Skip to main content

Fertility Issues and Options in Young Women with Cancer

  • Chapter
Cancer and Pregnancy

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 178))

Abstract

Nearly 1,400,000 new cancer cases were expected in the year 2006, of which 679,450 would occur in women (Jemal et al. 2006). Around 8% of all female cancers occur under the age of 40 years, which corresponds to approximately 55,000 women in the United States (Oktay and Yih 2002). When all female cancers are considered, despite an increase in the cancer incidence by 0.3% per year from 1987 to 1999, the death rates for all cancers combined decreased by 0.6% per year from 1992 to 1999 as a result of improvements in current treatment modalities including surgical techniques, radiation therapy, multiagent chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Reis et al. 1999; Jemal et al. 2004). The cure rates for certain malignancies now exceed 90%. As a result, more women survive cancer every year to face the challenging long-term complications of the treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Anderson RA, Themmen AP, Al-Qahtani A, et al. (2006) The effects of chemotherapy and long-term gonadotrophin suppression on the ovarian reserve in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Hum Reprod 21: 2583–2592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, et al. (2003) Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 72: 1117–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Avis NE, Crawford S, Manuel J (2004) Psychosocial problems among younger women with breast cancer. Psychooncology 13: 295–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Azim E, Rauch R, Ravich M, et al. (2006) Ovarian reserve is impaired in cancer patients with normal baseline FSH who previously received chemotherapy as determined by response to controlled ovarian stimulation and anti-mullerian hormone measurements: a controlled study. Fertil Steril 86(suppl 1): 123s--124s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Baarends WM, Uilenbroek JT, Kramer P, et al. (1995) Anti-Müllerian hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat ovaries during postnatal development, the estrous cycle, and gonadotropin-induced follicle growth. Endocrinology 136: 4951–4962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bacci G, Ferrari S, Mercuri M, et al. (2003) Multimodal therapy for the treatment of nonmetastatic Ewing sarcoma of pelvis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25: 118–124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bahadur G, Steele SJ (1996). Ovarian tissue cryopreservation for patients. Hum Reprod 11: 2215--2216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bhatia S, Sather HN, Pabustan OB, et al. (2002) Low incidence of second neoplasms among children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after 1983. Blood 99: 4257–4264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bleyer WA (1990) The impact of childhood cancer on the United States and the world. CA Cancer J Clin 40: 355–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Blumenfeld Z, Avivi I, Linn S, et al. (1996) Prevention of irreversible chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage in young women with lymphoma by a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in parallel to chemotherapy. Hum Reprod 11: 1620–1626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Blumenfeld Z, Shapiro D, Shteinberg M, et al. (2000) Preservation of fertility and ovarian function and minimizing gonadotoxicity in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus treated by chemotherapy. Lupus 9: 401–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Borini A, Lagalla C, Bonu MA, et al. (2006) Cumulative pregnancy rates resulting from the use of fresh and frozen oocytes: 7 years’ experience. Reprod Biomed Online 12: 481–486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brewer M, Gershenson DM, Herzog CE, et al. (1999) Outcome and reproductive function after chemotherapy for ovarian dysgerminoma. J Clin Oncol 17: 2670–2675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brogan PA, Dillon MJ (2000) The use of immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs in non-malignant disease. Arch Dis Child 83: 259–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Burt, R.K., Traynor AE, Craig R, et al. (2003) The promise of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant 31: 521–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Byrne J, Fears TR, Gail MH, et al. (1992) Early menopause in long-term survivors of cancer during adolescence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166: 788–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Callejo J, Salvador C, Miralles A, et al. (2001) Long-term ovarian function evaluation after autografting by implantation with fresh and frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 4489–4494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Carcangiu ML, Peissel B, Pasini B, et al. (2006) Incidental carcinomas in prophylactic specimens in BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutation carriers, with emphasis on fallopian tube lesions: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 30: 1222–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chia CM, Chan WB, Quah E, et al. (2000) Triploid pregnancy after ICSI of frozen testicular spermatozoa into cryopreserved human oocytes: case report. Hum Reprod 15: 1962–1964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chiarelli AM, Marrett LD and Darlington GA (2000). Pregnancy outcomes in females after treatment for childhood cancer. Epidemiology 11: 161–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cil AP, Bang H, Oktay K (2006) A meta-analytic comparison of oocyte vitrification success rates with slow freezing and the SART IVF data with unfrozen oocytes Fertil Steril 86(suppl 1): 126s

