Abstract
According to most authors, the incidence of infectious and parasitogenic diseases rises worldwide, despite the fact that new methods of treatment and creation of new antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs have appeared (Yakhno and Shtulman 2003; Whitemann et al. 2002). This increase is partially supposed to be due to increasing incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and due to use of immunosuppressive drugs in cancer therapy and organ transplantation. The incidence of life-threatening CNS infections may be connected with several adverse factors, such as presence within the focus of infection, open brain injury, liquorrhea, sinusitis, otitis, etc., especially in immunodeficient patients. Early diagnosis is crucial in these cases. In addition to thorough neurological and laboratory (CSF tests) examinations performed, neuroimaging techniques, such as CT and MRI are very helpful.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akzuki S, Nakazato O, Higuichi Y et al (1987) Necropsy findings in HTML-1 associated myelopathy. Lancet 1:156–157
Atlas S (2002) MRI of the brain and spine, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1099–1173
Aviv R, Benseler S, Silverman E et al (2006) MR imaging and angiography of primary CNS vasculitis of childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:192–199
Bale J, Morph J (1992) Congenital infections and the vervous system. Pediatr Clin North Am 39:669–690
Barkovich A (2000) Pediatric neuroimaging, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p 850
Barnes P, Poussaint T, Burrows P (1994) Imaging of pediatric central nervous system infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 4:2:367–391
Belyakov V, Iafaev R (1989) [Epidemiology.] Medicine, Moscow (in Russian)
Bernaerts A, Vanhoenacker F, Parizel P et al (2003) Tuberculosis of the CNS: overview of neuroradiological findings. Eur Radiol 13:1876–1890
Bhatia R, Tandon P, Banerji A (1973) Brain abscess: an analysis of 55 cases. Int Surg 58:565–568
Burtscher I, Holtas S (1999) In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of untreated and treated brain abscesses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:1049–1053
Carcia-Monco J (1999) Central nervous system tuberculosis. Neurol Clin 17:737–759
Cho S Lee D, Hong S, Oh W (2007) Intracranial aspergillosis involving the internal auditory canal and inner ear in an immunocompetent patient. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:38–140
Dastur D, Manghani D, Udani P (1995) Pathology and pathogenetic mechanisms in neurotuberculosis. Radiol Clin North Am 33:733–752
Davenport C, Dillon W, Sze G (1992) Neuroradiology of the immunosupressed state. Radiol Clin North Am 30:611–637
Davis L, Kornfeld M (1991) Neurocysticercosis: neurologic, pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Eur Neurol 31:229–240
Demir K, Karsli A, Kaya T et al (1991) Cerbaral hydatid cyst: CT findings. Neurology 33:22–24
Dev R, Gupta R, Poptani H et al (1998) Role of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis and management of brain abscesses. Neurosurgery 42:37–42
Dietz R, Schanen G, Kramann B et al (1991) Intracranial amebic abscesses: CT and MR findings. J Compu Asisst Tomogr 15:168–170
Ebisu T, Tanaka C, Umeda M et al (1996) Discrimination of brain abscess from necrotic or cystic tumors by diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 14:1113–1116
Engin G, Acuna B, Acuna G et al (2000) Imaging of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Radiographics 20:471–488
Escobar A (1983) The pathology of neurocysticercosis. In: Palacios E, Rodrigues-Carbajal J, Taveras J (eds) Cysticercosis of the CNS. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 27–54
Gaviani P, Schwartz R, Herley-Whyte E et al (20005) Diffusion-weighted imaging of fungal cerebral infection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1115–1121
Girard N, Zimmerman RA (2000) Infectious and inflammatory diseases of brain and spinal cord. In: Zimmerman R, Gibby W, Carmody R (eds) Neuroimaging: clinical and physical principles. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 909–950
Hara Y, Takahashi M, Ueno S et al (1988) MRI of the brain in myelopathy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:750–754
Hawk M, Shahlaie K, Kim K et al (2005) Neurocysticercosis: a review. Surg Neurol. 63:123–132
Jarvik J, Lenkinski R, Grossman R et al (1993) Proton spectroscopy of HIV-infected patients: characterization of abnormalities with imaging and clinical correlation. Radiology 186:739–744
Jinkins, J Gupta R, Chang K et al (1995) MRI of CNS tuberculosis. Radiol Clin North Am 33:771–786
Jubelt B (1984) Enterovirus and mumps virus infections of the nervous system. Neurol Clin 2:187–207
Kellinghaus C, Schilling M, Ludemann P (2004) Neurosarcoidosis: clinical experience and diagnostic pitfalls. Eur Neurol 51:84–88
Kobayashi G, Fungi D (1980) In: Davis B, Dulbecco R, Eisen H et al (eds) Microbiology. Harper and Row, New York pp 817–850
Konovalov AN, Kornienko VN, Ozerova VI, Pronin IN (2001) [Pediatric neuroradiology.] Antodor, Moscow
Kumar R, Jain R, Kaur A et al (2000) Brain stem tuberculosis in children. Br J Neurosurg 14:356–361
Lai P, Kun T, Shu S et al (2005) Pyogenic brain abscess: findings from in vivo 1.5-T and 11.7-T in vitro proton MRS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:279–288
Laubenberger J, Haussinger D, Bayer S et al (1996) HIV-related metabolic abnormalities in the brain: detection with proton MR spectroscopy with short echo times. Radiology 199:805–810
Leestma J (1985) Viral infections of the nervous system. In: Davis R, Robenson D (eds) Textbook of neuropathology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 704–787
Lexa F, Grossman R (1994) MR of sarcoidosis in the head and spine spectrum of manifestations and radiographic response to steroid therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15:973–982
Lobzin Yu, Antonov V, Kozlov S (1996) Lyme disease—tick borreliosis. Medicine, St. Petersburg, p 57 (in Russian)
Lyke K, Obasanjo O, Williams M et al (2001) Ventriculitis complicating use of intraventricular catheters in adult neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis 33:2028–2033
Lyons R, Andriole V (1986) Fungal infections of the CNS. Neurol Clin 4:159–170
Mathews V, Alo P, Glass J et al (1992) AIDS-related CNS cryptococcosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 13:1477–1486
Menon V, Gogoi M, Saxena R (2004) Isolated “one-and-a-half syndrome” with brainstem tuberculoma. Ind J Pediatr 71:469–471
Mirfakharee M, Crofford M, Guinto F et al (1986) Virchow-Robin space: a path of spread in neurosarcoidosis. Radiology 158:715–720
Navia B, Gonzalez R (1997) Functional imaging of the AIDS dementia complex and the metabolic pathology of the HIV-1 infected brain. Neuroimag Clin North Am 7:431–445
Osborn A et al (2004) Diagnostic imaging. Brain. Amirsys, Manitoba, SK, p 910
Osenbach R, Loftus C (1992) Diagnosis and management of brain abscesses. Neurosurg Clin North Am 3:403–420
Palmer P (ed) (2002) Tuberculosis of CNS. In: The imaging of tuberculosis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 125–133
Phuttharak W, Hesslink S, Wixon C (2005) MR features of cerebral aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient: correlation with histology and elemental analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:835–838
Popovich M, Arthur R, Helmer E (1990) CT of intracranial cryptococcosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11:139–142
Porter S, Sande V (1993) Toxoplasmosis of the CNS in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 2:1643–1648
Post M, Hoffman T (1984) Cerebral inflammatory disease. Neuroradiology 4:525–594
Pronin I, Kornienko V, Podoprigopa A et al (2002) Complex MR imaging of brain abscesses. J Vopr Neurosurg 1:7–11 (in Russian)
Provenzale J, Jinkins J (1997) Brain and spine imaging findings in AIDS patients. Radiol Clin North Am 35:1127–1166
Ramsey R, Geremia G (1988) CNS complications of AIDS: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 151:449–454
Reichman R (1978) Neurological complications of varicella-zoster infections. Herpes zoster varicella infections. Am Intern Med 89:375–388
Rosenblatt J, Chen I, Wachsman W (1988) Infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-II: evolving concepts. Semin Hematol 25:230–246
Schroth G, Gawehn J, Thron A et al (1987) Early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by MRI. Neurology 37:179–183
Sharma A, Goyal M, Mishra N et al (1997) MRI of tubercular spinal arachnoiditis. Am J Roentgenol 168:807–812
Shaw D, Cohen W (1993) Viral infections of the CNS in children: imaging features. AJR Am J Radiol 160:125–133
Singh P, Kochhar R, Vashishta R et al (2006) Amoebic meningoencephalitis: spectrum of imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1217–1221
Smith J, Matheus M, Castillo M (2004) Imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:289–295
Srikanth S, Taly A, Nagarajan K et al (2007) Clinicoradiological features of tuberculosis meningitis in patients over 50 years of age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 78:536–538
Sze G, Zimmermann R (1988) The MRI of infections and inflammatory diseases. Radiol Clin North Am 26:839–859
Sze G, Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D et al (1987) The neuroradiology of the AIDS. Semin Roentgenol 22:42–53
Thurnher M, Schindler E, Thurnher S et al (2000) Highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients with AIDS dementia complex: effect on MRI findings and clinical course. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:670–678
Tien R, Chu P, Hesselink J et al (1991) Intracranial cryptococcosis in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR findings in 29 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12:283–289
Tien R, Feldberg G, Osumi A (1993) Herpes virus infections of the CNS: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 161:167–176
Tolly T, Wells R, Sty J (1989) MR features of fleeting CNS lesions associated with Epstein-Barr infection. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:665–668
Uysal G, Kose G, Guven A, Diren B, (2001) MRI in diagnosis of childhood central nervous system tuberculosis. Infection 29:148–153
Weeks J, Helton K, Conley M et al (2006) Diffuse CNS vasculopathy with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:884–886
Weinman D, Samarasingue H (1972) Subdural empyema. Aust N Z J Surg 41:324–330
Whiteman M, Bowen B, Post M, Bell M (2002) Intracranial infections. In: Atlas W (ed) Intracranial infection in MRI of the brain and spine, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1099–1175
Wiley C, Nelson J (1988) Role of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus in AIDS encephalitis. Ann J Pathol 133:73-81
Yakhno N, Schtulmann D (2003) Nervous system disorders. Manual for physicians in 2 vols. vol 1, 3rd edn. Medicine, Moscow, p 744 (in Russian)
Zayats R, Rachkovskaya I, Karpov I (2002) Basis of general and medical parasitology. Rostov-na-Donu. Phenix, p 224 (in Russian)
Zhuchenko D (1963) Metastatic brain abscesses. Medicine, Moscow, p 251 (in Russian)
Zimmenmann R, Bilaniuk L, Sze G (1987) Intracranial infection. In: Brant-Zawadzki M, Norton D (eds) MRI of the central nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 235–257
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2009). Intracranial Infections. In: Diagnostic Neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75653-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75653-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75652-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75653-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)