Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Natural Computing Series ((NCS))

Abstract

The issue of setting the values of various parameters of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is crucial for good performance. One way to do it is by controlling EA parameters on-the-fly, which can be done in various ways and for various parameters. We briefly review these options in general and present the findings of a literature search and some statistics about themost popular options. Thereafter, we provide three case studies indicating a high potential for uncommon variants. In particular, we recommend focusing on parameters regulating selection and population size, rather than those concerning crossover and mutation. On the technical side, the case study on adjusting tournament size shows by example that global parameters can also be selfadapted, and that heuristic adaptation and pure self-adaptation can be successfully combined into a hybrid of the two.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. P.J. Angeline. Adaptive and self-adaptive evolutionary computations. In Computational Intelligence, pages 152–161. IEEE Press, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Arabas, Z. Michalewicz, and J. Mulawka. GAVaPS – a genetic algorithm with varying population size. In Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pages 73–78. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  3. D.V. Arnold. Evolution strategies with adaptively rescaled mutation vectors. In 2005 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC’2005), pages 2592–2599. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  4. T. Bäck. The interaction of mutation rate, selection, and self-adaptation within a genetic algorithm. In Männer and Manderick [40], pages 85–94

    Google Scholar 

  5. T. Bäck. Self adaptation in genetic algorithms. In F.J. Varela and P. Bourgine, editors, Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Artificial Life, pages 263–271. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  6. T. Bäck. Self-adaptation. In T. Bäck, D.B. Fogel, and Z. Michalewicz, editors, Evolutionary Computation 2: Advanced Algorithms and Operators, Chapter 21, pages 188–211. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  7. T. Bäck, A.E. Eiben, and N.A.L. van der Vaart. An empirical study on GAs “without parameters”. In Schoenauer et al. [46], pages 315–324

    Google Scholar 

  8. T. Bäck and Z. Michalewicz. Test landscapes. In T. Bäck, D.B. Fogel, and Z. Michalewicz, editors, Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, Chapter B2.7, pages 14–20. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, and Oxford University Press, New York, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  9. Th. Bäck and M. Schütz. Intelligent mutation rate control in canonical genetic algorithms. In Zbigniew W. Ras and Maciej Michalewicz, editors, Foundations of Intelligent Systems, 9th International Symposium, ISMIS ’96, Zakopane, Poland, June 9-13, 1996, Proceedings, volume 1079 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 158–167. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Davidor, H.-P. Schwefel, and R. Männer, editors. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, number 866 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  11. L. Davis. Adapting operator probabilities in genetic algorithms. In J.D. Schaffer, editor, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pages 61–69. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  12. A.E. Eiben, T. Bäck, M. Schoenauer, and H.-P. Schwefel, editors. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, number 1498 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  13. A.E. Eiben, R. Hinterding, and Z. Michalewicz. Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 3(2):124–141, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. A.E. Eiben and M. Jelasity. A critical note on experimental research methodology in EC. In Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC’2002), pages 582–587. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  15. A.E. Eiben, E. Marchiori, and V.A. Valko. Evolutionary algorithms with on-the-fly population size adjustment. In X. Yao et al., editor, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN VIII, number 3242 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 41–50. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  16. A.E. Eiben, Z. Michalewicz, M. Schoenauer, and J.E. Smith. Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms. In Lobo, Fernando G., Lima, Cláudio F. and Michalewicz, Zbigniew, editors, Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer, 2007, pages 19–46

    Google Scholar 

  17. A.E. Eiben, M.C. Schut, and A.R. deWilde. Boosting genetic algorithms with (self-) adaptive selection. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 2006, pages 1584–1589

    Google Scholar 

  18. A.E. Eiben and J.E. Smith. Introduction to Evolutionary Computing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2003

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Eriksson and B. Olsson. On the performance of evolutionary algorithms with life-time adaptation in dynamic fitness landscapes. In 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC’2004), pages 1293–1300. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  20. L.J. Eshelman, editor. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  21. H.-G. Beyer et al., editor. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2005). ACM, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. Fernandes and A. Rosa. Self-regulated population size in evolutionary algorithms. In Th.-P. Runarsson, H.-G. Beyer, E. Burke, J.-J. Merelo-Guervos, L. Darell Whitley, and X. Yao, editors, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN IX, number 4193 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 920–929. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  23. D.B. Fogel. Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  24. A.S. Fukunga. Restart scheduling for genetic algorithms. In Eiben et al. [12], pages 357–366

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Gorges-Schleuter. A comparative study of global and local selection in evolution strategies. In Eiben et al. [12], pages 367–377

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. Gottlieb and N. Voss. Adaptive fitness functions for the satisfiability problem. In Schoenauer et al. [46], pages 621–630

    Google Scholar 

  27. Georges R. Harik and Fernando G. Lobo. A parameter-less genetic algorithm. In Wolfgang Banzhaf et al., editor, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, volume 1, pages 258–265. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  28. I. Harvey. The saga-cross: the mechanics of recombination for species with variable-length genotypes. In Männer and Manderick [40], pages 269–278

    Google Scholar 

  29. R. Hinterding, Z. Michalewicz, and T.C. Peachey. Self-adaptive genetic algorithm for numeric functions. In Voigt et al. [58], pages 420–429

    Google Scholar 

  30. C.W. Ho, K.H. Lee, and K.S. Leung. A genetic algorithm based on mutation and crossover with adaptive probabilities. In 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC’1999), pages 768–775. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  31. T. Jansen. On the analysis of dynamic restart strategies for evolutionary algorithms. In J.J. Merelo Guervos, P. Adamidis, H.-G. Beyer, J.-L. Fernandez-Villacanas, and H.-P. Schwefel, editors, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, number 2439 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 33–43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  32. B.A. Julstrom. What have you done for me lately?: Adapting operator probabilities in a steady-state genetic algorithm. In Eshelman [20], pages 81–87

    Google Scholar 

  33. Y. Katada, K. Okhura, and K. Ueda. An approach to evolutionary robotics using a genetic algorithm with a variable mutation rate strategy. In Yao et al. [61], pages 952–961

    Google Scholar 

  34. S. Kazarlis and V. Petridis. Varying fitness functions in genetic algorithms: studying the rate of increase of the dynamics penalty terms. In Eiben et al. [12], pages 211–220

    Google Scholar 

  35. N. Krasnogor and J.E. Smith. Emergence of profitable search strategies based on a simple inheritance mechanism. In Spector et al. [55], pages 432–439

    Google Scholar 

  36. C.-Y. Lee and E.K. Antonsson. Adaptive evolvability via non-coding segment induced linkage. In Spector et al. [55], pages 448–453

    Google Scholar 

  37. M. Lee and H. Takagi. Dynamic control of genetic algorithms using fuzzy logic techniques. In S. Forrest, editor, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pages 76–83. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Lis. Parallel genetic algorithm with dynamic control parameter. In Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pages 324–329. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  39. H. Lu and G.G. Yen. Dynamic population size in multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. In 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC’2002), pages 1648–1653. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. Männer and B. Manderick, editors. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  41. K.E. Mathias, J.D. Schaffer, L.J. Eshelman, and M. Mani. The effects of control parameters and restarts on search stagnation in evolutionary programming. In Eiben et al. [12], pages 398–407

    Google Scholar 

  42. Z. Michalewicz. Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 3rd edition, 1996

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  43. C.L. Ramsey, K.A. de Jong, J.J. Grefenstette, A.S. Wu, and D.S. Burke. Genome length as an evolutionary self-adaptation. In Eiben et al. [12], pages 345–353

    Google Scholar 

  44. C. Reis, J.A. Tenreiro Machado and J. Boaventura Cunha. Fractional dynamic fitness functions for ga-based circuit design. In Beyer et al. [12], pages 1571–1572

    Google Scholar 

  45. D. Schlierkamp-Voosen and H. Mühlenbein. Strategy adaptation by competing subpopulations. In Davidor et al. [21], pages 199–209

    Google Scholar 

  46. M. Schoenauer, K. Deb, G. Rudolph, X. Yao, E. Lutton, J.J. Merelo, and H.-P. Schwefel, editors. Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, number 1917 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  47. H.-P. Schwefel. Numerische Optimierung von Computer-Modellen mittels der Evolutionsstrategie, volume 26 of ISR. Birkhaeuser, Basel/Stuttgart, 1977

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. I. Sekaj. Robust parallel genetic algorithms with re-initialisation. In Yao et al. [61], pages 411–419

    Google Scholar 

  49. J.E. Smith. Self Adaptation in Evolutionary Algorithms. PhD Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  50. J.E. Smith and T.C. Fogarty. Adaptively parameterised evolutionary systems: Self adaptive recombination and mutation in a genetic algorithm. In Voigt et al. [58], pages 441–450

    Google Scholar 

  51. J.E. Smith and T.C. Fogarty. Operator and parameter adaptation in genetic algorithms. Soft Computing, 1(2):81–87, 1997

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. R.E. Smith and E. Smuda. Adaptively resizing populations: Algorithm, analysis and first results. Complex Systems, 9(1):47–72, 1995

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  53. W.M. Spears. Adapting crossover in evolutionary algorithms. In J.R. McDonnell, R.G. Reynolds, and D.B. Fogel, editors, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, pages 367–384. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  54. W.M. Spears. Evolutionary Algorithms: the Role of Mutation and Recombination. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2000

