Abstract
Here, we review the early studies on cGMP, guanylyl cyclases, and cGMP-dependent protein kinases to facilitate understanding of development of this exciting but complex field of research encompassing pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology of these important regulatory molecules.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arnold WP, Mittal CK, Katsuki S, Murad F (1977) Nitric oxIDe activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3203–3207
Ashman DF, Lipton R, Melicow MM, Price TD (1963) Isolation of adenosine 3′,5′-mono-phosphate and guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate from rat urine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 11:330–334
Beavo JA, Hardman JG, Sutherland EW (1970) Hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine and adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphates by rat and bovine tissues. J Biol Chem 245:5649–5655
Beuve A (1999) Conversion of a guanylyl cyclase to an adenylyl cyclase. Methods 19:545–550
Bohme E, Munske K, Schultz G (1969) [Formation of cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate in various rat tissues]. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 264:220–221
Bredt DS, Snyder SH (1992) Nitric oxIDe, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8:3–11
Broadus AE, Hardman JG, Kaminsky NI, Ball JH, Sutherland EW, LIDdle GW (1971) Extracellular cyclic nucleotIDes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 185:50–66
Brooker G, Thomas LJ, Jr, Appleman MM (1968) The assay of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate in biological materials by enzymatic radioisotopic displacement. Biochemistry 7:4177–4181
Cheung WY (1971) Cyclic 3′, 5′-nucleotIDe phosphodiesterase. Effect of divalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta 242:395–409
Chinkers M, Garbers DL, Chang MS, Lowe DG, Chin HM, Goeddel DV, Schulz S (1989) A membrane form of guanylate cyclase is an atrial natriuretic peptIDe receptor. Nature 338:78–83
Currie MG, Fok KF, Kato J, Moore RJ, Hamra FK, Duffin KL, Smith CE (1992) Guanylin: an endogenous activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:947–951
de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H (1981) A rapID and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 28:89–94
Deguchi T, Yoshioka M (1982) L-Arginine IDentified as an endogenous activator for soluble guanylate cyclase from neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 257:10147–10151
de Jonge HR (1981) Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in intestinal brushborders. Adv Cyclic NucleotIDe Res 14:315–333
Drummond GI, Perrott-Yee S (1961) Enzymatic hydrolysis of adenosine 3′,5′-phosphoric acID. J Biol Chem 236:1126–1129
Duda T, Sharma RK (2008) ONE-GC membrane guanylate cyclase, a trimodal odorant signal transducer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 367:440–445
Fesenko EE, Kolesnikov SS, Lyubarsky AL (1985) Induction by cyclic GMP of cationic conductance in plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segment. Nature 313:310–313
Forstermann U, SchmIDt HH, Pollock JS, Sheng H, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Nakane M, Murad F (1991) Isoforms of nitric oxIDe synthase. Characterization and purification from different cell types. Biochem Pharmacol 42:1849–1857
Fuller F, Porter JG, Arfsten AE, Miller J, Schilling JW, Scarborough RM, Lewicki JA, Schenk DB (1988) Atrial natriuretic peptIDe clearance receptor. Complete sequence and functional expression of cDNA clones. J Biol Chem 263:9395–9401
Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373–376
Furuya M, Takehisa M, Minamitake Y, Kitajima Y, Hayashi Y, Ohnuma N, Ishihara T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H (1990) Novel natriuretic peptIDe, CNP, potently stimulates cyclic GMP production in rat cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:201–208
Gamm DM, Francis SH, Angelotti TP, Corbin JD, Uhler MD (1995) The type II isoform of cGMP-dependent protein kinase is dimeric and possesses regulatory and catalytic properties distinct from the type I isoforms. J Biol Chem 270:27380–27388
George WJ, Polson JB, O'Toole AG, Goldberg ND (1970) Elevation of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate in rat heart after perfusion with acetylcholine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 66:398–403
Gerzer R, Bohme E, Hofmann F, Schultz G (1981) Soluble guanylate cyclase purified from bovine lung contains heme and copper. FEBS Lett 132:71–74
Gill GN, Holdy KE, Walton GM, Kanstein CB (1976) Purification and characterization of 3′:5′-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:3918–3922
Glass DB, Krebs EG (1979) Comparison of the substrate specificity of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate- and guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases. Kinetic studies using synthetic peptIDes corresponding to phosphorylation sites in histone H2B. J Biol Chem 254:9728–9738
GorIDis C, Morgan IG (1973) Guanyl cyclase in rat brain subcellular fractions. FEBS Lett 34: 71–73
Hamet P, Tremblay J, Pang SC, Garcia R, Thibault G, Gutkowska J, Cantin M, Genest J (1984) Effect of native and synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic. GMP Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123:515–527
Hamra FK, Forte LR, Eber SL, PIDhorodeckyj NV, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Chin DT, Tompkins JA, Fok KF, Smith CE, et al (1993) Uroguanylin: structure and activity of a second endogenous peptIDe that stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:10464–10468
Hansbrough JR, Garbers DL (1981) Speract. Purification and characterization of a peptIDe associated with eggs that activates spermatozoa. J Biol Chem 256:1447–1452
Hardman JG, Sutherland EW (1969) Guanyl cyclase, an enzyme catalyzing the formation of guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate from guanosine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 244:6363–6370
Hardman JG, Davis JW, Sutherland EW (1966) Measurement of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and other cyclic nucleotIDes. Variations in urinary excretion with hormonal state of the rat. J Biol Chem 241:4812–4815
Harteneck C, Wedel B, Koesling D, Malkewitz J, Bohme E, Schultz G (1991) Molecular cloning and expression of a new alpha-subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Interchangeability of the alpha-subunits of the enzyme. FEBS Lett 292:217–222
Hashimoto E, Takio K, Krebs EG (1982) Amino acID sequence at the ATP-binding site of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 257:727–733
Hofmann F, Sold G (1972) A protein kinase activity from rat cerebellum stimulated by guanosine-3′:5′-monophosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 49:1100–1107
Hughes JM, Murad F, Chang B, Guerrant RL (1978) Role of cyclic GMP in the action of heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Nature 271:755–756
Ignarro LJ (1989) Endothelium-derived nitric oxIDe: actions and properties. FASEB J 3:31–36
Ignarro LJ, Degnan JN, Baricos WH, Kadowitz PJ, Wolin MS (1982a) Activation of purified guanylate cyclase by nitric oxIDe requires heme. Comparison of heme-deficient, heme-reconstituted and heme-containing forms of soluble enzyme from bovine lung. Biochim Biophys Acta 718:49–59
Ignarro LJ, Wood KS, Wolin MS (1982b) Activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase by protoporphyrin IX. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2870–2873
Jarchau T, Hausler C, Markert T, Pohler D, Vanderkerckhove J, De Jonge HR, Lohmann SM, Walter U (1994) Cloning, expression, and in situ localization of rat intestinal cGMP-dependent protein kinase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9426–9430
Kakiuchi S, Yamazaki R, Teshima Y (1971) Cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotIDe phosphodiesterase, IV. Two enzymes with different properties from brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 42:968–974
Kalderon D, Rubin GM (1989) cGMP-dependent protein kinase genes in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 264:10738–10748
Kaminsky NI, Broadus AE, Hardman JG, Jones DJ, Jr, Ball JH, Sutherland EW, LIDdle GW (1970) Effects of parathyroID hormone on plasma and urinary adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate in man. J Clin Invest 49:2387–2395
Kamisaki Y, Saheki S, Nakane M, Palmieri JA, Kuno T, Chang BY, Waldman SA, Murad F (1986) Soluble guanylate cyclase from rat lung exists as a heterodimer. J Biol Chem 261:7236–7241
Kasahara M, Unno T, Yashiro K, Ohmori M (2001) CyaG, a novel cyanobacterial adenylyl cyclase and a possible ancestor of mammalian guanylyl cyclases. J Biol Chem 276:10564–10569
Katsuki S, Arnold W, Mittal C, Murad F (1977) Stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium ni-troprussIDe, nitroglycerin and nitric oxIDe in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azIDe and hydroxylamine. J Cyclic NucleotIDe Res 3:23–35
Khromov AS, Wang H, Choudhury N, McDuffie M, Herring BP, Nakamoto R, Owens GK, Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV (2006) Smooth muscle of telokin-deficient mice exhibits increased sensitivity to Ca2+ and decreased cGMP-induced relaxation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:2440–2445
Kimura H, Murad F (1974) EvIDence for two different forms of guanylate cyclase in rat heart. J Biol Chem 249:6910–6916
Kimura H, Murad F (1975a) Increased particulate and decreased soluble guanylate cyclase activity in regenerating liver, fetal liver, and hepatoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1965–1969
Kimura H, Murad F (1975b) Two forms of guanylate cyclase in mammalian tissues and possible mechanisms for their regulation. Metabolism 24:439–445
Kimura H, Thomas E, Murad F (1974) Effects of decapitation, ether and pentobarbital on guano-sine 3′, 5′-phosphate and adenosine 3′, 5′-phosphate levels in rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 343:519–528
Kimura H, Mittal CK, Murad F (1975a) Activation of guanylate cyclase from rat liver and other tissues by sodium azIDe. J Biol Chem 250:8016–8022
Kimura H, Mittal CK, Murad F (1975b) Increases in cyclic GMP levels in brain and liver with sodium azIDe an activator of guanylate cyclase. Nature 257:700–702
Koch KW, Stryer L (1988) Highly cooperative feedback control of retinal rod guanylate cyclase by calcium ions. Nature 334:64–66
Koesling D, Herz J, Gausepohl H, Niroomand F, Hinsch KD, Mulsch A, Bohme E, Schultz G, Frank R (1988) The primary structure of the 70kDa subunit of bovine soluble guanylate cyclase. FEBS Lett 239:29–34
Koesling D, Harteneck C, Humbert P, Bosserhoff A, Frank R, Schultz G, Bohme E (1990) The primary structure of the larger subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase from bovine lung. Homology between the two subunits of the enzyme. FEBS Lett 266:128–132
Koller KJ, Lowe DG, Bennett GL, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Goeddel DV (1991) Selective activation of the B natriuretic peptIDe receptor by C-type natriuretic peptIDe (CNP). Science 252:120–123
Kuno T, Andresen JW, Kamisaki Y, Waldman SA, Chang LY, Saheki S, Leitman DC, Nakane M, Murad F (1986) Co-purification of an atrial natriuretic factor receptor and particulate guanylate cyclase from rat lung. J Biol Chem 261:5817–5823
Kuo JF, Greengard P (1969) Cyclic nucleotIDe-dependent protein kinases. IV. WIDespread occurrence of adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in various tissues and phyla of the animal kingdom. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 64:1349–1355
Kuo JF, Greengard P (1970) Cyclic nucleotIDe-dependent protein kinases. VI. Isolation and partial purification of a protein kinase activated by guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate. J Biol Chem 245:2493–2498
Kuo JF, Greengard P (1974) Purification and characterization of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. Methods Enzymol 38:329–350
Kuriyama Y, Koyama J, Egami F (1964) Digestion of chemically synthesized polyguanylic acIDs by ribonuclease T1 and spleen phosphodiesterase. Seikagaku 36:135–139
Leinders-Zufall T, Cockerham RE, Michalakis S, Biel M, Garbers DL, Reed RR, Zufall F, Munger SD (2007) Contribution of the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D to chemosensory function in the olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:14507–14512
Leitman DC, Andresen JW, Kuno T, Kamisaki Y, Chang JK, Murad F (1986a) IDentification of multiple binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor by affinity cross-linking in cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 261:11650–11655
Leitman DC, Andresen JW, Kuno T, Kamisaki Y, Chang JK, Murad F (1986b) IDentification of two binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in endothelial cells: evIDence for a receptor subtype coupled to guanylate cyclase. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 99:103–113
Lincoln TM, Corbin JD (1977) Adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate- and guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinases: possible homologous proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3239–3243
Lincoln TM, Dills WL, Jr, Corbin JD (1977) Purification and subunit composition of guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from bovine lung. J Biol Chem 252:4269–4275
Lowe DG, Chang MS, Hellmiss R, Chen E, Singh S, Garbers DL, Goeddel DV (1989) Human atrial natriuretic peptIDe receptor defines a new paradigm for second messenger signal transduction. EMBO J 8:1377–1384
Lucas KA, Pitari GM, Kazerounian S, Ruiz-Stewart I, Park J, Schulz S, Chepenik KP, Waldman SA (2000) Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacol Rev 52:375–414
Mann EA, Jump ML, Wu J, Yee E, Giannella RA (1997) Mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase C receptor are resistant to STa-induced intestinal secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239:463–466
Mingone CJ, Gupte SA, Chow JL, Ahmad M, Abraham NG, Wolin MS (2006) Protoporphyrin IX generation from delta-aminolevulinic acID elicits pulmonary artery relaxation and soluble guanylate cyclase activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291:L337–L344
Mittal CK, Murad F (1977) Formation of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate by preparations of guanylate cyclase from rat liver and other tissues. J Biol Chem 252:3136–3140
Mittal CK, Braughler JM, Ichihara K, Murad F (1979) Synthesis of adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate by guanylate cyclase, a new pathway for its formation. Biochim Biophys Acta 585:333–342
Moncada S (1990) The first Robert Furchgott lecture: from endothelium-dependent relaxation to the l-arginine:NO pathway. Blood Vessels 27:208–217
Moncada S, Higgs EA (1991) Endogenous nitric oxIDe: physiology, pathology and clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Invest 21:361–374
Murad F (1986) Cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a mediator of vasodilation. J Clin Invest 78:1–5
Murad F (1998) Nitric oxIDe signaling: would you believe that a simple free radical could be a second messenger, autacoID, paracrine substance, neurotransmitter, and hormone?. Recent Prog Horm Res 53:43–59; discussion 59–60
Murad F (1999) Discovery of some of the biological effects of nitric oxIDe and its role in cell signaling. Biosci Rep 19:133–154
Murad F (2006) Shattuck lecture. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development. N Engl J Med 355:2003–2011
Murad F, Gilman AG (1971) Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate: a simultaneous protein binding assay. Biochim Biophys Acta 252:397–400
Murad F, Manganiello V, Vaughan M (1970) Effects of guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate on glycerol production and accumulation of adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate by fat cells. J Biol Chem 245:3352–3360
Murad F, Manganiello V, Vaughan M (1971) A simple, sensitive protein-binding assay for guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:736–739
Murad F, Mittal CK, Arnold WP, Katsuki S, Kimura H (1978) Guanylate cyclase: activation by azIDe, nitro compounds, nitric oxIDe, and hydroxyl radical and inhibition by hemoglobin and myoglobin. Adv Cyclic NucleotIDe Res 9:145–158
Nair KG (1966) Purification and properties of 3′, 5′–cyclic nucleotIDe phosphodiesterase from dog heart. Biochemistry 5:150–157
Nakane M, Saheki S, Kuno T, Ishii K, Murad F (1988) Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding for 70 kilodalton subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase from rat lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 157:1139–1147
Nakane M, Arai K, Saheki S, Kuno T, Buechler W, Murad F (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of cDNAs coding for soluble guanylate cyclase from rat lung. J Biol Chem 265: 16841–16845
Nakazawa K, Sano M (1975) Partial purification and properties of guanosine 3′:5′–monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from pig lung. J Biol Chem 250:7415–7419
Pannbacker RG (1973) Control of guanylate cyclase activity in the rod outer segment. Science 182:1138–1140
Pannbacker RG, Fleischman DE, Reed DW (1972) Cyclic nucleotIDe phosphodiesterase: high activity in a mammalian photoreceptor. Science 175:757–758
Paul AK, Marala RB, Jaiswal RK, Sharma RK (1987) Coexistence of guanylate cyclase and atrial natriuretic factor receptor in a 180-kD protein. Science 235:1224–1226
Pepe IM, Panfoli I, Cugnoli C (1986) Guanylate cyclase in rod outer segments of the toad retina. Effect of light and Ca2+. FEBS Lett 203:73–76
Price TD, Ashman DF, Melicow MM (1967) Organophosphates of urine, including adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta 138: 452–465
Pugh EN, Jr, Duda T, Sitaramayya A, Sharma RK (1997) Photoreceptor guanylate cyclases: a review. Biosci Rep 17:429–473
Rall TW, Sutherland EW (1958) Formation of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotIDe by tissue particles. J Biol Chem 232:1065–1076
Rapoport RM, Murad F (1983) Agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat thoracic aorta may be mediated through cGMP. Circ Res 52:352–357
Rapoport RM, Draznin MB, Murad F (1983) Endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aorta may be mediated through cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Nature 306:174–176
Sager G (2004) Cyclic GMP transporters. Neurochem Int 45:865–873
Schindler U, Strobel H, Schonafinger K, Linz W, Lohn M, Martorana PA, Rutten H, Schindler PW, Busch AE, Sohn M, Topfer A, Pistorius A, Jannek C, Mulsch A (2006) Biochemistry and pharmacology of novel anthranilic acID derivatives activating heme-oxIDized soluble guanylyl cyclase. Mol Pharmacol 69:1260–1268
Schultz G, Bohme E, Munske K (1969) Guanyl cyclase. Determination of enzyme activity. Life Sci 8:1323–1332
Schultz G, Hardman JG, Schultz K, Baird CE, Sutherland EW (1973) The importance of calcium ions for the regulation of guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphage levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3889–3893
Schulz S, Chinkers M, Garbers DL (1989) The guanylate cyclase/receptor family of proteins. FASEB J 3:2026–2035
Schulz S, Green CK, Yuen PS, Garbers DL (1990) Guanylyl cyclase is a heat-stable enterotoxin receptor. Cell 63:941–948
Sharina IG, Krumenacker JS, Martin E, Murad F (2000) Genomic organization of alpha1 and beta1 subunits of the mammalian soluble guanylyl cyclase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10878–10883
Sharina IG, Martin E, Thomas A, Uray KL, Murad F (2003) CCAAT-binding factor regulates expression of the beta1 subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase gene in the BE2 human neuroblastoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11523–11528
Singh S, Lowe DG, Thorpe DS, Rodriguez H, Kuang WJ, Dangott LJ, Chinkers M, Goeddel DV, Garbers DL (1988) Membrane guanylate cyclase is a cell-surface receptor with homology to protein kinases. Nature 334:708–712
Smith M, Drummond GI, Khorana HG (1961) Cyclic phosphates. IV. RibonucleosIDe 3′, 5′-cyclic phosphates. A general method of synthesis and some properties. J Am Chem Soc 83:698–706
Sold G, Hofmann F (1974) EvIDence for a guanosine-3′:5′-monophosphate-binding protein from rat cerebellum. Eur J Biochem 44:143–149
Song DL, Kohse KP, Murad F (1988) Brain natriuretic factor. Augmentation of cellular cyclic GMP, activation of particulate guanylate cyclase and receptor binding. FEBS Lett 232:125–129
Stasch JP, SchmIDt P, Alonso-Alija C, Apeler H, Dembowsky K, Haerter M, Heil M, Minuth T, Perzborn E, Pleiss U, Schramm M, Schroeder W, Schroder H, Stahl E, Steinke W, Wunder F (2002) NO- and haem-independent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase: molecular basis and cardiovascular implications of a new pharmacological principle. Br J Pharmacol 136:773–783
Stuehr DJ, Griffith OW (1992) Mammalian nitric oxIDe synthases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 65:287–346
Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H (1988) A new natriuretic peptIDe in porcine brain. Nature 332:78–81
Sunahara RK, Beuve A, Tesmer JJ, Sprang SR, Garbers DL, Gilman AG (1998) Exchange of substrate and inhibitor specificities between adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases. J Biol Chem 273:16332–16338
Sutherland EW, Rall TW (1958) Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotIDe formed by tissue particles. J Biol Chem 232:1077–1091
Takio K, Smith SB, Walsh KA, Krebs EG, Titani K (1983) Amino acID sequence around a “hinge” region and its “autophosphorylation” site in bovine lung cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 258:5531–5536
Takio K, Wade RD, Smith SB, Krebs EG, Walsh KA, Titani K (1984) Guanosine cyclic 3′, 5′-phosphate dependent protein kinase, a chimeric protein homologous with two separate protein families. Biochemistry 23:4207–4218
Thompson WJ, Appleman MM (1971) Characterization of cyclic nucleotIDe phosphodiesterases of rat tissues. J Biol Chem 246:3145–3150
Thorpe DS, Garbers DL (1989) The membrane form of guanylate cyclase. Homology with a sub-unit of the cytoplasmic form of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 264:6545–6549
Uhler MD (1993) Cloning and expression of a novel cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from mouse brain. J Biol Chem 268:13586–13591
Waldman SA, Rapoport RM, Murad F (1984) Atrial natriuretic factor selectively activates particulate guanylate cyclase and elevates cyclic GMP in rat tissues. J Biol Chem 259:14332–14334
Wernet W, Flockerzi V, Hofmann F (1989) The cDNA of the two isoforms of bovine cGMP-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett 251:191–196
White AA, Aurbach GD (1969) Detection of guanyl cyclase in mammalian tissues. Biochim Bio-phys Acta 191:686–697
Winquist RJ, Faison EP, Waldman SA, Schwartz K, Murad F, Rapoport RM (1984) Atrial natriuretic factor elicits an endothelium-independent relaxation and activates particulate guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:7661–7664
Wolfe L, Francis SH, Landiss LR, Corbin JD (1987) Interconvertible cGMP-free and cGMP-bound forms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian tissues. J Biol Chem 262:16906– 16913
Wolfe L, Francis SH, Corbin JD (1989) Properties of a cGMP-dependent monomeric protein kinase from bovine aorta. J Biol Chem 264:4157–4162
Yetik-Anacak G, Catravas JD (2006) Nitric oxIDe and the endothelium: history and impact on cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 45:268–276
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kots, A.Y., Martin, E., Sharina, I.G., Murad, F. (2009). A Short History of cGMP, Guanylyl Cyclases, and cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinases. In: Schmidt, H.H.H.W., Hofmann, F., Stasch, JP. (eds) cGMP: Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 191. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-68960-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68964-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)