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cohen Y, Polliack A, Nagler A (2003) Treatment of refractory autoimmune diseases with ablative immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies and/or high dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell support. Curr Pharm Des 9: 279–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Couto-Silva AC, Trivin C, Thibaud E (2001) Factors affecting gonadal function after bone marrow transplantation during childhood. Bone Marrow Transpl 28: 67–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Critchley HO, Bath LE, Wallace WH (2002) Radiation damage to the uterus Review of the effects of treatment of childhood cancer. Hum Fertil (Camb) 5: 61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Curtin JP, Barakat RR, Hoskins WJ (1994). Ovarian disease in women with breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 84: 449–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Del Mastro L, Catzeddu T, Boni L, et al. (2006) Prevention of chemotherapy-induced menopause by temporary ovarian suppression with goserelin in young, early breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 17: 74–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dolmans MM, Demylle D, Martinez-Madrid B, et al. (2005) Efficacy of in vitro fertilization after chemotherapy. Fertil Steril 83: 897–901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Donnez J, Dolmans MM, Demylle D, et al. (2004) Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 364: 1405–1410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Emons G, Gründker C, Günthert AR, et al. (2003) GnRH antagonists in the treatment of gynaecological and breast cancers. International Congress on Hormonal Steroids and Hormones and Cancer. Endocr Rel Cancer 10: 291–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Familiari G, Caggiati A, Nottola SA et al. (1993) Ultrastructure of human ovarian primordial follicles after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Hum Reprod 8: 2080–2087

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fatemi HM, Kolibianakis E, Tournaye H, et al. (2003) Clomiphene citrate versus letrozole for ovarian stimulation: a pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 7: 543–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Feigenberg SJ, Marcus RB Jr, Zlotecki RA, et al. (2001) Megavoltage radiotherapy for aneurysmal bone cysts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49: 1243–1247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fisher B, Sherman B, Rockette H et al. (1979). l-Phenylalanine mustard (l-PAM) in the management of premenopausal patients with primary breast cancer: lack of association of disease-free survival with depression of ovarian function. National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers. Cancer 44: 847–857

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fox K, Scialla H, Moore H (2001) Preventing chemotherapy-related amenorrhea using leuprolide during adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21: 98a

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gagnon Y, Tetu B (1989) Ovarian metastases of breast carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 59 cases. Cancer 64: 892–898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gershenson DM (2005) Fertility-sparing surgery for malignancies in women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 34: 43–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ginsburg ES, Yanushpolsky EH, Jackson KV (2001) In vitro fertilization for cancer patients and survivors. Fertil Steril 75: 705–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Giri N, Vowels MR, Barr AL et al. (1992) Successful pregnancy after total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 10: 93–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Goodwin T, Elizabeth Oosterhuis B, Kiernan M, et al. (2007) Attitudes and practices of pediatric oncology providers regarding fertility issues. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48: 80–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gook DA, McCully BA, Edgar DH, et al. (2001) Development of antral follicles in human cryopreserved ovarian tissue following xenografting. Hum Reprod 16: 417–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gosden RG (2005) Prospects for oocyte banking and in vitro maturation. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 34: 60–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gosden RG, Baird DT, Wade JC et al.(1994) Restoration of fertility to oophorectomized sheep by ovarian autografts stored at −196 degrees C. Hum Reprod 9: 597–603