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  55. L. Spector, E. Goodman, A. Wu, W.B. Langdon, H.-M. Voigt, M. Gen, S. Sen, M. Dorigo, S. Pezeshk, M. Garzon, and E. Burke, editors. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  56. H. Stringer and A.S. Wu. Behavior of finite population variable length genetic algorithms under random selection. In Beyer et al. [21], pages 1249–1255

    Google Scholar 

  57. K. Vekaria and C. Clack. Biases introduced by adaptive recombination operators. In W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A.E. Eiben, M.H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R.E. Smith, editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-1999), pages 670–677. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  58. H.-M. Voigt, W. Ebeling, I. Rechenberg, and H.-P. Schwefel, editors. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, number 1141 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  59. T. White and F. Oppacher. Adaptive crossover using automata. In Davidor et al. [10], pages 229–238

    Google Scholar 

  60. D. Whitley, K. Mathias, S. Rana, and J. Dzubera. Building better test functions. In Eshelman [20], pages 239–246

    Google Scholar 

  61. X. Yao, E. Burke, J.A. Lozano, J. Smith, J.-J. Merelo-Guervos, J.A. Bullinaria, J. Rowe, P. Tino, A. Kaban, and H.-P. Schwefel, editors. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN-VIII, number 3242 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. Zhang, S.H. Chung, and J. Zhong. Adaptive crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms based on clustering technique. In Beyer et al. [21], pages 1577–1578

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. Costa, R. Tavares, and A. Rosa. An experimental study on dynamic random variation of population size. In Proc. IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Conf., volume 6, pages 607–612, Tokyo, 1999. IEEE Press

    Google Scholar 

  64. S. Forrest, editor. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  65. D.E. Goldberg. Optimal population size for binary-coded genetic algorithms. TCGA Report No. 85001, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  66. D.E. Goldberg. Sizing populations for serial and parallel genetic algorithms. In J.D. Schaffer, editor, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pages 70–79. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  67. D.E. Goldberg, K. Deb, and J.H. Clark. Genetic Algorithms, Noise, and the Sizing of Populations. IlliGAL Report No. 91010, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  68. N. Hansen, A. Gawelczyk, and A. Ostermeier. Sizing the population with respect to the local progress in (1,λ)-evolution strategies – a theoretical analysis. In Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pages 80–85. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  69. F.G. Lobo. The parameter-less Genetic Algorithm: rational and automated parameter selection for simplified Genetic Algorithm operation. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  70. C.R. Reeves. Using genetic algorithms with small populations. In Forrest [64], pages 92–99

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. Roughgarden. Theory of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology. Prentice-Hall, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  72. D. Schlierkamp-Voosen and H. Mühlenbein. Adaptation of population sizes by competing subpopulations. In Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  73. R.E. Smith. Adaptively resizing populations: An algorithm and analysis. In Forrest [64]

    Google Scholar 

  74. R.E. Smith. Population Sizing, pages 134–141. Institute of Physics Publishing, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. Song and J. Yu. Population System Control. Springer, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  76. V.A. Valkó. Self-calibrating evolutionary algorithms: Adaptive population size. Master’s Thesis, Free University Amsterdam, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  77. B. Craenen and A.E. Eiben. Stepwise adaptation of weights with refinement and decay on constraint satisfaction problems. In L. Spector, E. Goodman, A. Wu, W.B. Langdon, H.-M. Voigt, M. Gen, S. Sen, M. Dorigo, S. Pezeshk, M. Garzon, and E. Burke, editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pages 291–298. Morgan Kaufmann, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  78. B. Craenen, A.E. Eiben, and J.I. van Hemert. Comparing evolutionary algorithms on binary constraint satisfaction problems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 7(5):424–444, 2003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. J. Eggermont, A.E. Eiben, and J.I. van Hemert. Adapting the fitness function in GP for data mining. In R. Poli, P. Nordin, W.B. Langdon, and T.C. Fogarty, editors, Genetic Programming, Proceedings of EuroGP’99, Volume 1598 of LNCS, pages 195–204. Springer-Verlag, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  80. A.E. Eiben, B. Jansen, Z. Michalewicz, and B. Paechter. Solving CSPs using self-adaptive constraint weights: how to prevent EAs from cheating. In D. Whitley, D. Goldberg, E. Cantu-Paz, L. Spector, I. Parmee, and H.-G. Beyer, editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pages 128–134. Morgan Kaufmann, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  81. A.E. Eiben and J.I. van Hemert. SAW-ing EAs: adapting the fitness function for solving constrained problems. In D. Corne, M. Dorigo, and F. Glover, editors, New Ideas in Optimization, Chapter 26, pages 389–402. McGraw-Hill, London, 1999

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eiben, G., Schut, M. (2007). New Ways to Calibrate Evolutionary Algorithms. In: Siarry, P., Michalewicz, Z. (eds) Advances in Metaheuristics for Hard Optimization. Natural Computing Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72960-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72960-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-72959-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-72960-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics