Abstract
Through several decades many different models of prosthetic artificial heart valves (PHV) have been designed and optimized in order to enhance hemodynamic properties. These properties are not only material dependent but the major influence results from the mechanical assembly of the particular PHV. For the experimental assessment of the flow through such PHVs particle image velocimetry (PIV) is already an accepted method [1] due to its noninvasive optical approach and accuracy. Here, we present various modifications of PIV in order to explain, compare and realize which method is the most suitable for the quantification of such flows. The choice of the experimental procedure for testing the PHVs is strongly dependent on the optical access of the designed in-vitro testing loops simulating the human heart and vascular system. The hardware demand and its configuration for, e.g., stereoscopic PIV is much more complex than standard 2D PIV, therefore the conditions and design of the testing loop have to be realized to allow the desired flow measurement. The flow in heart valves as an unsteady periodically generated flow, can be obtained by averaged phaselocked or measurements with high temporal. The properties, advantages and drawbacks of specific PIV techniques to visualize the flow behind a PHV will be discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. Grigioni, C. Daniele, G. D'Avenio, U. Morbiducci, C. {Del Gaudio}, M. Abbate, D. D. Meo: Innovative technologies for the assessment of cardiovascular medical devices: {state} of the art techniques for artificial heart valves testing, Expert Rev. Med. Dev. 1, 89–101 (2004)
L. H. Edmunds, Jr.: Is prosthetic valve thrombogenicity related to design or material?, Texas Heart Inst. J. 23, 7 (1996)
A. Renzulli, G. Ismeno, R. Bellitti, D. Casale, M. Festa, G. A. Nappi, M. Cotrufo: Long-term results of heart valve replacement with bileaflet prostheses, J. Cardiov. Sur. 38, 241–247 (1997)
D. Bluestein, W. Yin, K. Affeld, J. Jesty: Flow-induced platelet activation in mechanical heart valves, J. Heart Valve Dis. 13, 8 (2004)
D. Bluestein, Y. M. Li, I. B. Krukenkamp: Free emboli formation in the wake of bi-leaflet mechanical heart valves and the effects of implantation techniques, J. Biomech. 35, 1533–1540 (2002)
M. Grigioni, U. Morbiducci, G. D'Avenio, G. D. Benedetto, C. {Del Gaudio}: Proposal for a new formulation of the power law mathematical model for blood trauma prediction, Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 4, 249–260 (2005)
M. Grigioni, C. Daniele, U. Morbiducci, G. D'Avenio, G. D. Benedetto, V. Barbaro: The power law mathematical model for blood damage prediction: {Analytical} developments and physical inconsistencies, J. Artif. Organs 28, 467–475 (2004)
A. A. Fontaine, J. T. Ellis, T. M. Healy, J. Hopmeyer, A. P. Yoganathan: Identification of peak stresses in cardiac prostheses. a comparison of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional principal stress analysis., ASAIO J. 42, 3 (1996)
V. Barbaro, M. Grigioni, C. Daniele, G. D'Avenio, G. Boccanera: 19 mm sized bileaflet valve prostheses' flow field investigated by bidimensional laser {Doppler} anemometry (part {I}: {Velocity} profiles), Int. J. Artif. Organs 20, 622–8 (1997)
J. T. Ellis, T. M. Healy, A. A. Fontaine, M. W. Weston, C. A. Jarret, R. Saxena, A. P. Yoganathan: An in vitro investigation of the retrograde flow fields of two bileaflet mechanical heart valves, J. Heart Valve Dis. 5, 600–606 (1996)
R. J. Adrian: Particle-imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23, 261–304 (1991)
A. K. Prasad, R. J. Adrian, C. C. Landreth, P. W. Offutt: Effect of resolution on the speed and accuracy of particle image velocimetry interrogation, Exp. Fluids 13, 105–116 (1992)
M. Marassi, P. Castellini, M. Pinotti, L. Scalise: Cardiac valve prosthesis flow performances measured by {2D} and {3D}-stereo particle image velocimetry, Exp. Fluids 36, 176–186 (2004)
M. Rossi, U. Morbiducci, L. Scalise: Laser based measurement techniques applied to the study of prosthetic mechanical heart valves fluid dynamics, Int. J. Artif. Organs 28 (2005)
R. Kaminsky, M. Rossi, U. Morbiducci, L. Scalise, P. Castellini, S. Kallweit, P. Verdonck, M. Grigioni: {3D PIV} measurement of prosthetic heart valves fluid dynamics, Int. J. Artif. Organs 28 (2005)
R. Kaminsky, M. Rossi, U. Morbiducci, L. Scalise, P. Castellini, S. Kallweit, P. Verdonck, M. Grigioni: Time resolved {PIV} technique for high temporal resolution measurements of prosthetic heart valves fluid dynamics, in ESAO, XXXIIth Annual Congress (2005)
A. K. Prasad, R. J. Adrian: Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry applied to liquid flows, Exp. Fluids 15, 49–60 (1993)
N. Westerhof, G. Elzinga: Pressure and flow generated by the left ventricule against different impedances, Circ. Res. 32, 178–186 (1973)
L. J. Temple, R. Serafin, N. G. Calvert, J. M. Drabble: Principle of fluid mechanics applied to some situations in the human circulation and particularly to testing of valves in a pulse duplicator, Thorax 19, 261 (1964)
M. Wernet: Symmetric phase only filtering: {A} new paradigm for {D{PIV}} data processing, Meas. Sci. Technol. 16, 601–618 (2005)
F. Scarano: Iterative image deformation methods in {PIV}, Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, R1–R19 (2002)
F. Scarano: On the stability of iterative {PIV} image interrogation methods, in 12th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics (2004)
P. Thévenaz, T. Blu, M. Unser: Image interpolation and resampling, in I. N. Bankman (Ed.): Handbook of Medical Imaging, Processing & Analysis (Academic Press, San Diego 2000) pp. 393–420
S. M. Soloff, R. J. Adrian, Z. C. Liu: Distortion compensation for generalized stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, Meas. Sci. Technol. 8, 1441–145 (1997)
W. L. Lim, Y. T. Chew, T. C. Chew, H. T. Low: Pulsatile flow studies of a porcine bioprosthetic aortic valve in vitro: {PIV} measurements and shear-induced blood damage, J. Biomech. 34, 1417–27 (2001)
P. Browne, A. Ramuzat, R. Saxena, A. P. Yoganathan: Experimental investigation of the steady flow downstream of the {St. Jude} bileaflet heart valve: a comparison between laser {Doppler} velocimetry and particle image velocimetry techniques, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 28, 39–47 (2000)
D. Bluestein, E. Rambod, M. Gharib: Vortex shedding as a mechanism for free emboli formation in mechanical heart valves, J. Biomech. Eng. 122, 125–34 (2000)
C. Brucker, U. Steinseifer, W. Schroder, H. Reul: Unsteady flow through a new mechanical heart valve prosthesis analysed by digital particle image velocimetry, Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, 1043–1049 (2002)
K. B. Manning, V. Kini, A. A. Fontaine, S. Deutsch, J. M. Tarbell: Regurgitant flow field characteristics of the {St. Jude} bileaflet mechanical heart valve under physiologic pulsatile flow using particle image velocimetry, Int. J. Artif. Organs 27, 6 (2003)
R. Kaminsky, U. Morbiducci, M. Rossi, L. Scalise, P. Verdonck, M. Grigioni: Time resolved {PIV} technique allows a high temporal resolution measurement of mechanical prosthetic aortic valves fluid dynamics, Int. J. Artif. Organs 30 (2007)
J. S. Liu, P. C. Lu, S. H. Chu: Turbulence characteristics downstream of bileaflet aortic valve prostheses, J. Biomech. Eng. 122, 118–24 (2000)
H. L. Leo, L. P. Dasi, J. Carberry, H. A. Simon, A. P. Yoganathan: Fluid dynamic assessment of three polymeric heart valves using particle image velocimetry, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34, 936–952 (2006)
U. Morbiducci, G. D'Avenio, C. {Del Gaudio}, M. Grigioni: Testing requirements for steroscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of mechanical heart valves fluid dynamics, in Proc. III Workshop BioFluMen (2004) pp. 21–27
M. Grigioni, U. Morbiducci, G. D'Avenio, D. D. Meo, C. {Del Gaudio}: Laser techniques to study prosthetic heart valves fluid dynamics, in Recent Research Developments in Biomechanics (Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum 2005) pp. 79–106
O. Uzol, C. Camci: The effect of sample size, turbulence intensity and the velocity field on the experimental accuracy of ensemble averaged {{PIV}} measurements, in 4th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaminsky, R. et al. (2007). PIV Measurements of Flows in Artificial Heart Valves. In: Particle Image Velocimetry. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 112. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73528-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73528-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73527-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73528-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)