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gosden RG, Wade JC, Fraser HM, et al. (1997) Impact of congenital or experimental hypogonadotrophism on the radiation sensitivity of the mouse ovary. Hum Reprod 12: 2483–2488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Green DM, Peabody EM, Nan B, et al. (2002a) Pregnancy outcome after treatment for Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol 20: 2506–2513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, et al. (2002b) Pregnancy outcome of female survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 1070–1080

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gurney JG, Severson RK, Davis S, et al. (1995) Incidence of cancer in children in the United States. Sex-, race-, and 1-year age-specific rates by histologic type. Cancer 75: 2186–2195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hann LE, Lui DM, Shi W, et al. (2000) Adnexal masses in women with breast cancer: US findings with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology 216: 242–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hilders CG, Baranski AG, Peters L, et al. (2004) Successful human ovarian autotransplantation to the upper arm. Cancer 101: 2771–2778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Howell S, Shalet S (1998) Gonadal damage from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27: 927–943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Imhof M, Hofstetter G, Bergmeister H, et al. (2004) Cryopreservation of a whole ovary as a strategy for restoring ovarian function. J Assist Reprod Genet 21: 459–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, et al. (2003) Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53: 5–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. (2004) Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 54: 8-29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. (2006) Cancer Statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56: 106–130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. (2001) Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 30: 638–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Karussis D, Slavin S (2004) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: experimental evidence to rethink the procedures. J Neurol Sci 223: 59-64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. (2002) Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med 346: 1609–1615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kim SS, Radford J, Harris M, et al. (2001) Ovarian tissue harvested from lymphoma patients to preserve fertility may be safe for autotransplantation. Hum Reprod 16: 2056–2060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Klijn JG, Beex LV, Mauriac L, et al. (2000) Combined treatment with buserelin and tamoxifen in premenopausal metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 903–911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Koyama H, Wada T, Nishizawa Y, et al. (1977) Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure and its therapeutic significance in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 39:1403–1409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kramer JL, Velazquez IA, Chen BE, et al. (2005) Prophylactic oophorectomy reduces breast cancer penetrance during prospective, long-term follow-up of BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 23: 8629–8635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Langford CA, Talar-Williams C, Barron KS, et al. (2003) Use of a cyclophosphamide-induction methotrexate-maintenance regimen for the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis: extended follow-up and rate of relapse. Am J Med 114: 463–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Larsen EC, Muller J, Schmiegelow K, et al. (2003) Reduced ovarian function in long-term survivors of radiation- and chemotherapy-treated childhood cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 5307–5314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lee DM, Yeoman RR, Battaglia DE, et al. (2004) Live birth after ovarian tissue transplant. Nature 428: 137–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH, et al. (2006) American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 24: 2917–2931

