The origin of direct injection can be doubtlessly attributed to Rudolf Diesel who used air assisted injection for fuel atomisation in his first self-ignition engine. Although it became apparent already at that time that direct injection leads to reduced specific fuel consumption compared to other methods of fuel injection, it was not used in passenger cars for the moment because of its disadvantageous noise generation as the requirements with regard to comfort were seen as more important than a reduced specific consumption.
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Mock, R., Lubitz, K. (2008). Piezoelectric Injection Systems. In: Piezoelectricity. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 114. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68683-5_13
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