Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis at Interfaces Between Condensed Phases

  • Chapter
Surface and Interface Analysis

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics ((CHEMICAL,volume 74))

  • 1865 Accesses

Abstract

The need for further methods to study electrochemical interfaces and interphases has been indicated in the preceding chapter. Spectroscopic methods in particular were suggested as suitable tools [1]–[3]. The major advantage was considered to be their capability to provide information on a microscopic level by probing the subject of interest, resulting in signals that contain the desired information specifically from the place of interest. In this chapter a first overview is given of available methods and possible approaches for a typical selection of experimental tasks, which are taken predominantly from electrochemical investigations. All methods will be dealt with in detail in the sections of the following chapters; thus the immediately following text is addressed preferably at the reader looking for a general introduction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Further Reading

  • A.W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 5th edn. (Wiley, New York, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Kolasinski, Surface Science (VCH/Wiley, Weinheim, 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.G. Bordo, H.-G. Rubahn, Optics and Spectroscopy at Surfaces and Interfaces (Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2005)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Rivière, S. Myhra (eds.), Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis (Dekker, New York, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ertl, J. Küppers, Low Energy Electron Diffraction and Surface Chemistry, 2nd edn. (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Caudano, J.-M. Gilles, A.A. Lucas (eds.), Vibrations at Surfaces (Plenum, New York, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.N. Rhodin, G. Ertl (eds.), The Nature of the Surface Chemical Bond (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Mikhail, E. Robens, Microstructure and Thermal Analysis of Surfaces (Wiley, Chichester, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.B. Hall, A.B. Ellis (eds.), Chemistry and Structures at Interfaces (Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.O’M. Bockris, A. González-Martin, in Spectroscopic and Diffraction Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry, ed. by C. Gutiérrez, C. Melendres. NATO ASI Series C, vol. 320 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  • F. MacRitchie, Chemistry at Interfaces (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Hoffmann, Solids and Surfaces (VCH, Weinheim, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Yates Jr., (ed.), Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces (Plenum, New York, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Vickerman (ed.), Surface Analysis — The Principal Techniques (Wiley, Chichester, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.W. Czanderna, D.M. Hercules (eds.), Progress in Techniques and Instrumentation: Methods of Surface Analysis (Plenum, New York, 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.-H. Perkampus, Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy (VCH, Weinheim, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Owen, Fundamentals of UV-Visible Spectroscopy (Hewlett&Packard, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Brune, R. Hellborg, H.J. Whitlow, O. Hunderi (eds.), Surface Characterization (Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.E. McGuire, J. Fuchs, P. Han, J.G. Kushmerick, P.S. Weiss, S.J. Simko, R.J. Nemanich, D.R. Chopra, Anal. Chem. 71, 373R (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Seibold, P. Albers, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1989 637; 706

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Parsons, Chem. Rev. 90, 813 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. H. Gerischer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92, 1436 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J.O’M. Bockris, M. Gamboa-Aldeco, in Spectroscopic and Diffraction Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry, ed. by C. Gutiérrez, C. Melendres. NATO ASI Series C, vol. 320 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 55

    Google Scholar 

  3. D.M. Kolb, Surf. Sci. 500, 722 (2002)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. I. Mills, T. Cvitas, K. Homann, N. Kelley, K. Kuchitsu, Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd edn. (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  5. D.E. Eastman, F.J. Himpsel, Phys. Today 5, 64 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. K. Rajeshwar, R.O. Lezna, N.R. de Tacconi, Anal. Chem. 64, 429A (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Gerischer, Angew. Chem. 100, 63 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. E.E. Koch (ed.), Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 1 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  9. E.E. Koch (ed.), Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 2 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  10. G.V. Marr (ed.), Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 3 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  11. C. Kunz, Synchrotron Radiation — Techniques and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Winick, S. Doniach (eds.), Synchrotron Radiation Research (Plenum, New York, 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  13. G. Margaritondo, Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  14. J.A. Bardwell, G.I. Sproule, M.J. Graham, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140, 50 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Lippe, PhD Dissertation. Universität Oldenburg, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  16. M.B.G. Pilkington, B.A. Coles, R.G. Compton, Anal. Chem. 61, 1787 (1989)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods (Wiley, New York, 1980), or Electrochemical Methods, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  18. B.-S. Kim, S.-M. Park, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140, 115 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Daub, J. Salbeck, I. Aurbach, Angew. Chem. 100, 278 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J.A. Caram, C. Gutierrez, J. Electroanal. Chem. 323, 213 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. P.H. Schmidt, W. Plieth, J. Electroanal. Chem. 201, 163 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D.M. Kolb, in Spectroelectrochemistry, ed. by R.J. Gale (Plenum, New York, 1988), p. 87

    Google Scholar 

  23. W.N. Hansen, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Eng. 9, 1 (1973)

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B.D. Cahan, R.F. Spanier, Surf. Sci. 16, 166 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. B.D. Cahan, Surf. Sci. 56, 354 (1976)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. C.T. Chen, B.D. Cahan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 17 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Parsons, W.H.M. Visscher, J. Electroanal. Chem. 36, 329 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J.L. Ord, F.C. Ho, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 46 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Horkans, B.D. Cahan, E. Yeager, Surf. Sci. 46, 1 (1974)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J.M.M. Droog, P.T. Alderliesten, G.A. Bootsma, J. Electroanal. Chem. 99, 173 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Gottesfeld, S. Srinivasan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 86, 89 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. T. Ohtsuka, K.E. Heusler, J. Electroanal. Chem. 100, 319 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.L. Ord, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 335 (1982), 767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. Adzic, E. Yeager, B.D. Cahan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 474 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. R. Adzic, B.D. Cahan, E. Yeager, J. Chem. Phys. 58, 1780 (1973)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Horkans, B.D. Cahan, E. Yeager, J. Electrochem. Soc. 122, 1585 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. K. Kunimatsu, R.H. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 100, 335 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Chao, M. Costa, E. Museux, E. Levart, Elektrokhimiya 29, 57 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. R.C. Kainthla, J.O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 143C (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  40. R.M. Corn, in Adsorption of Molecules at Metal Electrodes, ed. by J. Lipkowski, P.N. Ross (VCH, New York, 1992), p. 347, and references therein

    Google Scholar 

  41. G.L. Richmond, in Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 17, ed. by A.J. Bard (Dekker, New York, 1991), p. 87

    Google Scholar 

  42. Y.R. Shen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 142C (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Y.R. Shen, in Chemistry and Structures at Interfaces, ed. by R.B. Hall, A.B. Ellis (Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  44. M.W. Peterson, B.A. Parkinson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 1424 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. R.I. Tucceri, D. Posadas, Electrochim. Acta 32, 27 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Holze, J. Lippe, Synth. Met. 38, 99 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. McBreen, W.E. O’Grady, D.E. Sayers, C.Y. Yang, ECS-Meeting, Philadelphia, USA, 10–15 May 1987, Ext. Abstr. #523

    Google Scholar 

  48. M. Fleischmann, P. Graves, I. Hill, J. Robinson, A. Oliver, ECS-Meeting, Cincinnati, USA, 6–11 May 1984, Ext. Abstr. #427

    Google Scholar 

  49. T. Ikashoji, T. Iwasaki, Inorg. Chem. 27, 1123 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. M. Fleischmann, B.W. Mao, J. Electroanal. Chem. 247, 311 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. McBreen, Electrochemical society meeting, St. Louis, USA, May 17–22, 1992, Ext. Abstr. #35 and references therein

    Google Scholar 

  52. G. Materlik, J. Zegenhagen, W. Uelhoff, Phys. Rev. B32, 5502 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. J.H. White, in Electrochemical Interfaces, ed. by H.D. Abruna (VCH, New York, 1991), p. 133

    Google Scholar 

  54. M.H. Dean, A. Pinkowski, U. Stimming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 143C (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  55. C.L. Li, L.D. Bell, C.P. Bankston, W.J. Kaiser, ECS-Meeting, Honolulu, 18–23.10.1987, Ext. Abstr. #1472

    Google Scholar 

  56. O. Lev, F.-R. Fan, A.J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 783 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. F.F. Fan, A.J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 60, 751 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. D.H. Craston, C.W. Lin, A.J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 785 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. L.D. McCormick, M.H. Dean, U. Stimming, T. Thundat, L. Nagahara, S.M. Lindsay, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 144C (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. R.S. Robinson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 143C (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  61. L.-L. Ni, L.D. Bell, C.P. Bankston, W.J. Kaiser, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 144C (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. R. Christoph, H. Rohrer, H. Siegenthaler, H. Wiese, Hauptversammlung der Bunsengesellschaft, Passau, 12–14.5.1988

    Google Scholar 

  63. P. Lustenberger, H. Rohrer, R. Christoph, H. Siegenthaler, J. Electroanal. Chem. 243, 225 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. K.M.H. Dean, A. Pinkowski, U. Stimming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 143C (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  65. for an introduction see: P.K. Hansma, in Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces, ed. by J.T. Yates, T.E. Madey (Plenum, New York, 1987), p. 135

    Google Scholar 

  66. R. Yang, W.H. Smyrl, D.F. Evans, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 1428 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. A.A. Gewirth, K.J. Hanson, Interface 2, 37 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. R. Mohr Rynders, R.C. Alkire, Electrochemical Society Meeting, St. Louis, USA, May 17–22, 1992, Ext. Abstr. #475

    Google Scholar 

  69. C.-C. Chen, S.M. Vesecky, A.A. Gewirth, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 451 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. B.J. Cruickshank, A.A. Gewirth, R. Mohr Rynders, R.C. Alkire, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 2829 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  71. S. Manne, P.K. Hansma, J. Massie, V.B. Elings, A.A. Gewirth, Science 251, 183 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. D.M. Kolb, G. Lehmpfuhl, M.S. Zei, in Spectroscopic and Diffraction Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry, ed. by C. Gutiérrez, C. Melendres. NATO ASI Series C, vol. 320 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 361

    Google Scholar 

  73. R. Holze, J. Schneider, C.H. Hamann, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92, 1319 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. O. Wolter, J. Heitbaum, Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem. 88, 2, 6 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. B. Bittins-Cattaneo, E. Cattaneo, P. Königshoven, W. Vielstich, in Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 17, ed. by A.J. Bard (Dekker, New York, 1991), p. 181

    Google Scholar 

  76. S. Wasmus, E. Cattaneo, W. Vielstich, Electrochim. Acta 35, 771 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. D. Tegtmeier, A. Heindrichs, J. Heitbaum, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 93, 201 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  78. K. Nishimura, R. Ohnishi, K. Kunimatsu, M. Enyo, J. Electroanal. Chem. 258, 219 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. H. Nakajima, H. Kita, K. Kunimatsu, A. Aramata, J. Electroanal. Chem. 201, 175 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Y. Hirata, K. Suga, M. Fujihira, Chem. Lett. 1990, 1155

    Google Scholar 

  81. M. Fujihira, T. Noguchi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 347, 457 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. R. Holze, Habilitationsschrift. Universität Oldenburg, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  83. R.G. Compton, A.M. Waller, in Spectroelectrochemistry, ed. by R.J. Gale (Plenum, New York, 1988), p. 87

    Google Scholar 

  84. L. Dunsch, A. Petr, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 436 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. Lippe, PhD Thesis. Universität Oldenburg, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  86. R. Holze, J. Lippe, Bull. Electrochem. 8, 516 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. for a complete list see: R. Holze, Electroanalysis 5, 497 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. T. Luczak, M. Beltowska-Brzezinska, R. Holze, Electrochim. Acta 38, 717 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. R. Holze, T. Luczak, M. Beltowska-Brzezinska, Electrochim. Acta 39, 991 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. R.E. Malpas, A.J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 52, 109 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. G.H. Brilmyer, A.J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 52, 685 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Yoshihara, M. Ueno, Y. Nagae, A. Fujishima, J. Electroanal. Chem. 243, 475 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. J. Rappich, J.K. Dohrmann, Hauptversammlung der Bunsengesellschaft. Passau, 12.–15.5.1988

    Google Scholar 

  94. C.E. Vallet, S. Berns, J.J. Hendrickson, C.W. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 387 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. M.F. Toney, J. McBreen, Interface 2, 22 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. H. Baumgärtel, H.-W. Jochims, B. Brutschy, Z. Phys. Chem. NF 154, 1 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  97. A. Michalowicz, J. Huet, A. Gaudemer, Nouv. J. Chim. 1982, 79

    Google Scholar 

  98. M.S. Co, W.A. Hendrickson, K.O. Hodgson, S.A. Doniach, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 1144 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. J.C. Poncet, R. Guilard, Polyhedron 2, 417 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. W.H. Liu, X.F. Wang, T.Y. Teng, H.W. Huang, Rev. Sci. Instr. 54, 1653 (1983)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. J. Goulon, P. Friant, J.L. Poncet, R. Guilard, J. Fischer, L. Ricard, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys. 27, 100 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. C. Goulon-Ginet, J. Goulon, J.P. Battioni, D. Mansuy, J.C. Chottard, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys. 27, 349 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. L. Blum, A.D. Abruna, J. White, J.G. Gordon II, G.L. Borges, M.G. Samant, O.R. Melroy, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 6732 (1986)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. W.E. O’Grady, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 555 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. C. Fierro, R.E. Carbonio, D. Scherson, E.B. Yeager, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6579 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. D.A. Corrigan, R.S. Conell, C. Fierro, D.A. Scherson, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 5009 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. D.A. Scherson, C. Fierro, D. Tryk, S.L. Gupta, E.B. Yeager, J. Eldridge, R.W. Hoffman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 184, 419 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. D.A. Scherson, S.B. Yao, E.B. Yeager, J. Eldridge, M.E. Kordesch, R.W. Hoffman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 150, 535 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. D. Scherson, S.B. Yao, E.B. Yeager, J. Eldridge, M.E. Kordesch, R.W. Hoffman, Appl. Surf. Sci. 10, 325 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. D.A. Scherson, S.B. Yao, E.B. Yeager, J. Eldridge, M.E. Kordesch, R.W. Hoffman, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 932 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. H. Leidheiser, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, C5 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. M.V. Ananth, N.V. Parthasaradhy, J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47, 28 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. D.A. Scherson, S.L. Gupta, C. Fierro, E.B. Yeager, M.E. Kordesch, J. Eldridge, R.W. Hoffman, J. Blue, Electrochim. Acta 28, 1205 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Y.C. Jean, K.C. Cheng, ECS-Meeting. Toronto, 12–17 May 1985, Ext. Abstr. #676

    Google Scholar 

  115. A.T. Hubbard, Europ. Spec. 78, 28 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  116. J.A. Schoeffel, A.T. Hubbard, Anal. Chem. 49, 2370 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. A.T. Hubbard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 168, 43 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. V.K.F. Chia, J.L. Stickney, M.P. Soriaga, S.B. Rosasco, G.N. Salaita, A.T. Hubbard, J.B. Benziger, K.W.P. Pang, J. Electroanal. Chem. 163, 407 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. A.T. Hubbard, Acc. Chem. Res. 13, 177 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. J. Aberdam, in Spectroscopic and Diffraction Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry, ed. by C. Gutiérrez, C. Melendres. NATO ASI Series C, vol. 320 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 383

    Google Scholar 

  121. H.J. Mathieu, in Surface Analysis — The Principal Techniques, ed. by J.C. Vickerman (Wiley, Chichester, 1997), p. 99

    Google Scholar 

  122. B. Ratner, D. Castner, in Surface Analysis — The Principal Techniques, ed. by J.C. Vickerman (Wiley, Chichester, 1997), p. 43

    Google Scholar 

  123. R. Kötz, in Spectroscopic and Diffraction Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry, ed. by C. Gutiérrez, C. Melendres. NATO ASI Series C, vol. 320 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 409

    Google Scholar 

  124. H.W. Buschmann, S. Wilhelm, W. Vielstich, Electrochim. Acta 31, 939 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. J.C. Vickerman, A. Swift, in Surface Analysis — The Principal Techniques, ed. by J.C. Vickerman (Wiley, Chichester, 1997), p. 135

    Google Scholar 

  126. S. Wilhelm, W. Vielstich, H.W. Buschmann, T. Iwasita, J. Electroanal. Chem. 229, 377 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. S. Wilhelm, H.W. Buschmann, W. Vielstich, DECHEMA Monographie, vol. 112 (VCH, Weinheim, 1988), p. 113

    Google Scholar 

  128. E. Alessio, S. Daff, M. Elliot, E. Iengo, L.A. Jack, K.G. Macnamara, J.M. Pratt, L.J. Yellowlees, in Trends in Molecular Electrochemistry, ed. by A.J.L. Pombeiro, C. Amatore (FontisMedia/Dekker, Lausanne/New York, 2004), p. 339

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2009). Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis at Interfaces Between Condensed Phases. In: Surface and Interface Analysis. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 74. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation