During the late 19th and early 20th century, political geography or ‘geopolitics’ was dominated by a deterministic paradigm that was launched by a group of geographers in Germany (Friedrich Ratzel; Karl Haushofer), in Sweden (Rudolf Kjellén) and the United Kingdom (Halford J. Mackinder) as well as a navy strategist in the United States (Alfred Mahan).
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Issar, A.S., Zohar, M. (2009). Climate Change Impacts on the Environment and Civilization in the Near East. In: Brauch, H.G., et al. Facing Global Environmental Change. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68488-6_6
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