Abstract
Not all urban phenomena have something in common; they may differ by type or economic and social function. This is the reason why a type-grouping of the type of replacement and redesign of the economic and social functions is necessary: this implication describes and defines the different phenomena of urban revision. We have to privilege the homogeneities of the events, and around this formalize an urban description and consistent terms.
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Notes
- 1.
In the following text (Chap. 2) the model’s name will be anticipated by a number. This will permit making a comparison more easier.
- 2.
(a) Central business district; (b) Wholesale, light manufacturing; (c) Low-class residential; (d) Medium-class residential; (e) High-class residential: (f) Heavy manufacturing; (g) Outlying business district; (h) Residential suburb; (i) Industrial suburb.
- 3.
New York passed from 79,000 inhabitants in 1800 to 3,000,000 in 1890 with a strong increase in the second half of that century. London in that century passed from 1,000,000 inhabitants to 6,700,000. The increase of N.Y. is 38 times its inhabitants when considering the time, the increase is more concentrated after 1850. Chicago, the third largest city of the USA, increased by 270 times in the 1850s (Gkaeser 2009).
- 4.
During the 1950s the South End’s housing stock began to deteriorate, and a significant number of structures were abandoned. In the early 1960s, the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) began a massive urban redevelopment program that demolished one-fifth of the neighborhood’s housing stock and displaced 2,000 households. During the mid-1960s, private developers began to invest large sums in areas immediately bordering the South End. The Prudential Center complex of stores, offices, and hotels was built on the neighborhood’s northwest border. At the same time Boston University began to expand vigorously. By the early 1970s the area surrounding the South End had undergone considerable office expansion, culminating in the completion of prestigious buildings (Schill et al. 1983, p. 74).
- 5.
Amin and Thrift (2002) question whether companies rather than cities are globally competitive, unless we consider cities to have their own nearly “organic” life. Scott (1988) and Castells and Himanen (2002) downsize the statement when they say that it is production that moves into the city in opposition to the decentralization policies. Considering this book on its wholeness, it is not relevant to know which element leads to the global city and makes competition a boosting factor for replacement and innovation.
- 6.
The 14 most central districts of Greater London, out of 33 Districts: City, Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham, Wandsworth, Lambeth, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Islington, Camden, Lewisham, Greenwich, Newham.
- 7.
In France the (2) Redevelopment (“renovattion urbane”) is mostly focused on the urban suburbs (banlieus pauvres) where, under the “Project de loi d’orientation et de programmation pour le ville,” in 4 years (2003–2008), demolitions for more than 200,000 buildings were scheduled and following partial rebuilding, even in different form, was planned. In France, more than 50% of the population (about 30 million) live in the outskirts (or suburban areas). In Italy, in the 12 largest cities of the country, 65% live in the outskirts but if we consider the entire national territory this percentage falls below the rate in France. In any case, we are in presence of large areas that are potentially within (2) Redevelopment.
- 8.
Middle Italian city of Northen Italy.
- 9.
The new functions included in the Lingotto center after the Renewal are the following: a large hotel, 11 movie theaters, training and universities halls, fair and exhibition pavilions, an auditorium, a congress center, a shopping center, underground parking areas. With its length of 700 m and a 1-km-long racing track on the roof, the Lingotto center is ten times larger than the Pompidou Center. In his “Vers une architecture,” Le Corbusier defined the Lingotto as one of the most spectacular and extraordinary examples of industrial building: a city within a city. The Lingotto is run by a Limited Liability Company made up of Fiat (33.3%), Italian State Railways (16.6%), the Turin Municipality, a number of Banks (San Paolo, Ina, Toro, Crt e Popolare di Novara), and others.
- 10.
The following general criteria need to be complied with: adequate quantity of population and of supporting structures and plans of urban development; strong local partnership; integrated territorial approach; proper connection between Strategic Plan and intervention; correct consideration of the economic, social, safety, environmental and transport-related issues, even in regard to access to work and training for people living in areas strongly affected by social outcasting.
Approval is given to areas which comply with at least three of the following criteria: high unemployment rate; poor economic activity; high poverty and social outcasting; need for restructuring due to local economic and social problems; high presence of immigrants; low educational profile; high crime rate; strongly decayed environment.
Strategies need to be developed that strongly affect the selected areas and make them extremely visible; new urbanization processes and physical interventions; entrepreneurial activity and employment agreements; strategies for fighting exclusion and discrimination (equal opportunities, women, immigrants and refugees); identification of integrated and environmentally-friendly public transport (cycle and pedestrian tracks); waste reduction (at the original source); pollution reduction; development of technological potentialities of a Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).
- 11.
RDAs’ boards of directors are made up of companies, local government authorities, institutions and associations, universities.
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Longa, R.D. (2011). Urban Models. In: Dalla Longa, R. (eds) Urban Models and Public-Private Partnership. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70508-6_2
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