There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively.
Chapter PDF
Keywords
- Injection Drug User
- Male Circumcision
- Syringe Exchange
- Needle Exchange Program
- Triple Combination Therapy
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
AIDS Treatment News (1991) Travel/Immigration Ban: Background, Documentation. http://www.aids.org/atn/a-128-03.html. Accessed 5 December 2007.
Associated Press (1995) Senator Jesse Helms: Cut AIDS Funding. http://ww2.aegis.org/news/ap/1995/AP950702.html. Accessed 1 December 2007.
Associated Press (2007) Experimental AIDS vaccine falls short. 21 September 2007.
Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A (2005) Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 trial. PLoS Medicine 2:298.
Avilés Allende C (2007) Amplía Corte protección a militares con VIH. El Universal, 24 September 2007. http://www.el-universal.com.mx/notas/450935.html. Accessed 10 December 2007.
Bailey RC (2007) Male Circumcision: The Road from Evidence to Practice. Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Betteridge G (2007) Criminal law and HIV transmission or exposure: New cases and developments. HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review 12:40-44.
Burris, S (1999) Law as a structural factor in the spread of communicable disease. Houston Law Review 36:1755.
Burris S, Beletsky L, Burleson JA, Case P, Lazzarini Z (2007) Do Criminal Laws Influ-ence HIV Risk Behavior? An Empirical Trial. http://ssrn.com/abstract=977274. Accessed 5 November 2007.
Canadian AIDS Society (2004) HIV Disclosure & the Criminal Law in Canada. http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=24. Accessed 15 November 2007.
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2003) Supreme Court of Canada Decision in R v. Williams. http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=22. Accessed 25 November 2007.
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2007a) Canada’s Immigration Policy as it Affects People Living with HIV/AIDS, February 2007. http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=1254. Accessed 5 November 2007.
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2007b) A Human Rights-based Commentary on UNAIDS Guidance Note: HIV and Sex Work. http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/resources/A%20Human%20Rights-based%20Commentary%20on % 20UNAIDS %20Guidance % 20 on %20Sex%20Work%20&%20HIV-sept%2007.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2007.
Carballo M (2007) Communicable Diseases: Challenges for Health in the Age of Migra-tion. http://www.eu2007.min-saude.pt/NR/rdonlyres/84DA4983-F26D-4C53-899A-A91382C1FE1C/10624/Chpt4EU.PDF. Accessed 7 November 2007.
CHAI (2007) Q & A on Second-Line HIV/AIDS Treatment. http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/aids/2g/clinton-qa05082007.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2007 Cochrane J (2000) Zidovudine’s patent history. Lancet 356:1611-1612 Coffey S, Peiperl L (2006) Zidovudine. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=ar-01-01. Accessed 5 November 2007.
Dunham W (2007) AIDS virus weakness detected. Reuters, 14 February 2007
Economist (2006) Look to the future: The war against AIDS. The Economist, 19 August 2006.
Economist (2008) Net benefits: Giving bed nets and drugs away free may be the way to deal with malaria. The Economist, 31 January 2008.
Elliot R (2002) Criminal Law, Public Health and HIV Transmission: A Policy Options Paper. http://data.unaids.org/publications/IRC-pub02/JC733-CriminalLaw_en.pdf. Accessed 15 November 2007.
Elliott R, Gold J (2005) Protection against discrimination based on HIV/AIDS status in Canada: The legal framework. HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review 10:1.
Epstein H (2007) The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the Fight Against AIDS. London, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
French R, Brocklehurst P (1998) The effect of pregnancy on survival in women infected with HIV: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology VI: 105(IP: 8):827-835.
Global HIV Prevention Working Group (2007) Bringing HIV Prevention to Scale: An Urgent Global Priority. http://www.icaso.org/resources/bringing_HIV_prev_to_scale_2007. pdf. Accessed 5 November 2007.
GMHC (2006) To All HIV Positive Visitors Coming to the United States to Attend the 2006 High Level Meeting on AIDS. http://www.ua2010.org/index.php/en/content/download/2400/24423/file/2006%20High%20Level%20Meeting%20on% 20AIDS %20HIV %20Waiver.pdf. Accessed 25 November 2007.
Gratham N (2007) A Salute to the Sisters. Promise Fall/Winter 2007, St. Paul’s Found-ation.
Gruskin S, Mills E, Tarantola D (2007) History, principles and practice of health and human rights. Lancet 370:449-455.
Halperin D (2007) Evidence-Based Behavior Change HIV Prevention Approaches for Sub-Saharan Africa. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. http://www.harvardaidsprp.org/research/daniel-halperin-hupa-011707.pdf. Accessed 5 December 2007.
Hamied YK (2005) Trading in Death. Health Administrator XIX:1.
Hammer et al. (2006) Treatment for Adult HIV Infection: 2006 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 296:827-843.
Harvard School of Public Health Program on International Health and Human Rights (2006) HIV/AIDS and Gender-Based Violence (GBV), Literature Review. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pihhr/files/Final_Literature_Review.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2007.
Hulse C (2005) In Memoir, Jesse Helms Says He Was No Racist. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/31/politics/31helms.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Accessed 25 November 2007.
Human Rights Watch (2004) Lessons Not Learned: Human Rights Abuses and HIV/AIDS in the Russian Federation. http://hrw.org/reports/2004/russia0404/. Accessed 15 November 2007.
Human Rights Watch (2006) Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law. http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/. Accessed 8 November 2007.
Hulse C (2005) In Memoir, Jesse Helms Says He Was No Racist. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/31/politics/31helms.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Accessed 25 November 2007
Human Rights Watch (2004) Lessons Not Learned: Human Rights Abuses and HIV/AIDS in the Russian Federation. http://hrw.org/reports/2004/russia0404/. Accessed 15 November 2007.
Human Rights Watch (2006) Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law. http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/. Accessed 8 November 2007.
IB Times (2007) Gilead, Bristol-Myers to Market HIV Drug. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20071211/gilead-bristol-myers-to-market-hiv-drug.htm. Accessed5 November 2007
John Gill Smith and United States v. City of Philadelphia (2006) Settlement Order. http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/resources/settlement%20order-EMTS-Phila%20Nov%202006.pdf. Accessed 25 November 2007.
Jürgens R (2007) Increasing access to HIV testing and counseling while respecting human rights. New York, Public Health Program of the Open Society Institute.
Jürgens R, Cohen J (2007) Human Rights and HIV/AIDS: Now More Than Ever, 10 Reasons Why Human Rights Should Occupy the Center of the Global AIDS Struggle. Open Society Institute. http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/law/articles_publications/publications/human_20071017/nowmore_20070901.pdf. Accessed 12 November 2007.
Kelly C (2004) Conspiring to kill: gender-biased legislation, culture, and aids in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Law and Family Studies 6:439.
Kershaw S (2008) New HIV Cases Drop but Rise in Young Gay Men. www.nytimes.com. Accessed 2 January 2008.
Klein A (2007) Criminal law and HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review 12: 51-53.
Koch E (1987) Senator Helms’s Callousness Toward AIDS Victims. http://query.nytimes. com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DA1530F934A35752C1A961948260. Accessed 25 November 2007.
Latino Commission on AIDS (2007) The Latino Commission on AIDS Supports the HIV Nondiscrimination in Travel and Immigration Act. http://www.latinoaids.org/mediaadvisory/travel.htm. Accessed 11 November 2007.
Medina A, Reyes MA (2007) Discriminación por vivir con VIH: Fuerzas Armadas, a punto del revés, Letra S 128. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/03/01/ls-fuerzasarmadas.html. Accessed 2 December 2007.
Millett G, Peterson J (2007) The known hidden HIV/AIDS epidemic among Black men who have sex with men in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32:31-33.
Montefiori D et al. (2007) Antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine: Recent developments and future directions. PLoS Medicine 4:12.
NYC Health (2007) HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Research Unit Report, October 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/dires/dires-2007-research-report.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2007.
OECD (2006) OECD Health Data2006. http://www.oecd.org/health/healthdata. Accessed 5 January 2008
Ohio v. Bird(1998) Ohio State Court Appellate Amicus Brief. http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/resources/Larry%20Bird%20Amicus%20Appellate%20Brief.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2007
Oster E (2005) Sexually transmitted infections, sexual behavior, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Quarterly Journal of Economics120(2):467-514.
Park A (2007) Assessing a Failed AIDS Vaccine. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1681526,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topics. Accessed 12 December 2007.
Pearshouse R (2007) Mexico: Supreme court rules discharge of HIV-positive troops un-constitutional. HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review 12:47-48.
Peeters M, Sharp PM (2000) Genetic diversity of HIV-1: The moving target. AIDS 14:S129-S130.
Pérez-Casas C et al. (2000) HIV/AIDS Pricing Report. Médicins sans Frontières. http://www.bioltrop.fr/09-diagautre/durban-hiv.htm. Accessed 7 December 2007.
Perry A (2007) Seeds of Change in Rwanda. Time/CNN, 26 September 2007. http://www.ambassadorprograms.org/upcomingprograms /extensions /2008/time-rwanda.pdf. Ac-cessed 2 December 2007.
R v. Cuerrier (1998) 2 SCR 371, Supreme Court of Canada. http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/ en/1998/1998rcs2-371/1998rcs2-371.html. Accessed 12 December 2007.
R v. Williams (2003) 2 SCR 134, Supreme Court of Canada. http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/ en/2003/2003scc41/2003scc41.html. Accessed 22 December 2007.
SCJN (2007a) Sesión Pública Núm.27, Amparo en revisión510/2004. http://www.scjn.gob.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F8F3CE48-E2D1-4A3A-BEEE-594EA57353B0/0/276MARDE2007.pdf. Accessed 2 December 2007
SCJN (2007b) Sesión Pública Núm. 26, Amparo en revisión 510/2004. http://www.scjn.gob.mx/NR/rdonlyres/98EF667E-CF50-4ABB-AB9F-107ADF012927/0/265DEMARZODE 2007.pdf. Accessed 2 December 2007.
Singh JA, Govender M, Mills E (2007) Do human rights matter to health? Lancet 370:521-527.
State v. Jones (2000) New Mexico Court of Appeals, 129 NM 165. http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org /resources /State % 20v % 20 Jones % 20- %20 NM % 20spitting%20case-2000.pdf. Accessed 4 December 2007.
Tarantola D, Gruskin S(2007) New guidance on recommended HIV testing and couselling. Lancet 370:202-203
Tarwater J (2001) The tuberculosis & HIV debate in immigration law: Critical flaws in United States academic anti-exclusion arguments. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 15:357.
US Food and Drug Administration (2006) Guidance for Industry Fixed Dose Combina-tions, Co-Packaged Drug Products, and Single-Entity Versions of Previously Approved Antiretrovirals for the Treatment of HIV. http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/6360fnl.htm. Accessed 8 December 2007.
Weeks v. State(1992) Texas Court of Appeal,834 SW 2d 559. http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org /resources /partial %20case %20&resource %20 list-Lambda.pdf. Accessed 4 December 2007
Werner E (2007) Lawmakers, Gay-Rights Groups Protesting New HIV/AIDS Travel Rule in US. http//news.lp.findlaw.com/ap/o/55/12-11-2007/f0a90026bc21dacb.html. Accessed 2 December 2007
WHO (2006) Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy:A Report on “3 by 5” and Beyond. www.who.int/hiv/fullreportenhighres.pdf. Accessed9 December 2007
UNAIDS/IOM (2004) Statement on HIV/AIDS-Related Travel Restrictions. http//www.aegis.com/files/unaids/UNAIDSIOMon20travel20restrictions.pdf. Accessed 2 December 2007.
UNAIDS (2006) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp. Accessed 22 November 2007.
UNAIDS (2007) UNAIDS Guidance Note HIV and Sex Work. http://www.aids.md/files/library/2007/1144/unaids-guidance-note-hiv-sex-work-apr-2007.pdf. Accessed 2 December 2007.
Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P (2007) Systematic Review of Abstinence-Plus HIV Prevention Programs in High-Income Countries. PLoS Medicine 4:9.
United Nations (2007) International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: 2006 Consolidated Version. http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/jc1252-internguidelines_en.pdf. Accessed 5 December 2007.
Urbina I (2007) New Law Allows Needle Exchanges in Washington. http://www.nytimes.com. Accessed 27 December 2007.
World Health Organization (2003) Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy in Resouurce-Limited Setting: Treatment Guidelines for a Public Health Approach. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2007.
Zowall et al. (1994) Modeling Health Care Costs Attributable to HIV Infection and Coronary Heart Disease in Immigrants to Canada. In: Kaplan, Brandeau (eds) Modeling the AIDS Epidemic - Planning, Policy and Predictions. Raven Press, New York.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2008). The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights. In: Global Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78391-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78392-3
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)