Abstract
Since the early 1950’s, European integration and security have become two sides of the same coin. From its very beginning, the West European integration process has been a structurally designed peace project. After two world wars, and following the logic of (neo)functional integration concepts (Mitrany 1943; Haas 1958,1964), the aim was to eliminate the chance of further wars between West European states. Thus, the process of supranational integration was intended to transform the anarchic structure of the West European state system into a “working peace system” (Mitrany 1943). As a consequence, a security community has emerged in Western Europe that has durably excluded force as a means of conflict resolution (Adler/Barnett 1998; Deutsch/Burrel/Kann/Lee/Lichterman/ Lindgren/Loewenheim/Van Wagenen 1957). In this sense, the process of West European integration has been a process of “desecuritization” characterized by a “progressive marginalization of mutual security concerns in favour of other issues” (WÆver 1998a: 69).
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References
As Baldwin points out, concepts “should not preclude empirical investigation by making true ‘by definition’ what should be open to empirical inquiry” (Baldwin 1997: 7). Similarly, Sjursen states that the “purpose is not to provide a substantive concept of security policy, but rather a conceptual frame that enables us to theoretically account for changes to security policy without at the outset determining its normative content” (Sjursen 2004a: 3). Elsewhere Sjursen (2004b: 60) criticizes that many studies would not distinguish between empirical and normative aspects of security.
See: Baldwin (1997: 12–18): Security for whom? Security for which values? How much security? From what threats? By what means? At what cost? In what time period?
See: MØller (2003: 278–279): Security for whom? Security of what? Security from whom (or what)? Security from what? Security by whom? Security by which means?
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Treaty on European Union (Maastricht), 1992, Title V, Art. J.I, 2; Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union (Amsterdam), 1997, Title V, Art. 11, 1; Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union (Nice), 2001, Title V, Art. 11, 1.
Treaty on European Union (Maastricht), 1992, Title V, Art. J.I, 2; Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union (Amsterdam), 1997, Title V, Art. 11, 1; Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union (Nice), 2001, Title V, Art. 11, 1; see also Single European Act, 1986, Preamble.
See: Giuliano Amato: Speech at the Humboldt University in Berlin, 7 May 2001. In 1995 the Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union characterized the EU as the “cornerstone of peace in Europe”; see WEU 1995: 1.
With the Maastricht treaty not only the EU citizenship was introduced, but also the protection of EU citizens in third countries by embassies of other member states. The so-called ‘Petersberg tasks’, which were drafted by the WEU in 1992 and integrated into the EU treaties in 1997 (Amsterdam), include military rescue operations for the protection of EU citizens. Likewise, the 1995 security strategy of the WEU gave high priority to the “security of European citizens in the world” (WEU 1995).
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See: Council of the EU/ European Commission 2000: “Poverty, and the exclusion which it creates, are the root causes of conflict and are endangering the stability and security of too many countries and regions.”
See: Solana, op. cit., 20 June 2001.
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Javier Solana: “Europe: Security in the Twenty-First Century”, The Olof Palme Memorial Lecture, Stockholm, 20 June 2001.
For example terrorism had been discussed since the 1970’s, firstly on expert level, later within the intergovernmental “Trevi framework” (Smith 2004: 142).
”Climate change represents perhaps the most challenging environmental problem of all” (European Commission 2001a: 18; see also European Commission 2001e).
In a Communication to the Council and the European Parliament, the European Council indicates “HIV/ AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis” as “major poverty diseases” and dangers to “human security and human rights” (European Commission 2004a).
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See “Regulation (EC) concerning action against anti-personnel landmines in third countries other than developing countries”, Regulation (EC) N‡1725/2001, 23 July 2001, in: Official Journal of the European Communities, Brussels, 1 September 2001.
This accounts especially for the CFSP. Enhancing its efficiency and coherence were constant objectives of the Intergovernmental Conferences in Amsterdam (Wessels 1997) and Nice (Wessels 2001), and of the European Convention (Risse 2003a; Wessels 2004).
See Single European Act, February 1986, Preamble.
See Treaty on European Union (Maastricht), 1992, Title V, Art. J.I.
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Treaty on European Union (Maastricht), 1992, Title V, Art. J.I.
Ibid., Title V, Art. J.2.
Ibid.
“Humanitarian and rescue tasks; peacekeeping tasks; tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking” (WEU 1992).
See “Joint declaration on European defence”, British-French summit, St Malo, 3–4 December 1998.
Javier Solana: “Europe: Security in the Twenty-First Century”, Stockholm 20 June 2001.
Madeleine Albright: “Die NATO muss grö\er und flexibler werden”, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 7 December 1998.
Javier Solana: “Europe: Security in the Twenty-First Century ”, Stockholm 20 June 2001.
Solana, op.cit., 20 June 2001.
Javier Solana: “Die Rolle Europas in der Welt”, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 20 September 2003; translation by the author.
Javier Solana: “An intelligent war on terror”, in: The Jordan Times, 10 November 2004.
See also the “Joint Declaration by the Heads of State and Government of the European Union, The President of the European Parliament, The President of the European Commission, and the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy”, Brussels, 14 September 2001.
See: Javier Solana: “An intelligent war on terror”, in: The Jordan Times, 10 November 2004. In another article Solana stated that: “No cause justifies terrorism, but nothing justifies ignoring the causes of terrorism.” Javier Solana: “Three ways for Europe to prevail against the terrorists”, in: Financial Times, 25 March 2004: see European Council 2004.
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Hintermeier, S. (2008). Reconceptualization of External Security in the European Union since 1990. In: Brauch, H.G., et al. Globalization and Environmental Challenges. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75977-5_51
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