Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cioffi GA, Granstam E, Alm A (2003) Ocular circulation. In: Kaufman PL, Alm A (eds) Adler’s physiology of the eye. Clinical application, 10th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 747–784
Seo JH, Yu YS, Kim JH et al (2007) Correlation of visual acuity with foveal hypoplasia grading by optical coherence tomography in albinism. Ophthalmology 114:1547–1551
Povazay B, Hermann B, Unterhuber A et al (2007) Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients. J Biomed Opt 12:041211
Brezinski M (2006) Optical coherence tomography theory. In: Brezinski M (ed) Optical coherence tomography. Principles and applications. Elsevier, New York, pp 97–145
Fujimoto J, Drexler W (2009) Introduction to optical coherence tomography. In: Fujimoto J, Drexler W (eds) Optical coherence tomography. Technology and application. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–45
Izatt JA, Choma MA (2009) Theory of optical coherence tomography. In: Fujimoto J, Drexler W (eds) Optical coherence tomography. Technology and application. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 47–72
Chui TY, Song H, Burns SA (2008) Individual variations in human cone photoreceptor packing density: variations with refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:4679–4687
Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozonni MC (2008) Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 146:496–500
Chui TY, Yap MK, Chan HH, Thibos LN (2005) Retinal stretching limits peripheral visual acuity in myopia. Vision Res 45:593–605
Margolis R, Spaide RF (2009) A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 147:811–815
Kiel JW, van Heuven WA (1995) Ocular perfusion pressure and choroidal blood flow in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:579–585
Polak K, Luksch A, Berisha F et al (2007) Altered nitric oxide system in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 125:494–498
Lütjen-Drecoll E (2006) Choroidal innervation in primate eyes. Exp Eye Res 82:357–361
Chou PI, Lu DW, Chen JT (2001) Adrenergic supersensitivity of rabbit choroidal blood vessels after sympathetic denervation. Curr Eye Res 23:352–356
Reitsamer HA, Zawinka C, Branka M (2004) Dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation by d1/d5 receptor activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:900–905
Shimura M, Uchida S, Suzuki A, Nakajima K, Aikawa Y (2002) Reflex choroidal blood flow responses of the eyeball following somatic sensory stimulation in rats. Auton Neurosci 97:35–41
Delgado E, Marques-Neves C, Rocha I et al (2009) Intrinsic vasomotricity and adrenergic effects in a model of isolated rabbit eye. Acta Ophthalmol 87:443–449
Ramrattan RS, van der Schaft TL, Mooy CM et al (1994) Morphometric analysis of Bruch’s membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:2857–2864
Feeney-Burns L, Burns RP, Gao CL (1990) Age-related macular changes in humans over 90 years old. Am J Ophthalmol 109:265–278
Sarks SH (1976) Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: a clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 60: 324–341
Spaide RF (2009) Age-related choroidal atrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 147:801–810
Sarks SH (1973) Senile choroidal sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol 57:98–109
Grossniklaus HE, Green WR (1992) Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia. Retina 12:127–133
Coletta NJ, Watson T (2006) Effect of myopia on visual acuity measured with laser interference fringes. Vision Res 46: 636–651
Curtin BJ (1977) The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 75:67–86
Hirata A, Negi A (1998) Morphological changes of choriocapillaris in experimentally induced chick myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236:132–137
Hotchkiss ML, Fine SL (1981) Pathologic myopia and choroidal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol 91:177–183
Kitaguchi Y, Bessho K, Yamaguchi T, Nakazawa N, Mihashi T, Fujikado T (2007) In vivo measurements of cone Âphotoreceptor spacing in myopic eyes from images obtained by an adaptive optics fundus camera. Jpn J Ophthalmol 51:456–461
Klein RM, Curtin BJ (1975) Lacquer crack lesions in pathologic myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 79:386–392
Lai TY, Fan DS, Lai WW, Lam DS (2008) Peripheral and posterior pole retinal lesions in association with high myopia: a cross-sectional community-based study in Hong Kong. Eye 22:209–213
Luu CD, Lau AM, Lee SY (2006) Multifocal electroretinogram in adults and children with myopia. Arch Ophthalmol 124:328–334
Morgan IG (2003) The biological basis of myopic refractive error. Clin Exp Optom 86:276–288
Okabe S, Matsuo N, Okamoto S, Kataoka H (1982) Electron microscopic studies on retinochoroidal atrophy in the human eye. Acta Med Okayama 36:11–21
Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC, Chua WH (2005) Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 25:381–391
Vongphanit J, Mitchell P, Wang JJ (2002) Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population. Ophthalmology 109:704–711
Atchison DA, Schmid KL, Pritchard N (2006) Neural and optical limits to visual performance in myopia. Vision Res 46:3707–3722
Moriyama M, Ohno-Matsui K, Futagami S et al (2007) Morphology and long-term changes of choroidal vascular structure in highly myopic eyes with and without posterior staphyloma. Ophthalmology 114:1755–1762
Quaranta M, Arnold J, Coscas G et al (1996) Indocyanine green angiographic features of pathologic myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 122:663–671
Akyol N, Kükner AS, Ozdemir T, Esmerligil S (1996) Choroidal and retinal flow changes in degenerative myopia. Can J Ophthalmol 31:113–119
To’mey KF, Faris BM, Jalkh AE, Nasr AM (1981) Ocular pulse in high myopia: a study of 40 eyes. Ann Ophthalmol 13:569–571
Geijssen HC, Greve EL (1987) The spectrum of primary open angle glaucoma. I: senile sclerotic glaucoma versus high tension glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 18:207–213
Fujiwara T, Imamura Y, Margolis R, Slakter JS, Spaide RF (2009) Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 148:445–450
Gass JD, Norton EW, Justice J Jr (1966) Serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 70:990–1015
Gass JD (1972) Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 70:409–436
Bird AC, Marshall J (1986) Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 105:674–682
Morre DJ, Hussain AA, Marshall J (1995) Age-related variation in the hydraulic conductivity of Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1290–1297
Casswell AG, Kohen D, Bird AC (1985) Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: classification and outcome. Br J Ophthalmol 69:397–403
Kuhn D, Meunier I, Soubrane G, Coscas G (1995) Imaging of chorioretinal anastomoses in vascularized retinal pigment epithelium detachments. Arch Ophthalmol 113:1392–1398
Slakter JS, Yannuzzi LA, Schneider U et al (2000) Retinal choroidal anastomoses and occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 107:742–753
Hartnett ME, Weiter JJ, Garsd A, Jalkh AE (1992) Classification of retinal pigment epithelial detachments associated with drusen. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 230:11–19
Hartnett ME, Weiter JJ, Staurenghi G, Elsner AE (1996) Deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 103:2042–2053
Yannuzzi LA, Negrão S, Iida T et al (2001) Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 21:416–434
Gass JD, Agarwal A, Lavina AM, Tawansy KA (2003) Focal inner retinal hemorrhages in patients with drusen: an early sign of occult choroidal neovascularization and chorioretinal anastomosis. Retina 23:741–751
Spaide RF (2009) Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 147:644–652
Linsenmeier RA, Padnick-Silver L (2000) Metabolic dependence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3117–3123
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spaide, R. (2010). Choroidal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography. In: Holz, F.G., Spaide, R. (eds) Medical Retina. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85540-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85540-8_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85539-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85540-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)