Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of the Si(111)-7×7 Surface and Adsorbed Ge Nanostructures

  • Chapter
Applied Scanning Probe Methods XII

Part of the book series: NanoScience and Technology ((NANO))

  • 933 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we review advances towards a comprehensive understanding of the Si(111)-7×7 surface and adsorbed Ge nanostructures by scanning tunneling microscopy. We first present our recent results on the highest resolution STM imaging on Si(111)-7×7 surfaces, in which all the six rest atoms and 12 adatoms are resolved simultaneously with unprecedented high-contrast. In the second part, STM was used as an atomic manipulation tool to fabricate groove structures with atomically straight edges and uniform lateral size by extracting atoms one by one from the Si(111)-7×7 surfaces. The critical current under various voltages for fabricating such grooves is measured, and a modification mechanism is discussed. Lastly, the behaviors of various Ge nanostructures created on the Si(111)-7×7surface, ranging from the initial adsorption sites of single Ge atoms, to the evolution and aggregation patterns of Ge nanoclusters, and then to the formation of 2-D extended Ge islands are comprehensively investigated by STM experimental studies and theoretical calculations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Takayanagi K, Tanishiro Y, Takahashi M, Takahashi S (1985) J Vac Sci & Technol 3:1502–1506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1982) Phys Rev Lett 49:57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1983) Phys Rev Lett 50:120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Avouris P, Wolkow R (1989) Phys Rev B 39:5091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nishikawa O, Tomitori M, Iwawaki F, Hirano N (1990) J Vac Sci & Technol A 8:421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lantz MA, Hug HJ, Schendel P, Hoffmann R, Martin S, Baratoff A, Abdurixit A, Güntherodt HJ, Gerber C (2000) Phys Rev Lett (2000) 84:2642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Giessibl FJ, Hembacher S, Bielefeldt H, Mannhart J (2000) Science 289:422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Giessibl FJ (1995) Science 267:68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sutter P, Zahl P, Sutter E, Bernard LE (2003) Phys Rev Lett 90:166101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hamers RJ, Tromp RM, Demuth JE (1986) Phys Rev Lett 56:1972–1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Becker RS, Swartzentruber BS, Vickers JS, Klitsner T (1989) Phys Rev B 39:1633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen L, Pan BC, Xiang HJ, Wang B, Yang JL, Hou JG, Zhu QS (2007) Phys Rev B 75:085329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wiesendanger R (1994) Scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy: methods and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang SB, Cohen ML, Louie SG (1986) Phys Rev B 34:768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kohn W, Sham LJ (1965) Phys Rev 140:A1133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kresse G, Furthmüller J (1996) Comput Mater Sci 6:15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vanderbilt D (1990) Phys Rev B 41:7892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Tersoff J, Hamann DR (1985) Phys Rev B 31:805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang YL, Gao HJ, Guo HM, Liu HW, Batyrev IG, McMahon WE, Zhang SB (2004) Phys Rev B 70:073312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Eigler DM, Schweizer EK (1990) Nature 344:524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lyo IW, Avouris P (1991) Science 253:173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Uchida H, Huang DH, Grey F, Aono M (1993) Phys Rev Lett 70:2040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hosoki S, Hosaka S, Hasegawa T (1992) Appl Surf Sci 60–61:643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Salling CT, Lagally MG (1994) Science 265:502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kobayashi A, Grey F, Williams RS, Aono M (1992) Science 259:1724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gu QJ, Liu N, Zhao WB, Ma ZL, Xue ZQ, Pang SJ (1995) Appl Phys Lett 66:1747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ma ZL, Liu N, Zhao WB, Gu QJ, Ge X, Xue ZQ, Pang SJ (1995) J Vac Sci Technol B 13:1212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Behm RJ, Garcia N, Rohrer H (1990) Scanning tunneling microscopy and related methods, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 113–141

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lang ND (1992) Phys. Rev. B 45:13599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Miskovsky NM, Wei CM, Tsong TT (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett. 69:2427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yang HQ, Liu N, Gao JN, Jiang YS, Shia DX, Ma ZL, Xue ZQ, Pang SJ (1998) Appl Surf Sci 126:337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brune H, Giovannini M, Bromann K, Kern K (1998) Nature 394:451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hwang IS, Ho MS, Tsong TT (1999) Phys Rev Lett 83:120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Li JL, Jia JF, Liang XJ, Liu X, Wang JZ, Xue QK, Li ZQ, Tse JS, Zhang ZY, Zhang SB (2002) Phys Rev Lett 88:066101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jia JF, Wang JZ, Liu X, Xue QK, Li ZQ, Kawazoe Y, Zhang SB (2002) Appl Phys Lett 80:3186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jia JF, Liu X, Wang JZ, Li JL, Wang XS, Xue QK, Li ZQ, Zhang ZY, Zhang SB (2002) Phys Rev B 66:165412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Voigtländer B, Kastner M, Smilauer P (1998) Phys Rev Lett 81:858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wu KH, Fujikawa1 Y, Nagao T, Hasegawa Y, Nakayama KS, Xue QK, Wang EG, Briere T, Kumar V, Kawazoe Y, Zhang SB, Sakurai T (2003) Phys Rev Lett 91:126101

    Google Scholar 

  39. Vitali L, Ramsey MG, Netzer FP (1999) Phys Rev Lett 83:316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hibino H, Ogino T (1997) Phys Rev B 55:7018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chizhov I, Lee G, Willis RF (2997) Phys Rev B 56:12316

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sonnet P, Stauffer L, Minot C (1998) Surf Sci 407:121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gómez-Rodríguez JM, Sáenz JJ, Baró AM (1996) Phys Rev Lett 76:799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Lin XF, Chizhov I, Mai HA, Willis RF (1996) Surf Sci 366:51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Yoon M, Lin XF, Chizhov I, Mai HA, Willis RF (2001) Phys Rev B 64:085321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang YP, Yang L, Lai YH, Xu GQ, Wang XS (2003) Surf Sci 531:L378

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hsu HF, Chen LJ, Hsiao HL, Pi TW (2003) Phys Rev B 68:165403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Voigtländer B, Weber T (1996) Phys Rev Lett 77:3861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Petro PM, Lorke A, Imamoglu A (2001) Physics Today 54:46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Voigtländer B (1999) Micron 30:33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Voigtländer B (2001) Surf Sci Rep 43:127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Voigtländer B, Kawamura M, Paul N, Cherepanov V (2004) J Phys: Conden Mat 16:S1535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ratto F, Locatelli A, Fontana S, Kharrazi S, Ashtaputre S, Kulkarni SK, Heun S, Rosei F (2006) Phys Rev Lett 96:096103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sekiguchi T, Yoshida S, Itoh KM, Mysliveèek J, Voigtländer B (2007) Appl Phys Lett 90:013108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ansari ZA, Tomitori M, Arai T (2006) Appl Phys Lett 88:171902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Boscherini F, Capellini G, Gaspare L, Rosei F, Motta N, Mobilio S (2000) Appl Phys Lett 76:682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zhang YP, Yan L, Xie SS, Pang SJ, Gao HJ (2002) Surf Sci 497:L60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Beben J, Hwang IS, Chang TC, Tsong T (2000) Phys Rev B 63:033304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang YP, Yan L, Xie SS, Pang SJ, Gao HJ (2001) Appl Phys Lett 79:3317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lobo A, Gokhale S, Kulkarni SK (2001) Appl Surf Sci 173:270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Yan L, Yang HQ, Gao HJ, Xie SS, Pang SJ (2001) Surf Sci 498:83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yan L, Zhang YP, Gao HJ, Xie SS, Pang SJ (2001) Surf Sci 506:L255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Ratto F, Rosei F, Locatelli A, Cherifi S, Fontana S, Heun S, Szkutnik P, Sgarlata A, Crescenzi M, Motta N (2004) Appl Phys Lett 84:4526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Motta N (2002) J Phys: Conden Mat 14:8353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Guo HM, Wang YL, Liu HW, Ma HF, Qin ZH, Gao HJ (2004) Surf Sci 561:227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhao A, Zhang X, Chen G, Loy M, Xiao XD (2006) Phys Rev B 74:125301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Köhler U, Jusko O, Pietsch G, Müller B, Henzler M (1991) Surf Sci 248:321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Patel JR, Golovchenko JA, Bean JC, Morris RJ (1985) Phys Rev B 31:6884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dev BN, Materlik G, Grey F, Johnson RL, Clausnitzer M (1986) Phys Rev Lett 57:3058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kajiyama K, Tanishiro Y, Takayanagi K (1989) Surf Sci 222:47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Carlisle JA, Miller T, Chiang TC (1994) Phys Rev B 49:13600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Castrucci P, Gunnella R, Crescenzi M, Sacchi M, Dufour G, Rochet F (1999) Phys Rev B 60:5759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Takaoka GH, Seki T, Tsumura K, Matsuo J (2002) Thin Solid Films 405:141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Grodzicki M, Wagner M (1989) Phys Rev B 40:1110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Stauffer L, Vana S, Bolmonta D, Koulmanna J, Minotb C (1994) Surf Sci 307:274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Stauffer L, Sonnet P, Minot C (1997) Surf Sci 371:63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cho K, Kaxiras E (1998) Surf Sci 396:L261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tong SY, Huang H, Wei CM, Packard WE, Men FK, Glander G, Webb MB (1988) J Vac Sci & Technol A 6:615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang SW, Radny MW, Smith PV (2001) J Chem Phys 114:436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Becker RS, Golovchenko JA, Swartzentruber BS (1985) Phys Rev B 32:8455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fukuda T (1996) Surf Sci 351:103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rosei F, Motta N, Sgarlata A, Capellini G, Boscherini F (2000) Thin Solid Films 369:29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Perdew JP, Wang Y (1992) Phys Rev B 45:13244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Cho K, Kaxiras E (1997) Europhys Lett 39:287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lyo I-W, Avouris P (1990) J Chem Phys 93:4479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wang YL, Gao HJ, Guo HM, Wang SW, Pantelides ST (2005) Phys Rev Lett 94:106101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Custance O, Brochard S, Brihuega I, Artacho E, Soler JM, Baró AM, Gómez-Rodríguez JM (2003) Phys Rev B 67:235410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Custance O, Brihuega I, Gómez-Rodríguez JM, Baró AM (2001) Sur Sci 482–485:1406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang C, Chen G, Wang K, Yang H, Su T, Chan C, Loy M, Xiao XD (2005) Phys Rev Lett 94:176104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wang K, Zhang C, Loy M, Xiao XD (2005) Phys Rev Lett 94:036103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sato T, Kitamura S, Iwatsuki M (2000) J Vac Sci Technol A 18:960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kresse G, Furthmüller J (1996) Phys Rev B 54:11169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kresse G, Hafner J (1993) Phys Rev B 47:R558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Ansari ZA, Arai T, Tomitori M (2005) Surf Sci 574:L17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rotta F, Rosei F (2003) Surf Sci 530:221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Northrup JE (1986) Phys Rev Lett 57:154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Brommer KD, Galvan M, Dalpino A, Joannopoulos JD (1994) Surf Sci 314:57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lai MY, Wang YL (2001) Phys Rev B 64:241404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Chang H, Lai MY, Wei JH, Wei CM, Wang YL (2004) Phys Rev Lett 92:066103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Zilani M, Xu H, Liu T, Sun Y, Feng YP, Wang XS, Wee A (2006) Phys Rev B 73:195415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vasco E, Polop C, Rodriguez-Canas E (2003) Phys Rev B 67:235412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ma HF, Qin ZH, Xu MC, Shi DX, Gao HJ, Wang SW, Pantelides ST (2007) Phys Rev B 75:165403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kawamura M, Paul N, Cherepanov V, Voigtländer B (2003) Phys Rev Lett 91:096102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Paul N, Filimonov S, Cherepanov V, Çakmak M, Voigtländer B (2007) Phys Rev Lett 98:166104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Suzuki M, Shigeta Y (2003) Surf Sci 539:113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Shimada W, Tochihara H (1994) Surf Sci 311:107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Suzuki M, Negishi R, Shigeta Y (2005) Phys Rev B 72:235325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Itoh M, Tanaka H, Watanabe Y, Udagawa M, Sumita I (1993) Phys Rev B 47:2216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Andersohn L, Berke T, köhler U, Voigtländer B (1996) J Vac Sci & Technol A 14:312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Motta N, Sgarlata A, Calarco R, Nguyen Q, Castro Cal J, Patella F, Balzarotti A, Crescenzi M (1998) Surf Sci 406:254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Boscherini F, Capellini G, Gaspare L, Rosei F, MottaN, Mobilio S (2000) Appl Phys Lett 76:682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Mönch W (2001) Semiconductor surfaces and interfaces, Springer-Verlag, New York

    Google Scholar 

  113. Wang S, Radny MW, Smith PV (1998) Surf Sci 396:40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Qin ZH, Shi DX, Ma HF, Gao HJ, Rao AS, Wang SW, Pantelides ST (2007) Phys Rev B 75:085313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Castrucci P, Sgarlata A, Scarselli M, Crescenzi M (2003) Surf Sci Lett 531:329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Peng XY, Ye L, Wang X (2004) Surf Sci 548:51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pignedoli CA, Catellani A, Castrucci P, Sgarlata A, Scarselli M, Crescenzi M, Bertoni CM (2004) Phys Rev B 69:113313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Profeta G, Ottaviano L, Continenza A (2004) Phys Rev B 69:241307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Wang S, Radny MW, Smith PV (1999) Phys Rev B 59:1594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanoscale Physics&Devices Laboratory Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, 603

    Haiming Guo, Yeliang Wang & Hongjun Gao

Authors
  1. Haiming Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yeliang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hongjun Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology & Biomimetics (NLB2), Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1142, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

  2. Universität Münster FB 16 Physikalisches Institut, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany

    Harald Fuchs

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guo, H., Wang, Y., Gao, H. (2009). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of the Si(111)-7×7 Surface and Adsorbed Ge Nanostructures. In: Bhushan, B., Fuchs, H. (eds) Applied Scanning Probe Methods XII. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85039-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation