Overview
In this chapter we briefly summarize the current situation of our knowledge of the primary cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth. We outline the essential properties of the low energy components of the radiation that is accessible to direct measurements and present spectra of hadrons (protons and nuclei), electrons, gamma rays and antimatter from balloon and satellite experiments, and predictions for neutrinos of anticipated galactic and extragalactic origin. Subsequently we discuss the high energy radiation that is responsible for air shower phenomena, whose composition and spectral features are still subject of debate. Much emphasis is given to the exploration of the dominating primary hadronic component, to the determination of the mass and energy of the shower initiating agents, that are at present only indirectly accessible via ground based observations, from which the relevant parameters are derived or estimated. We then discuss spectral features and irregularities, such as the knee(s), the ankle and the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff. Data from many different experiments are presented. The techniques employed are only outlined, as they are discussed in detail in the specific chapters as mentioned in the text. Topics like anisotropy, the Compton-Getting effect, time variation, propagation and sources of the radiation are outlined but not discussed at depth as they go well beyond the intended scope of this book. The vast field of gamma ray astronomy, which is originally a spin-off of air shower research, has rapidly developed into a separate fast growing discipline of its own. It is therefore only briefly touched on the side.
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Notes
- 1.
Electric fields and gravitational effects are usually disregarded when studying propagation.
- 2.
The event rate at 1 PeV is \(\sim 1\;\textrm{km}^{-2}\;\textrm{s}^{-1}\;\textrm{sr}^{-1}\) and at 1 EeV \(\sim 0.1\;\textrm{km}^{-2}\;\textrm{day}^{-1}\;\textrm{sr}^{-1}\).
- 3.
Gelmini et al. (2007) consider in their work extragalactic magnetic field strength as low as \(10^{-11}-10^{-9}\;\textrm{G}\).
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Grieder, P.K. (2010). Primary Cosmic Radiation and Astrophysical Aspects. In: Extensive Air Showers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76941-5_11
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