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Leporrier M, von Theobald P, Roffe JL, et al. (1987) A new technique to protect ovarian function before pelvic irradiation. Heterotopic ovarian autotransplantation. Cancer 60: 2201–2004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Leung W, Hudson MM, Strickland DK, et al. (2000) Late effects of treatment in survivors of childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 18: 3273–3279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Li CI, Anderson BO, Daling JR, et al. (2003) Trends in incidence rates of invasive lobular and ductal breast carcinoma. JAMA 289: 1421–1424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Li CK, Chik KW, Wong GW, et al. (2004) Growth and endocrine function following bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia major. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 21: 411–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Liede A, Narod SA (2002) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Asia: genetic epidemiology of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Hum Mutat 20: 413–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Litzow MR, Perez WS, Klein JP, et al. (2002) Comparison of outcome following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with cyclophosphamide-total body irradiation versus busulphancyclophosphamide conditioning regimens for acute myelogenous leukaemia in first remission. Br J Haematol 119: 1115–1124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Liu J, Van der Elst J, Van den Broecke R, et al. (2001) Live offspring by in vitro fertilization of oocytes from cryopreserved primordial mouse follicles after sequential in vivo transplantation and in vitro maturation. Biol Reprod 64: 171–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mackie EJ, Radford M, Shalet SM (1996) Gonadal function following chemotherapy for childhood Hodgkin’s disease. Med Pediatr Oncol 27: 74–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Martin JR, Kodaman P, Oktay K, et al. (2007) Ovarian cryopreservation with transposition of a contralateral ovary: a combined approach for fertility preservation in women receiving pelvic radiation. Fertil Steril 87: 189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Maruta A, Matsuzaki M, Miyashita H, et al. (1995) Successful pregnancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following conditioning with total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant 15: 637–638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. McNatty KP, Heath DA, Lundy T, et al. (1999) Control of early ovarian follicular development. J Reprod Fertil Suppl54: 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  76. Meduri G, Touraine P, Beau I, et al. (2003) Delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea associated with a novel mutation of the human follicle stimulating hormone receptor: clinical, histological, and molecular studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 3491–3498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Meirow D, Nugent D (2001) The effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 7: 535–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Meirow D, Lewis H, Nugent D et al. (1999) Subclinical depletion of primordial follicular reserve in mice treated with cyclophosphamide: clinical importance and proposed accurate investigative tool. Hum Reprod 14: 1903–1907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Meirow D, Levron J, Eldar-Geva T, et al. (2005) Pregnancy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 353: 318–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Morice P, Juncker L, Rey A, El-Hassan J, et al. (2000) Ovarian transposition for patients with cervical carcinoma treated by radiosurgical combination. Fertil Steril 74: 743–748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Morita Y and Tilly JL (1999) Oocyte hourglass. Dev Biol 213: 1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Morita Y, Perez GI, Paris F, et al. (2000) Oocyte apoptosis is suppressed by disruption of the acid sphingomyelinase gene or by sphingosine-1-phosphate therapy. Nat Med 6: 1109–1114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Morrow M (2001). Breast. In: Greenfield LJ, Mulholland MW, Oldham KT et al., eds. Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, pp. 1334–1372

    Google Scholar 

  84. Mouridsen H, Gershanovich M, Sun Y, et al. (2003) Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 21: 2101–2109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nahhas WA, Nisce LZ, D’Angio GJ, et al. (1971) Lateral ovarian transposition. Ovarian relocation in patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Obstet Gynecol 38: 785–788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Nakanishi T, Wakai K, Ishikawa H, et al. (2001) A comparison of ovarian metastasis between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 82: 504–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. O’Brien MJ, Pendola JK and Eppig JJ (2003) A revised protocol for in vitro development of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles dramatically improves their developmental competence. Biol Reprod 68: 1682–1686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Oktay K (2001) Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation: preliminary findings and implications for cancer patients. Hum Reprod Update 7: 526–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Oktay K (2005). Further evidence on the safety and success of ovarian stimulation with letrozole and tamoxifen in breast cancer patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to cryopreserve their embryos for fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol 23: 3858–3869

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Oktay K, Karlikaya G (2000) Ovarian function after transplantation of frozen, banked autologous ovarian tissue. N Engl J Med 342: 1919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Oktay KH, Yih M (2002) Preliminary experience with orthotopic and heterotopic transplantation of ovarian cortical strips Semin Reprod Med 20: 63–74

    Google Scholar 

  92. Oktay K, Sonmezer M (2004) Ovarian tissue banking for cancer patients. Fertility preservation, not just ovarian cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 19: 477–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Oktay K, Briggs D, Gosden RG (1997a). Ontogeny of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene expression in isolated human ovarian follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3748–3751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Oktay K, Nugent D, Newton H, et al. (1997b) Isolation and characterization of primordial follicles from fresh and cryopreserved human ovarian tissue. Fertil Steril 67: 481–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Oktay K, Newton H, Mullan J, et al. (1998a) Development of human primordial follicles to antral stages in SCID/hpg mice stimulated with follicle stimulating hormone. Hum Reprod 13: 1133–1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Oktay K, Newton H, Aubard Y, et al. (1998b) Cryopreservation of immature human oocytes and ovarian tissue: an emerging technology? Fertil Steril 69: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Oktay K, Kan MT, Rosenwaks Z (2001a) Recent progress in oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 13: 263–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Oktay K, Economos K, Kan M, et al. (2001b) Endocrine function and oocyte retrieval after autologous transplantation of ovarian cortical strips to the forearm. J Am Med Assoc 286: 1490–1493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Davis O, et al. (2003) Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum Reprod 18: 90–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Veeck L, et al. (2004a) Embryo development after heterotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 363: 837–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Oktay K, Sonmezer M, Oktem O (2004b)‚ Ovarian cryopreservation versus ovarian suppression by GnRH analogues: primum non nocere’: reply. Hum Reprod 19: 1681–1683

    Google Scholar 

  102. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Libertella N, et al. (2005a) Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol 23: 4347–4353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Oktay K, Libertella N, Oktem O, et al. (2005b) The impact of paclitaxel on menstrual function. Breast Cancer Res Treat 94(Suppl 1): 271s–272s

    Google Scholar 

  104. Oktay K, Oktem O, Reh A et al. (2006a) Measuring the impact of chemotherapy on fertility in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 4044–4046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Oktay K, Hourvitz A, Sahin G, et al. (2006b) Letrozole reduces estrogen and gonadotropin exposure in women with breast cancer undergoing ovarian stimulation before chemotherapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91: 3885–3890

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Oktay K, Cil AP, Bang H (2006c) Efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 86: 70–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Oktay K, Sonmezer M, Oktem O et al. Efficacy and safety of gonadotropin releasing hormone analog treatment in protecting against chemotherapy-induced gonadal injury. Oncologist, in press

    Google Scholar 

  108. Paris F, Perez GI, Fuks Z, et al. (2002). Sphingosine 1-phosphate preserves fertility in irradiated female mice without propagating genomic damage in offspring. Nat Med 8: 901–902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Partridge AH, Gelber S, Peppercorn J, et al. (2004) Web-based survey of fertility issues in young women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 22: 4174–4183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Pereyra-Pacheco B, Mendez-Ribaz JM, et al. (2001) Use of GnRH analogs for functional protection of the ovary and preservation of fertility during cancer treatment in adolescents: a preliminary report. Gynecol Oncol 81: 391–397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Perrotin F, Marret H, Bouquin R, et al. (2001) Incidence, diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian metastasis in breast cancer. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 29: 308–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pfister CU, Martoni A, Zamagni C, et al. (2001) Effect of age and single versus multiple dose pharmacokinetics of letrozole (Femara) in breast cancer patients. Biopharm Drug Dispos 22: 191–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Poirot C, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Helardot P et al. (2002). Human ovarian tissue cryopreservation: indications and feasibility. Hum Reprod 17: 1447–1452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Polak deFried E, Notrica J, et al. (1998) Pregnancy after human donor oocyte cryopreservation and thawing in association with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a patient with ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 69: 555–557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Porcu E (2001) Oocyte freezing. Semin Reprod Med 19: 221–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Porcu E, Venturoli S (2006) Progress with oocyte cryopreservation. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 18: 273–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Porcu E, Fabbri R, Seracchioli R, et al. (1997) Birth of a healthy female after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of cryopreserved human oocytes. Fertil Steril 68: 724–726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Radford JA, Lieberman BA, Brison DR, et al. (2001) Orthotopic reimplantation of cryopreserved ovarian cortical strips after high-dose chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lancet 357: 1172–1175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ray GR, Trueblood HW, Enright LP, et al. (1970) Oophoropexy: a means of preserving ovarian function following pelvic megavoltage radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Radiology 96: 175–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. (2002) Prevention and Observation of Surgical End Points Study Group. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 346: 1616–1622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Recchia F, Saggio G, Amiconi G, et al. (2006) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues added to adjuvant chemotherapy protect ovarian function and improve clinical outcomes in young women with early breast carcinoma. Cancer 106: 514–523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Reh AE, Oktem O, Lostritto K, et al. (2006) Impact of breast cancer chemotherapy on ovarian reserve: a prospective analysis by menstrual history and ovarian reserve markers. Fertil Steril 86(suppl 1): 97s--98s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Reis LAG, Percy CL, Bunin GR. Introduction. In: Reis LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, et al. (eds) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995 [NIH Pub. No. 99-4649]. National Cancer Institute, 1999, Bethesda, pp. 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  124. Revel A, Raanani H, Leyland N, et al. (2000) Human oocyte retrieval from nude mice transplanted with human ovarian cortex [abstract]. Hum Reprod 15 (Abstract Book 1): 13

    Google Scholar 

  125. Revel A, Koler M, Simon A, et al. (2003) Oocyte collection during cryopreservation of the ovarian cortex. Fertil Steril 79: 1237–1239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Revel A, Elami A, Bor A, et al. (2004) Whole sheep ovary cryopreservation and transplantation. Fertil Steril 82: 1714–1715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Robison LL, Bhatia S (2003) Late-effects among survivors of leukaemia and lymphoma during childhood and adolescence. Br J Haematol 122: 345–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Russell AI, Lawson WA, Haskard DO (2001) Potential new therapeutic options in Behcet’s syndrome. BioDrugs 15: 25–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Salle B, Demirci B, Franck M, et al. (2003) Long-term follow-up of cryopreserved hemi-ovary autografts in ewes: pregnancies, births, and histologic assessment. Fertil Steril 80: 172–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Sanders JE, Buckner CD, Amos D, et al. (1988) Ovarian function following marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia. J Clin Oncol 6: 813–818

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sanders JE, Hawley J, Levy W, et al. (1996) Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or totalbody irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 87: 3045–3052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sastre-Garau X, Jouve M, Asselain B, et al. (1996) Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast. Clinicopathologic analysis of 975 cases with reference to data on conservative therapy and metastatic patterns. Cancer 77: 113–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Schmidt KLT, Andersen CY, Loft A, et al. (2005) Follow-up of ovarian function post-chemotherapy following ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation. Hum Reprod 20: 3539–3546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Schubert B, Canis M, Darcha C, et al. (2005) Human ovarian tissue from cortex surrounding benign cysts: a model to study ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 20: 1786–1792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Seshadri T, Gook D, Lade S, et al. (2006) Lack of evidence of disease contamination in ovarian tissue harvested for cryopreservation from patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and analysis of factors predictive of oocyte yield. Br J Cancer 94: 1007–1010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Shaw JM, Bowles J, Koopman P, et al. (1996) Fresh and cryopreserved ovarian tissue samples from donors with lymphoma transmit the cancer to graft recipients. Hum Reprod 11: 1668–1673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Shushan A, Peretz T, Mor-Yosef S (1996) Therapeutic approach to ovarian cysts in tamoxifen-treated women with breast cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 52: 249–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Shusterman S, Meadows AT (2000). Long term survivors of childhood leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol 7: 217–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Silber SJ, Lenahan KM, Levine DJ, et al. (2005) Ovarian transplantation between monozygotic twins discordant for premature ovarian failure. N Engl J Med 353: 58–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Smith HO, Tiffany MF, Qualls CR, et al. (2000) The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States. A 24-year population-based study. Gynecol Oncol 78: 97–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM, et al. (2005) Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for protection against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum 52: 2761–2767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sonmezer M, Oktay K (2004) Fertility preservation in female patients. Hum Reprod Update 10: 251–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Sonmezer M, Oktay K (2006) Fertility preservation in young women undergoing breast cancer therapy. Oncologist 11: 422–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Sonmezer M, Shamonki MI, Oktay K (2005a) Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: benefits and risks. Cell Tissue Res 322: 125-132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Sonmezer M, Akar M, Oktay M (2005b) Strong family history in women who were diagnosed with breast cancer after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 84 Suppl 1: 233s--234s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005) The ovary-embryology and development. In: Speroff L, Fritz MA (eds). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA. pp. 97–111

    Google Scholar 

  147. Stillman RJ, Schinfeld JS, Schiff I, et al. (1981) Ovarian failure in long-term survivors of childhood malignancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139: 62–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al. (1997) The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 336: 1401–1408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Sutton GP, Bundy BN, Delgado G, et al. (1992) Ovarian metastases in stage IB carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166(1 Pt. 1): 50–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Tangir J, Zelterman D, Ma W, et al. (2003) Reproductive function after conservative surgery and chemotherapy for malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 101: 251–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Tauchmanova L, Selleri C, Rosa GD, et al. (2002) High prevalence of endocrine dysfunction in long-term survivors after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for hematologic diseases. Cancer 95: 1076–1084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Tease C, Fisher G (1991) The influence of maternal age on radiation induced chromosome aberrations in mouse oocytes. Mutat Res 262: 57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Thibaud E, Rodriguez-Macias K, Trivin C, et al. (1988) Ovarian function after bone marrow transplantation during childhood. Bone Marrow Transplant 21: 287–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Tulandi T, Al-Took S (1998). Laparoscopic ovarian suspension before irradiation. Fertil Steril 70: 381–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Ubaldi F, Rienzi L, Ferrero S, et al. (2004) Natural in vitro fertilization cycles. Ann NY Acad Sci 1034: 245–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Veeck LL, Bodine R, Clarke RN, et al. (2004) High pregnancy rates can be achieved after freezing and thawing human blastocysts. Fertil Steril 82: 1418–1427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Vitale AM, Abramovich D, Peluffo MC, et al. (2006) Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist on proliferation and apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 85: 1064–1067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Viviani S, Santoro A, Ragni G et al. (1985) Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21: 601–605

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Waggoner SE (2003) Cervical cancer. Lancet 361: 2217–2225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Wallace WH, Shalet SM, Crowne EC, et al. (1989a) Gonadal dysfunction due to cis-platinum. Med Pediatr Oncol 17: 409–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Wallace WH, Shalet SM, Hendry JH, et al. (1989a) Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood: the radiosensitivity of the human oocyte. Br J Radiol 62: 995–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Wallace WH, Shalet SM, Crowne EC, et al. (1989b) Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood: natural history and prognosis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1: 75–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Wallace WH, Thomson AB, Kelsey TW (2003) The radiosensitivity of the human oocyte. Hum Reprod 18: 117–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Warne GL, Fairley KF, Hobbs JB, et al. (1973) Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure. N Engl J Med 289: 1159–1162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Waxman JH, Ahmed R, Smith D, et al. (1987) Failure to preserve fertility in patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 19: 159–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Weenen C, Laven JS, Von Bergh AR, et al. (2004) Anti-Müllerian hormone expression pattern in the human ovary: potential implications for initial and cyclic follicle recruitment. Mol Hum Reprod 10: 77–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Williams RS, Littell RD, Mendenhall NP (1999) Laparoscopic oophoropexy and ovarian function in the treatment of Hodgkin disease. Cancer 86: 2138–2142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Wolner-Hanssen P, Hagglund L, Ploman F, et al. (2005) Autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue to the right forearm 4(1/2) years after autologous stem cell transplantation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84: 695–698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Woodruff JD, Murthy YS, Bhaskar TN, et al. (1970) Metastatic ovarian tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107: 202–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Yamamoto R, Okamoto K, Yukiharu T, et al. (2001) A study of risk factors for ovarian metastases in stage Ib-IIIb cervical carcinoma and analysis of ovarian function after a transposition. Gynecol Oncol 82: 312–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Zanetta G, Bonazzi C, Cantu M, et al. (2001) Survival and reproductive function after treatment of malignant germ cell ovarian tumors. J Clin Oncol 19: 1015–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oktay, K., Sönmezer, M. (2008). Fertility Issues and Options in Young Women with Cancer. In: Cancer and Pregnancy. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 178. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71274-9_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71274-9_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-71272-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-71274-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics