Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM; GLOBOCAN (2000) Cancer incidence. Mortality and prevalence worldwide, version 1.0. IARC cancer base No.5. IARCPress, Lyon
de Vries E, Bray F, Coebergh JWW et al (2003) Changing epidemiology of malignant cutaneous melanoma in Europe 1953-1997: rising trends in incidence and mortality, but recent stabilisations in Western Europe and decreases in Scandinavia. Int J Cancer 107:119–126
Karlsson PM, Fredrikson M (2007) Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Sweden, 1993–2002: the increasing trend is broken. Int J Cancer 121:323–328
Karim-Kos HE, de Vries E, Soerjomataram I et al (2008) Recent trends of cancer in Europe: a combined approach of incidence, survival and mortality for 17 cancer sites since the 1990s. Eur J Cancer Jul;44(10):1345–89. Epub 2008 Feb 14
de Vries E, Houterman S, Janssen-Heijnen M et al (2007) Up-to-date survival estimates and historical trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma in the south-east of The Netherlands. Ann Oncol 18:1110–1116
Verdecchia A, Francisci S, Brenner H et al Recent cancer survival in Europe: a 2000-02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data. Lancet Oncol 2007 8:784–796
Lee JA, Carter AP (1970) Secular trends in mortality from malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 45:91–97
Magnus K (1973) Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Norway, 1955–1970. Variations in time and space and solar radiation. Cancer 32:1275–1286
Osterlind A (1992) Epidemiology on malignant melanoma in Europe. Acta Oncol 31:903–908
Magnus K (1981) Habits of sun exposure and risk of malignant melanoma: an analysis of incidence rates in Norway 1955-1977 by cohort, sex, age, and primary tumor site. Cancer 48:2329–2335
Thorn M, Bergstrom R, Adami HO, Ringborg U (1990) Trends in the incidence of malignant melanoma in Sweden, by anatomic site, 1960–1984. Am J Epidemiol 132:1066–1077
Scotto J, Pitcher H, Lee JA (1991) Indications of future decreasing trends in skin-melanoma mortality among whites in the United States. Int J Cancer 49:490–497
Newnham A, Moller H (2002) Trends in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanomas in the south east of England, 1960–1998. J Public Health Med 24:268–275
Bulliard JL, Cox B (2000) Cutaneous malignant melanoma in New Zealand: trends by anatomical site, 1969–1993. Int J Epidemiol 29:416–423
Chen YT, Zheng T, Holford TR et al (1994) Malignant melanoma incidence in Connecticut (United States): time trends and age-period-cohort modeling by anatomic site. Cancer Causes Control 5:341–350
MacKie RM, Bray CA, Hole DJ et al (2002) Incidence of and survival from malignant melanoma in Scotland: an epidemiological study. Lancet 360:587–591
Stang A, Stang K, Stegmaier C et al (2001) Skin melanoma in Saarland: incidence, survival and mortality 1970-1996. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:407–415
Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K (2003) Incidence trends and familial risks in invasive and in situ cutaneous melanoma by sun-exposed body sites. Int J Cancer 104:764–771
Jemal A, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Tucker MA (2001) Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the united states. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:678–683
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (2007) SEER*stat database: incidence — SEER 17 regs limited-use, Nov 2006 Sub (1973–2004 varying). National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch, USA. (released April 2007, based on the November 2006 submission). http://www.seer.cancer.gov
La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Negri E, Levi F (1999) Recent declines in worldwide mortality from cutaneous melanoma in youth and middle age. Int J Cancer 81:62–66
Thorn M, Ponten F, Bergstrom R et al (1994) Trends in tumour characteristics and survival of malignant melanoma 1960–84: a population-based study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 70:743–748
Dennis LK (1999) Analysis of the melanoma epidemic, both apparent and real: data from the 1973 through 1994 surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program registry. Arch Dermatol 135:275–280
Lipsker DM, Hedelin G, Heid E et al (1999) Striking increase of thin melanomas contrasts with stable incidence of thick melanomas. Arch Dermatol 135:1451–1456
Crocetti E, Carli PM (2003) Changes from mid-1980s to late 1990s among clinical and demographic correlates of melanoma thickness. Eur J Dermatol 13:72–75
Mendonca GA (1992) [Increasing risk of skin melanoma in Brazil] Risco crescente de melanoma de pele no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 26:290–294
Severi G, Giles GG, Robertson C et al (2000) Mortality from cutaneous melanoma: evidence for contrasting trends between populations. Br J Cancer 82:1887–1891
Abarca JF, Casiccia CC (2002) Skin cancer and ultraviolet-B radiation under the Antarctic ozone hole: southern Chile, 1987–2000. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 18:294–302
Koh D, Wang H, Lee J et al (2003) Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma of the skin: analysis of the Singapore Cancer Registry data 1968–97. Br J Dermatol 148:1161–1166
Jin F, Devesa SS, Chow WH et al (1999) Cancer incidence trends in urban shanghai, 1972–1994: an update. Int J Cancer 83:435–440
English DR, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Fleming C (1997) Sunlight and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8:271–283
Khlat M, Vail A, Parkin M, Green A (1992) Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay. Am J Epidemiol 135:1103–1113
Cooke KR, Fraser J (1985) Migration and death from malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 36:175–178
Steinitz R, Parkin DM, Young JL et al (1989) Cancer incidence in Jewish migrant to Israel, 1961–1981. IARC Scientific Publications No. 98. IARC Press, Lyon, p 306
Hinds MW, Kolonel LN (1980) Malignant melanoma of the skin in Hawaii, 1960–1977. Cancer 45:811–817
Ries L, Melbert D, Krapcho M et al (2007) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2004. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Hamdi-Cherif M et al (2003) Cancer in Africa: epidemiology and prevention. IARC Scientific Publications No. 153. IARCPress, Lyon
Ohtsuka H, Nagamatsu S (2003) Changing trends in numbers of deaths from malignant melanoma in Japan, 1955–2000. Dermatology 207:162–165
Cress RD, Holly EA (1997) Incidence of cutaneous melanoma among non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: an analysis of california cancer registry data, 1988–93. Cancer Causes Control 8:246–252
Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali Colombia (2007) Melanoma y otros cáncers de piel. Tasa de mortalidad por melanoma y otros cáncer de piel especificas por edad, crudas y ajustadas por edad a la población estándar mundial durante el periodo 1984–2003. Cali Cancer Registry, California
Halder RM, Bridgeman-Shah S (1995) Skin cancer in African Americans. Cancer 75:667–673
Bellows CF, Belafsky P, Fortgang IS, Beech DJ (2001) Melanoma in African—Americans: trends in biological behavior and clinical characteristics over two decades. J Surg Oncol 78:10–16
Scarpa A, Guerci A (1987) Depigmenting procedures and drugs employed by melanoderm populations. J Ethnop-harmacol 19:17–66
Harada M, Nakachi S, Tasaka K et al (2001) Wide use of skin-lightening soap may cause mercury poisoning in Kenya. Sci Total Environ 269:183–187
Armstrong BK, Kricker A (1993) How much melanoma is caused by sun exposure? Melanoma Res 3:395–401
Veierod MB, Weiderpass E, Thorn M et al (2003) A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1530–1538
Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K (2003) Familial and attributable risks in cutaneous melanoma: effects of proband and age. J Invest Dermatol 120:217–223
Bishop JN, Harland M, Randerson-Moor J, Bishop DT (2007) Management of familial melanoma. Lancet Oncol 8:46–54
Bataille V (2003) Genetic epidemiology of melanoma. Eur J Cancer 39:1341–1347
Bishop DT, Demenais F, Goldstein AM et al (2002) Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:894–903
Tucker MA, Goldstein AM (2003) Melanoma etiology: where are we? Oncogene 22:3042–3052
Green A, Trichopoulos D (2002) Skin cancer. In: Adami HO, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D (eds) Textbook of cancer epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 281–300
Vainio H, Miller AB, Bianchini F (2000) An international evaluation of the cancer-preventive potential of sunscreens. Int J Cancer 88:838–842
Krone B, Kolmel KF, Grange JM et al (2003) Impact of vaccinations and infectious diseases on the risk of melanoma — evaluation of an EORTC case-control study. Eur J Cancer 39:2372–2378
Pfahlberg A, Botev IN, Kolmel KF, Gefeller O (2002) Vaccination and melanoma risk. Int J Cancer 102:96–97
Pfahlberg A, Kolmel KF, Grange JM et al (2002) Inverse association between melanoma and previous vaccinations against tuberculosis and smallpox: results of the FEBIM study. J Invest Dermatol 119:570–575
Kolmel KF, Grange JM, Krone B et al (2005) Prior immunisation of patients with malignant melanoma with vaccinia or BCG is associated with better survival. An European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cohort study on 542 patients. Eur J Cancer 41:118–125
Krone B, Kolmel KF, Henz BM, Grange JM (2005) Protection against melanoma by vaccination with Bacille Calmette—Guerin (BCG) and/or vaccinia: an epidemiology-based hypothesis on the nature of a melanoma risk factor and its immunological control. Eur J Cancer 41:104–117
Mantzoros CS, Trakatelli M, Gogas H et al (2007) Circulating adiponectin levels in relation to melanoma: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer 43:1430–1436
Koomen E, Joosse A, Herings R et al (2007) Effect of statins on melanoma of the skin. Eur J Cancer 43:2580–2589
Fortes Deppermann C, De Vries E (2008) Non-solar occupational risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. Int J Dermatol 47:319–328
MacKie RM (2000) Malignant melanoma: clinical variants and prognostic indicators. Clin Exp Dermatol 25:471–475
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2003) Cutaneous melanoma. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh (Scotland): Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). (SIGN publication; no. 72), SIGN publication, Edinburgh, p 50
Duff CG, Melsom D, Rigby HS et al (2001) A 6 year prospective analysis of the diagnosis of malignant melanoma in a pigmented-lesion clinic: even the experts miss malignant melanoma, but not often. Br J Plast Surg 54:317–321
Richard MA, Grob JJ, Avril MF et al (2000) Delays in diagnosis and melanoma prognosis(II): the role of doctors. Int J Cancer 20(89):280–285
Gerbert B, Maurer T, Berger T et al (1996) Primary care physicians as gatekeepers in managed care. Primary care physicians' and dermatologists' skills at secondary prevention of skin cancer. Arch Derm 132:1030–1038
McCarthy WH, Milton GW (2004) Primary cutaneous melanoma:clinical diagnosis. In: Thomson JF, Morton DL, Kroon BB (eds) Textbook of melanoma. Martin Dunitz, London
Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW (1985) Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self examination of the skin. Cancer J Clin 35(3): 130–151
Thomas L, Tranchand P, Berard F, Secchi T, Colin C, Moulin G (1998) Semiological value of ABCDE criteria in the diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented tumors. Dermatology 197(1):11–17
Whited JD, Grichnik JM (1998) The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have a mole or a melanoma? JAMA 279:696.
Friedman RJ (2005) The importance of early detection of melanoma, physician and self-examination. In: Rigell DS, Friedman RJ, Dzubow LM, Reintgen DS, Bystryn JC, Marks R (eds) Cancer of the skin. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Shaw HM, Mc Carthy WH (1992) Small diameter malignant melanoma: a common diagnosis in New South Wales, Australia. J Am Acad of Dermatol 27:679–682
Fernandez EM, Helm KF (2004) The diameter of melanomas. Dermatol Surg 30:1219–1222
Roberts DLL, Anstey AV, Barlow RJ, Cox NH, on behalf of the British Association Of Dermatologists, Bishop JAN, Corrie PG, Evans J, Gore ME, Hall PN, Kirkham N, on behalf of the Melanoma Study Group (2002) U.K. guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 146:7–17
MacKie RM (1989) Malignant Melanoma. A Guide to Early Diagnosis, Edinburgh
Gachon J, Beaulieu P, Sei JF, Gouvernet J, Claudel JP, Lemaitre M, Richard MA, Grob JJ (2005) First prospective study of the recognition process of melanoma in dermato-logical practice. Arch Dermatol 141:434–438
Menzies S, Stolz W (2004) Surface microscopy features of melanoma. In: Thomson JF, Morton DL, Kroon BB (eds) Textbook of melanoma. Martin Dunitz, London
Kittler H, Pehamberger H, Wolff K et al (2002) Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol 3(3):159–165
Binder M, Schwarz M Winkler A et al (1995) Epiluminescence microscopy. A useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists. Arch Derm 131:286–291
Soyer HP, Argemziano G, Chimenti S et al (2001) Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: an atlas based on the consensus net meeting on dermoscopy 2000. Milan:EDRA Medical Publishing and New Media, Italy
Koller J, Rettenbacher L (2000) The influence of diagnostic biopsies on the sentinel lymph node detection in cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol 136:1176
McKenna DB, Lee RJ, Prescott RJ, Doherty VR (2004) A retrospective observational study of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma patients treated with excision only compared with excision biopsy followed by wider local excision. Br J Dermatol 150(3):523–530
Lees VC, Briggs JC (1991) Effect of initial biopsy procedure on prognosis in Stage I invasive cutaneous melanoma: a review of 1086 patients. Br J Surg 78:1108–1110
Bong JL, Herd RM, Hunter JA (2002) Incisional biopsy and melanoma pognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:690–694
Boyd AD, Neldner KH (1997) How to submit a specimen for cutaneous pathology analysis: using the 5 Ds to get the most out of biopsies. Arch Fam Med 6:64–66
O'Connor KM, Chien AJ (2008) Management of melano-cytic lesions in the primary care setting. Mayo Clin Proc 83(2):208–214
Markovic SN, Erickson LA, Rao RD et al (2007) Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 82:364–380
Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ et al (2001) Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19(16):3635–3648
Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al (2001) Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol Aug 15;19(16):3622–3634
Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ et al (2001) Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19:3635–3648
de Vries E, Nijsten T, Visser O et al (2007) Superior survival of females among 10,538 Dutch melanoma patients is independent of Breslow thickness, histologic type and tumor site. Ann Oncol 19:583–589
Sant M, Aareleid T, Berrino F et al (2003) EUROCARE-3: survival of cancer patients diagnosed 1990–94-results and commentary. Ann Oncol 14:Suppl 5: V61–V118
de Vries E, Boniol M, Doré JF et al (2004) Lower incidence rates but thicker melanomas in Eastern Europe preceding 1992: a comparison with Western Europe. Eur J Cancer 40:1045–1052
Burton RC, Armstrong BK (1994) Recent incidence trends imply a nonmetastasizing form of invasive melanoma. Melanoma Res 4:107–113
Welch HG, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM (2005) Skin biopsy rates and incidence of melanoma: population based ecological study. BMJ 331:481
Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J et al (1988) Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1991 Jul 25;325(4):292]. N Engl J Med 318:1159–1162
Cascinelli N (1995) Update WHO-10 trial. WHO-program meeting, May 1995. Albany; Personal Communication
Khayat D, Rixe O, Martin G, Soubrane C, Banzet M, Bazex JA, Lauret P, Verola O, Auclerc G, Harper P, Banzet P; French Group of Research on Malignant Melanoma (2004) Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick). Cancer 97:1941–1946
Cohn-Cedermark G, Rutqvist LE, Andersson R, Breivald M, Ingvar C, Johansson H, Jonsson PE, Krysander L, Lindholm C, Ringborg U (2000) Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0 mm. Cancer 89:1495–1501
Balch CM, Urist MM, Karakousis CP et al (1993) Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial [see comments]. Ann Surg 218:262–267; discussion 267–269
Balch CM, Soong SJ, Smith T, Ross MI, Urist MM, Karakousis CP, Temple WJ, Mihm MC, Barnhill RL, Jewell WR, Wanebo HJ, Desmond R (2001) Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1–4 mm melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 8:101–108
Heaton KM, Sussman JJ, Gershenwald JE et al (1998) Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (>4 mm) primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 5:322–328
Ringborg U, Mansson Brahme E, Drzewiecki K, Gullestadt HP, Ninn M (2005) Randomized trial of a resection margin of 2 cm versus 4 cm for cutaneous malignant melanoma with a tumor thickness of more than 2 mm. Proceedings 6th world melanoma congress, Vancouver, September 6–10; Abstract 28
Thomas JM, Newton-Bishop J, A'Hern R, Coombes G, Timmons M, Evans J, Cook M, Theaker J, Fallowfield M, O'Neill T, Ruka W, Bliss JM; United Kingdom Melanoma Study Group (2004) British Association of Plastic Surgeons; Scottish Cancer Therapy Network. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med 350(8): 757–766
Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC et al (1977) Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs. N Engl J Med 297:627–630
Sim FH, Taylor WF, Ivins JC et al (1978) A prospective randomized study of the efficacy of routine elective lymph-adenectomy in management of malignant melanoma. Preliminary results. Cancer 41:948–956
Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI et al (2000) Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 7:87–97
Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M et al (1998) Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 351:793–796
Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF et al (1999) Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 17:976–983
Vuylsteke RJ, van Leeuwen PA, Statius Muller MG et al (2003) Clinical outcome of stage I/II melanoma patients after selective sentinel lymph node dissection: long-term follow-up results. J Clin Oncol 21:1057–1065
Doubrovsky A, De Wilt JH, Scolyer RA et al (2004) Sentinel node biopsy provides more accurate staging than elective lymph node dissection in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 11:829–836
van Akkooi AC, de Wilt JH, Verhoef C, Graveland WJ, van Geel AN, Kliffen M, Eggermont AM (2006) High positive sentinel node identification rate by EORTC melanoma group protocol. Prognostic indicators of metastatic patterns after sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 42:372–380
van Akkooi AC, de Wilt JH, Verhoef C, Schmitz PI, van Geel AN, Eggermont AM, Kliffen M (2006) Clinical relevance of melanoma micrometastases (<0.1 mm) in sentinel nodes: are these nodes to be considered negative? Ann Oncol 17(10):1578–1585
van Akkooi AC, Nowecki ZI, Voit C, Schaefer G, Michej W, Kliffen M, Schmitz PIM, Ruka W, Eggermont AMM (2007) Prognosis depends on micro-anatomic patterns of melanoma micrometastases within the sentinel node (SN). A multicenter study in 388 SN positive patients. Eur J Cancer Suppl 5(4):397; abstract 7006
van Akkooi AC, Bouwhuis MG, de Wilt JH, Kliffen M, Schmitz PI, Eggermont AM (2007) Multivariable analysis comparing outcome after sentinel node biopsy or therapeutic lymph node dissection in patients with melanoma. Br J Surg 94(10):1293–1299
Eggermont AM, Gore M (2007) Randomized adjuvant therapy trials in melanoma: surgical and systemic. Semin Oncol 34(6):509–515
Hersey P, Coates AS, McCarthy WH, Thompson JF, Sillar RW, McLeod R, Gill PG, Coventry BJ, McMullen A, Dillon H, Simes RJ (2002) Adjuvant immunotherapy of patients with high-risk melanoma using vaccinia viral lysates of melanoma: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 20(20):4181–4190
Sondak VK, Liu PY, Tuthill RJ, Kempf RA, Unger JM, Sosman JA, Thompson JA, Weiss GR, Redman BG, Jakowatz JG, Noyes RD, Flaherty LE (2002) Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: overall results of a randomized trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 20(8):2058–2066
Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu PY, Flaherty LE, Park MS, Kempf RA, Thompson JA, Terasaki PI, Sondak VK; Southwest Oncology Group (2002) Adjuvant immunother-apy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J Clin Oncol 20(8):2067–2075
Morton DL (2006) Plenary presentation at Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology. Plenary Presentation, Atlanta
Eggermont AMM (2001) Role of interferon in melanoma remains to be determined. Eur J Cancer 2147–2153
Gogas H, Dafni U, Bafaloukos D, Polyzos A, Kokkalis G, Kalofonos HP, Fountzilas G, Skarlos D, Tsoutsos D, Pectasides D (2007) A randomized phase III trial of 1 month versus 1 year adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b in patients with resected high risk melanoma. Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8505
Eggermont AM, Suciu S, MacKie R, Ruka W, Testori A, Kruit W, Punt CJ, Delauney M, Sales F, Groenewegen G, Ruiter DJ, Jagiello I, Stoitchkov K, Keilholz U, Lienard D; EORTC Melanoma Group (2005) Post-surgery adjuvant therapy with intermediate doses of interferon alfa 2b versus observation in patients with stage IIb/III melanoma (EORTC 18952): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366:1189–1196
Eggermont AMM, Suciu S, Santinami M, Kruit W, Testori A, Marsden J, Punt C, Hauschild A, Gore M, Keilholz U; For the EORTC Melanoma Group (2007) EORTC 18991: long term adjuvant pegylated interferon-α2b (PEG-IFN) vs observation in resected stage III melanoma: final results of a randomized phase 3 trial. Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8504
Lens MB, Dawes M (2002) Interferon alfa therapy for malignant melanoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 20:1818–1825
Wheatley K, Ives N, Hancock B, Gore M, Eggermont AMM, Suciu S (2003) Does adjuvant interferon-alpha provide a worth-while benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 29:241–252
Kirkwood JM, Manola J, Ibrahim J, Sondak V, Ernstoff MS, Rao U (2004) A pooled analysis of eastern cooperative oncology group and intergroup trials of adjuvant high-dose interferon for melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 10:1670–1677
Wheatley K, Ives N, Eggermont AM, Kirkwood J, Cascinelli N, Markovic S, Hancock B, Lee S, Suciu S, on behalf of the International Malignant Melanoma Collaborative Group (2007) Interferon-α as adjuvant therapy for melanoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8526
Grob JJ, Dreno B, Chastang C, Guillot B, Cupissol B, Souteyrand P et al (1998) Randomised trial of interferon a-2a as adjuvant therapy in resected primary melanoma thicker than 1.5mm without clinically detectable node metastases. Lancet 351:1905–1910
Pehamberger H, Soyer HP, Steiner A et al (1998) Adjuvant Interferon alpha 2-A treatment in resected primary stage II cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 16:1425–1429
Cameron DA, Cornbleet MC, MacKie RM, Hunter JAA, Gore M, Hancock B, Smyth JF (2001) Adjuvant interferon alpha in high risk melanoma: The Scottish study. Br J Cancer 84:1146–1149
Gogas H, Ioannovich J, Dafni U, Stavropoulou-Giokas C, Frangia K, Tsoutsos D, Panagiotou P, Polyzos A, Papadopoulos O, Stratigos A, Markopoulos C, Bafaloukos D, Pectasides D, Fountzilas G, Kirkwood JM (2006) Prognostic significance of autoimmunity during treatment of melanoma with interferon. N Engl J Med 354(7):709–718
Bouwhuis M, Suciu S, Kruit W, Salès F, Patel P, Punt C, Stoitchkov K, Delaunay M, ten Hagen T, Eggermont AM; EORTC Melanoma Group (2007) Prognostic value of autoantibodies (auto-AB) in melanoma patients (pts) in the EORTC 18952 trial of adjuvant interferon (IFN) vs observation (Obs). Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8507
Stuckert IIJJ, Tarhini AA, Lee S, Sander C, Kirkwood JM (2007) Interferon alfa-induced autoimmunity and serum S100 levels as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in high-risk melanoma in the ECOG-intergroup phase II trial E2696. Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8506
Bouwhuis M, Suciu S, Testori A, Santinami M, Kruit W, Punt C, Salès F, Patel P, Spatz A, Eggermont AMM (2007) Prognostic value of autoantibodies (auto-AB) in melanoma stage III patients in the EORTC 18991 phase III randomized trial comparing adjuvant pegylated interferon a2b (PEG-IFN) vs Observation. Eur J Cancer Suppl 5(6):11; abstract 3BA
Suciu S, Ghanem G, Kruit W, Stoitchkov K, Patel P, Delaunay M, Salès F, Eggermont AM, on behalf of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Melanoma Group (2007) Serum S-100B protein is a strong independent prognostic marker for distant-metastasis free survival (DMFS) in stage III melanoma patients: an evaluation of the EORTC 18952 trial comparing Interferon (IFN) vs Observation. Proc ASCO 43rd Annual Meeting: 25; Abstract 8518
Atkins MB (2006) Cytokine-based therapy and biochemo-therapy for advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 12(7 Pt 2):2353s–2358s
Schwimmer J et al (2000) A review of the literature for whole-body FDG PET in the management of patients with melanoma. Q J Nucl Med 44(2):153–617
Skibber JM et al (1996) Cranial irradiation after surgical excision of brain metastases in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 3(2):118–213
Fife KM et al (2004) Determinants of outcome in melanoma patients with cerebral metastases. J Clin Oncol 22(7):1293–3100
McWilliams RR et al (2003) Treatment of brain metastases from melanoma. Mayo Clin Proc 78(12):1529–3156
Wronski M, Arbit E (2000) Surgical treatment of brain metastases from melanoma: a retrospective study of 91 patients. J Neurosurg 93(1):9–18
Zacest AC et al (2002) Surgical management of cerebral metastases from melanoma: outcome in 147 patients treated at a single institution over two decades. J Neurosurg 96(3):552–855
Gieger M et al (1997) Response of intracranial melanoma metastases to stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiat Oncol Investig 5(2):72–80
Samlowski WE et al (2007) Multimodality treatment of melanoma brain metastases incorporating stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Cancer 109(9):1855–6182
Somaza S et al (1993) Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic melanoma. J Neurosurg 79(5):661–666
Hagen NA et al (1990) The role of radiation therapy following resection of single brain metastasis from melanoma. Neurology 40(1):158–610
Vermeulen SS (1998) Whole brain radiotherapy in the treatment of metastatic brain tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 14(1):64–96
Patel JK et al (1978) Metastatic pattern of malignant melanoma. A study of 216 autopsy cases. Am J Surg 135(6):807–180
Overett TK, Shiu MH (1985) Surgical treatment of distant metastatic melanoma. Indications and results. Cancer 56(5):1222–3120
Overgaard J et al (1986) Some factors of importance in the radiation treatment of malignant melanoma. Radiother Oncol 5(3):183–912
Sause WT et al (1991) Fraction size in external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20(3):429–342
Day CL Jr et al (1982) A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients with lesions greater than or equal to 3.65 mm in thickness. The importance of revealing alternative Cox models. Ann Surg 195(1):44–94
Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM (1996) Interferons in melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 8(2):167–714
Dummer R et al (2006) Randomized dose-escalation study evaluating peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 24(7):1188–9114
Rosenberg SA et al (1985) Regression of established pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous tumor mediated by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2. J Exp Med 161(5):1169–8118
Dutcher JP et al (1989) A phase II study of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with meta-static malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 7(4):477–845
Parkinson DR et al (1990) Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 8(10):1650–6165
Atkins MB et al (1999) High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 17(7):2105–1216
McCarter MD et al (2007) Immunosuppressive dendritic and regulatory T cells are upregulated in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 14(10):2854–6280
Rosenberg SA et al (1987) A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lym-phokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone. N Engl J Med 316(15):889–987
Yang JC, Rosenberg SA (1988) Current approaches to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 233:459–647
Dudley ME et al (2002) Cancer regression and autoimmu-nity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 298(5594):850–485
Dudley ME et al (2005) Adoptive cell transfer therapy following non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 23(10):2346–5237
Sparano JA et al (1993) Randomized phase III trial of treatment with high-dose interleukin-2 either alone or in combination with interferon alfa-2a in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 11(10):1969–7197
Keilholz U et al (1995) Interleukin-2-based immunother-apy and chemoimmunotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 139:383–930
Eton O et al (2000) A phase II study of “decrescendo” interleukin-2 plus interferon-alpha-2a in patients with progressive metastatic melanoma after chemotherapy. Cancer 88(7):1703–9170
Atkins MB (1998) Immunotherapy and experimental approaches for metastatic melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 12(4):877–902, viii
Schiller JH et al (1996) Eastern cooperative group trial of interferon gamma in metastatic melanoma: an innovative study design. Clin Cancer Res 2(1):29–36
Atkins MB et al (1997) Phase I evaluation of intravenous recombinant human interleukin 12 in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 3(3):409–147
Robertson MJ et al (2006) Clinical and biological effects of recombinant human interleukin-18 administered by intravenous infusion to patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12(14 Pt 1):4265–7423
Atallah E, Flaherty L (2005) Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 6(3):185–913
Hill GJ III, Krementz ET, Hill HZ (1984) Dimethyl triaz-eno imidazole carboxamide and combination therapy for melanoma. IV. Late results after complete response to chemotherapy (Central Oncology Group protocols 7130, 7131, and 7131A). Cancer 53(6):1299–3105
Serrone L et al (2000) Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: thirty-year experience overview. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 19(1):21–34
Middleton MR et al (2000) Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 18(1):158–616
Hwu WJ et al (2003) Phase II study of temozolomide plus thalidomide for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 21(17):3351–6335
Hwu WJ et al (2002) Temozolomide plus thalidomide in patients with advanced melanoma: results of a dose-finding trial. J Clin Oncol 20(11):2610–5261
Atkins MB (1997) The role of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents either alone or in combination with biological response modifiers. In: Kirkwood JK (ed) Molecular diagnosis, prevention & therapy of melanoma. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 219
Buzaid AC, Murren J (1992) Chemotherapy for advanced malignant melanoma. Int J Clin Lab Res 21(3):205–920
Del Prete SA et al (1984) Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, carmustine, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen in meta-static melanoma. Cancer Treat Rep 68(11):1403–5140
Legha SS et al (1989) A prospective evaluation of a triple-drug regimen containing cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacar-bazine (CVD) for metastatic melanoma. Cancer 64(10):2024–9202
Saba HI et al (1992) Treatment of stage IV malignant melanoma with dacarbazine, carmustine, cisplatin, and tamoxifen regimens: a University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Melanoma Center Study. Ann Plast Surg 28(1):65–96
Chapman PB et al (1999) Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 17(9):2745–5271
Chaudhuri PK et al (1980) Incidence of estrogen receptor in benign naevi and human malignant melanoma. JAMA 244(8):791–379
Conybeare RC (1964) Malignant melanoma and pregnancy: report of 3 Cases. Obstet Gynecol 24:451–445
Reimer RR, Costanzi J, Fabian C (1982) Southwest Oncology Group experience with tamoxifen in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Treat Rep 66(8):1680–1168
Cocconi G et al (1992) Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with dacarbazine plus tamoxifen. N Engl J Med 327(8):516–253
Creagan ET et al (1999) Phase III clinical trial of the combination of cisplatin, dacarbazine, and carmustine with or without tamoxifen in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 17(6):1884–9180
Kaufmann R et al (2005) Temozolomide in combination with interferon-alfa versus temozolomide alone in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma: a randomized, phase III, multicenter study from the Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 23(35):9001–7900
Falkson CI et al (1998) Phase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 16(5):1743–5171
Dummer R et al (1995) A multicenter phase II clinical trial using dacarbazine and continuous infusion interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma. Clinical data and immunomoni-toring. Cancer 75(4):1038–4104
Stoter G et al (1991) Sequential administration of recombi-nant human interleukin-2 and dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 9(9):1687–9161
Keilholz U et al (1997) Interferon alfa-2a and interleukin-2 with or without cisplatin in metastatic melanoma: a randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 15(7):2579–8258
Rosenberg SA et al (1999) Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol 17(3):968–795
Ridolfi R et al (2002) Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon alpha-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: results from an Italian multicenter phase III randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 20(6):1600–7160
Keilholz U et al (2005) Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and inter-feron-alfa-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J Clin Oncol 23(27):6747–5675
Bajetta E et al (2006) Multicenter phase III randomized trial of polychemotherapy (CVD regimen) versus the same chemotherapy (CT) plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol 17(4):571–757
Eton O et al (2002) Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 20(8):2045–5202
Atkins MB et al (2003) A prospective randomized phase III trial of concurrent biochemotherapy (BCT) with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (CVD), IL-2 and interferon alpha-2b (IFN) versus CVD alone in patients with metastatic melanoma (E3695): An ECOG-coordinated intergroup trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:708
Thurin J et al (1986) GD2 ganglioside biosynthesis is a distinct biochemical event in human melanoma tumor progression. FEBS Lett 208(1):17–22
Kirkwood JM, Moschos S, Wang W (2006) Strategies for the development of more effective adjuvant therapy of melanoma: current and future explorations of antibodies, cytokines, vaccines, and combinations. Clin Cancer Res 12(7 Pt 2):2331s–2336s
Chan AD, Morton DL (1998) Active immunotherapy with allogeneic tumor cell vaccines: present status. Semin Oncol 25(6):611–262
Faries MB, Morton DL (2005) Therapeutic vaccines for melanoma: current status. BioDrugs 19(4):247–620
Trakatelli M et al (2006) A new dendritic cell vaccine generated with interleukin-3 and interferon-beta induces CD8+ T cell responses against NA17-A2 tumor peptide in melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 55(4):469–744
Dillman RO, Selvan SR, Schiltz PM (2006) Patient-specific dendritic-cell vaccines for metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 355(11):1179–8111
Trakatelli M et al (2005) Immune characterization of clinical grade-dendritic cells generated from cancer patients and genetically modified by an ALVAC vector carrying MAGE minigenes. Cancer Gene Ther 12(6):552–955
Nawrocki S et al (2000) Genetically modified tumour vaccines (GMTV) in melanoma clinical trials. Immunol Lett 74(1):81–68
Soiffer R et al (2003) Vaccination with irradiated, autolo-gous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 21(17):3343–5330
Eisen T et al (2006) Sorafenib in advanced melanoma: a Phase II randomised discontinuation trial analysis. Br J Cancer 95(5):581–658
Flaherty KT (2006) Chemotherapy and targeted therapy combinations in advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 12(7 Pt 2):2366s–2370s
Agarwala SS et al (2007) Randomized phase III study of paclitaxel plus carboplatin with or without sorafenib as second-line treatment in patients with advanced melanoma. Proc Asco Annual Meeting Part I, J Clin Oncol 25(18S):8510
Further Reading
Eggermont AMM, Gore M (2002) European approach to adjuvant treatments of intermediate- and high-risk malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 29(4):382–388 (Review)
Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH et al (1992) Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127:392–399
Koskivuo I, Talve L, Vihinen P, Mäki M, Vahlberg T, Suominen E (2007) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: a case-control study. Ann Surg Oncol 14(12):3566–3574
Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Essner R, Elashoff R; Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group (2005) Interim results of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenec-tomy Trial (MSLT-I) in clinical stage I melanoma. J Clin Oncol Supplement ASCO meeting abstracts 23:7500;http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002511-00_18-0034-00_19-003013,00.asp
Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Mozzillo N, Elashoff R, Essner R, Nieweg OE, Roses DF, Hoekstra HJ, Karakousis CP, Reintgen DS, Coventry BJ, Glass EC, Wang HJ;MSLT Group (2006) Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 355(13):1307–1317
Thomas JM, Clark MA (2004) Selective lymphadenectomy in sentinel node-positive patients may increase the risk of local/ in-transit recurrence in malignant melanoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 30(6):686–691
Kretschmer L, Beckmann I, Thoms KM, Haenssle H, Bertsch HP, Neumann C (2005) Sentinel lymphonodectomy does not increase the risk of loco-regional cutaneous metastases of malignant melanomas. Eur J Cancer 41:531–538
van Poll D, Thompson JF, Colman MH et al (2005) A sentinel node biopsy does not increase the incidence of in-transit metastasis in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 12(8):597–608
Kang JC, Wanek LA, Essner R, Faries MB, Foshag LJ, Morton DL (2005) Sentinel lymphadenectomy does not increase the incidence of in-transit metastases in primary melanoma. J Clin Oncol 23(21):4764–4770
Pawlik TM, Ross MI, Thompson JF, Eggermont AMM, Gerschenwald JE (2005) The risk of in-transit metastasis depends on tumor biology and not the surgical approach to regional lymph nodes. J Clin Oncol 23:4588–9450
Eggermont AMM (2000) Adjuvant therapy of malignant melanoma and the role of sentinel node mapping. Recent Results Cancer Res 157:178–189
Voit C, Mayer T, Kron M et al (2001) Efficacy of ultrasound B-scan compared with physical examination in follow-up of melanoma patients. Cancer 91:2409–2416
Voit C, Schoengen A, Schwurzer-Voit M et al (2002) The role of ultrasound in detection and management of regional disease in melanoma patients. Semin Oncol 29:353–360
Eggermont AMM (2005) Reducing the need for sentinel node procedures by ultrasound examination of regional lymph nodes. Ann Surg Oncol 12(1):3–5
Voit C, Kron M, Schafer G, Schoengen A, Audring H, Lukowsky A, Schwurzer-Voit M, Sterry W, Winter H, Rademaker J (2006) Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology prior to sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 12:1682–1689
Voit CA, van Akkooi ACJ, Schaefer-Hesterberg G, Schoengen A, Sterry W, Eggermont AMM (2007) Reduction of need for operative sentinel node procedure in melanoma patients: fifty percent identification rate of sentinel node positivity by ultrasound (US)-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in 400 consecutive patients. Eur J Cancer — Supplements 5(6):11; abstract 3BA
Koops HS, Vaglini M, Suciu S, Kroon BB, Thompson JF, Gohl J, Eggermont AM, Di Filippo F, Krementz ET, Ruiter D, Lejeune FJ (1998) Prophylactic isolated limb perfusion for localized, high-risk limb melanoma: results of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group protocol 18832, the World Health Organization Melanoma Program Trial 15, and the North American Perfusion Group Southwest Oncology Group-8593. J Clin Oncol 9:2906–2912
Grünhagen DJ, Brunstein F, Graveland WJ, van Geel AN, de Wilt JHW, Eggermont AMM (2004) One hundred consecutive isolated limb perfusions with TNF-alpha and melphalan in melanoma patients with multiple in-transit metastases. Ann Surg 240:939–947
Grünhagen DJ, van Etten B, Brunstein F, Graveland WJ, van Geel AN, de Wilt JH, Eggermont AM (2005) Efficacy of repeat isolated limb perfusions with tumor necrosis factor alpha and melphalan for multiple in-transit metastases in patients with prior isolated limb perfusion failure. Ann Surg Oncol 12(8):597–608
Hsueh EC, Essner R, Foshag LJ, Ollila DW, Gammon G, O'Day SJ, Boasberg PD, Stern SL, Ye X, Morton DL (2002) Prolonged survival after complete resection of disseminated melanoma and active immunotherapy with a therapeutic cancer vaccine. J Clin Oncol 20(23):4549–4554
Livingston PO, Wong GY, Adluri S, Tao Y, Padavan M, Parente R, Hanlon C, Calves MJ, Helling F, Ritter G et al (1994) Improved survival in stage III melanoma patients with GM2 antibodies: a randomized trial of adjuvant vaccination with GM2 ganglioside. J Clin Oncol 5:1036–1044
Laber DA et al (2006) A phase II study of extended dose temozolo-mide and thalidomide in previously treated patients with meta-static melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 132(9):611–661
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trakatelli, M., Vries, E.d., Katsanos, G., Tzachanis, D., Eggermont, A. (2010). Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. In: Stockfleth, E., Rosen, T., Shumack, S. (eds) Managing Skin Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79347-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79347-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79346-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79347-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)