978) Diuresis renography in equivocal urinary tract obstruction. Br J Urol 50:76–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paltiel H, Rupich R, Kiruluta G (1992) Enhanced detection of VUR in infants and children with use of cycling VCUG. Radiology 184:753–755

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson A, Frush DP (2007) Dose reduction in paediatric MDCT: general principles. Clin Radiol 62:507–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patriquin H, Robitaille P (1986) Renal calcium deposition in children: sonographic demonstration of the Anderson-Carr progression. AJR 146:1253–1256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perale R, Talenti E, Lubrano G (1988) Ultrasound for the diagnosis of the uric acid nephropathy in children. Pediatr Radiol 18:265–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Brayfield MR, Kirsch AJ, Jones RA et al. (2003) A prospective study comparing ultrasound, nuclear scintigraphy and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of hydronephrosis. J Urol 170:1330–1334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CA (1995) Urinary tract obstruction in children. J Urol 154:1874–1883; discussion 1883–1884

    Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A (2002) Radionuclide studies in paediatric nephro-urology. Eur J Radiol 43:146–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Blaufox MD, Gordon I et al. (1999) Consensus on renal cortical scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infection. Semin Nucl Med 29:160–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Colarinha P, Gordon I et al. (2000) Guidelines on Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in children. Eur J Nucl Med 28:BP37–BP41

    Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Ham HR (2006) Pediatric applications of renal nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 36:16–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JF, Ellis JH, Rubin JM et al. (1990) Intrarenal arterial Doppler sonography in patients with non-obstructive renal diseases: correlation of resistive index with biopsy findings. Am J Radiol 154:1223–1227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JF, Rubin JM, Ellis JH (1991) Acute renal failure: possible role of duplex Doppler US in distinction between acute prerenal failure and acute tubular necrosis. Radiology 179:419–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JF, Rubin JN, James HE (1997) Lupus nephritis: predictive value of conventional and Doppler US and comparison with serologic and biopsy parameters. Radiology 203:82–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prigent A, Cosgriff P, Gates GF et al. (1999) Consensus report on quality control of quantitative measurements of renal function obtained from renogram. International Consensus Committee from the Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology. Semin Nucl Med 29:146–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Repetto HA (1997) Epidemic hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children. Kidney Int 52:1708–1719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2002) Cystography in infants and children – a critical appraisal of the many forms, with special regard to voiding cystourethrography. Eur Radiol 12:2910–2918

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2002) Potential of modern sonographic techniques in paediatric uroradiology. Eur J Radiol 43:110–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2003) Imaging of renal tumours in infancy and childhood. Eur Radiol 13:L116–L129

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2004) Interventional uroradiology in paediatrics: a potpourri of diagnostic and therapeutic options. Minerva Pediatr 56:497–505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2004) Pediatric MRU – its potential and its role in the diagnostic work-up of upper urinary tract dilatation in infants and children. World J Urol 22:79–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2005) Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR). In: Carty H, Brunelle F, Stringer D et al. (eds) Imaging children, 2nd edn, vol I. Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, pp 671–690

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2006) (Acute) Renal failure in neonates, infants, and children – the role of ultrasound, with respect to other imaging options. Ultrasound Clin 1:457–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2009) Urinary tract maging in infancy. Pediatr Radiol 39(suppl 3):S436–S445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG et al.; ESUR Paediatric Guideline Subcommittee and ESPR Paediatric Uroradiology Work Group (2008) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cysto-urethrography ESPR-Meeting, Barcelona/Spain, June 2007. Pediatr Radiol 38:138–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG et al.; Members of the ESUR Paediatric Recommendation Work Group and ESPR Paediatric Uroradiology Work Group (2009) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, Part II: urolithiasis and haematuria in children, paediatric obstructive uropathy, and postnatal work-up of foetally diagnosed high grade hydronephrosis. Minutes of a mini-symposium at ESPR annual meeting, Edinburg, June. Pediatr Radiol 39: 891–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Dacher JN et al. (2010) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group: Imaging and procedural recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, Part III. Minutes of the ESPR uroradiology task force mini-symposium on intravenous urography, uro-CT and MR-urography in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 40(7):1315–1320

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fotter R (2004) Urinary tract infection in infants and children: an update with special regard to the changing role of reflux. Eur Radiol 14(suppl 4):L78–L88

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fotter R (2006) Radiographic studies in children with kidney disorders: what to do and when. In: Hogg R (ed) Kidney disorders in children and adolescents. Taylor and Francis, Birmingham, pp 15–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fritz GA, Schollnast H et al. (2005) Hydronephrotic kidney: pediatric three-dimensional US for relative renal size assessment – initial experience. Radiology 236:276–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fritz G, Ring E (2003) Potential applications of three-dimensional ultrasound in the pediatric urinary tract: pictorial demonstration based on preliminary results. Eur Radiol 13:2680–2687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Lindbichler F, Sinzig M (2002) Conventional imaging in paediatric uroradiology. Eur J Radiol 43: 100–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Mache CJ, Lindbichler F (2003) Echo-enhanced Color Doppler Cystosonography of vesico-ureteral reflux in children: improvement by stimulated acoustic emission. Acta Radiol 44:18–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Mache CJ, Ring E (2008) Renal parenchymal disease. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 355–384

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Olsen OE, Claudon M et al. (2008) Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 515–517

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Riccabona M, Koen M et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance urography: a new gold standard for the evaluation of solitary kidneys and renal buds? J Urol 171: 1642–1646

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Ring E (2008) Renal agenesis, dysplasia, hypolplasia and cystic diseases of the kidney. In: Fotter R (ed) Pediatric uroradiology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, 2008, pp 187–210

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Ruppert-Kohlmayr A, Ring E et al. (2004) Potential impact of pediatric MR urography on the imaging algorithm in patients with a functional single kidney. Am J Roentgenol 183:795–800

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2010) Obstructive diseases of the urinary tract in children: lessons from the last 15 years. Pediatr Radiol 40(6):947–955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Schwinger W, Ring E (1998) Arteriovenous fistula after renal biopsy in children. J Ultrasound Med 17:505–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Schwinger W, Ring E et al. (2001) Amplitude coded color Doppler sonography in pediatric renal disease. Eur Radiol 11:861–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Simbrunner J, Ring E et al. (2002) Feasibility of MR-urography in neonates and infants with abnormalities of the upper urinary tract. Eur Radiol 12:1442–1450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Sorantin E, Fotter R (1998) Application of functional m-mode sonography in pediatric patients. Eur Radiol 8:1457–1461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Sorantin E, Hausegger K (2002) Imaging guided interventional procedures in paediatric uroradiology – a case based overview. Eur J Radiol 43:167–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel TW, Abraham K, Wartner R et al. (1993) Transient renal medullary hyperechogenicity in ultrasound studies of neonates: is it normal phenomenon or what are the causes? J Clin Ultrasound 21:31–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchey ML, Azizkhan RG, Beckwith JB et al. (1995) Neonatal Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg 30:856–859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Becker K, Hoffend J et al. (2000) Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. II. Findings in experimentally induced ureteric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol 30:523–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Haufe S, Clorius JH et al. (2003) MR to assess renal function in children. Eur Radiol 13:1033–1045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Haufe S, Wiesel M et al. (2002) Functional and morphologic evaluation of congenital urinary tract dilatation by using combined static-dynamic MR urography: findings in kidneys with a single collecting system. Radiology 224:683–694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Hoffend J, Becker K et al. (2000) Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. I. Evaluation of the normal status in an animal model. Pediatr Radiol 30:511–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Weirich A, Rieden K et al. (1998) US, CT and MR imaging characteristics of nephroblastomatosis. Pediatr Radiol 28:435–443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondeau E, Peraldi M-N (1996) Escherichia coli and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 335:660–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk JP (2008) Renal tumours. In: Troeger J, Seidenstricker P (eds) Paediatric imaging manual. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 97–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger AE, Rosenfield NS, Castle VP (1995) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma metastatic to the brain: a report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol 25:S73–S75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholbach Th (1999) Prognostische Bedeutung der farbduplexsonographischen Nierenperfusionsmessung beim hämolytisch-urämischen Syndrom. Ultraschall Med 20:S33

    Google Scholar 

  • Schöllnast H, Lindbichler F, Riccabona M (2004) Ultrasound (US) of the urethra in infants: comparison US versus VCUG. J Ultrasound Med 23:769–776

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigmund G, Stöver B, Zimmerhackl LB et al. (1991) RARE-MR-urography in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract abnormalities in children. Pediatr Radiol 21:416–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smergel E, Greenerg BS, Crisci KL et al. (2001) CT urograms in pediatric patients with ureteral calculi: do adult criteria work? Pediatr Radiol 31:720–723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorantin E, Fotter R, Aigner R et al. (1997) The sonographically thickened wall of the upper urinary tract: correlation with other imaging methods. Pediatr Radiol 27:667–671

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner MS, Goldman SM, Fishman EK et al. (1993) The natural history of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol 150:1782–1786

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stöver B, Rogalla P (2008) CT examinations in children. Radiologe 48:243–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strouse PJ, Bates DG, Bloom DA et al. (2002) Non-contrast thin-section helical CT of urinary tract calculi in children. Pediatr Radiol 32:326–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teele RL, Share JC (1997) Transperineal sonography in children. Am J Roentgenol 168:1263–1267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thoeny HC, Keyzer FD, Oyen RH et al. (2005) Diffusion weighted MRI of kidneys volunteers and patients with parenchymal disease. Radiology 235:911–917

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsapaki V, Aldrich JE, Sharma R et al. (2006) Dose reduction in CT while maintaining diagnostic confidence: diagnostic reference levels at routine head, chest, and abdominal CT–IAEA-coordinated research project. Radiology 240:828–834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivier PH, Blondiaux E, Dolores M et al. (2009) Functional MR urography in children. J Radiol 90:11–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward VL (2006) Patient dose reduction during voiding cystourethrography. Pediatr Radiol 36(suppl 2):168–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward VL, Strauss KJ, Barnewolt CE et al. (2008) Pediatric radiation exposure and effective dose reduction during voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 249:1002–1009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker RH, Bullock KN, Buxton-Thomas MS et al. (1982) Role of modern radiological investigations in obstructive uropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285:211–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright NB, Blanch G, Walkinshaw S et al. (1996) Antenatal and neonatal renal vein thrombosis: new ultrasonographic features with high frequency transducers. Pediatr Radiol 26:686–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, LKH Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, 8036, Graz, Austria

    Michael Riccabona

Authors
  1. Michael Riccabona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Riccabona .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ospedale di Cattinara, Ist. Radiologia, Università Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, 34149, Italy

    Emilio Quaia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Riccabona, M. (2010). The Pediatric Kidney. In: Quaia, E. (eds) Radiological Imaging of the Kidney. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87597-0_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87597-0_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87596-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87597-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation