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Gamma-Ray Bursts

Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((ASTRONOMY))

Abstract

We have seen that, thanks to BeppoSAX, the cosmological nature of GRBs is now well established. The observed fluences and the determination of redshifts have made it possible to measure the isotropic equivalent energies emitted by GRBs in gamma-rays. These energies reach 1050 to 1054 erg. As most GRBs are probably collimated with typical opening angles between 1° and 20°, the true energy is clustered around 1050 to 1051 ergs which must be liberated in a matter of few seconds. These values are smaller than the binding energy of a stellar compact object. The central engine must be able to generate such energies and accelerate typically 10−5 M⊙ to relativistic velocities. We have seen that, in spite of some recent difficulties, the fireball model with its internal and external shocks is today the most successful at explaining a lot of the properties of GRBs and their afterglows. The GRB variability timescales suggest that the energy is quickly deposited by a central engine within a small volume, a few hundred kilometers, which is optically thick to gamma-ray radiation at early times. This opaque fireball then expands adiabatically and relativistically. To reach ultra-relativistic regimes this fireball has to have low baryon loading or to be dominated by magnetic energy (Poynting flux). This is the condition for reaching high Lorentz factors for the expanding fireball, typically one hundred to a few hundred. This adiabatic expansion will stop when the gamma-ray radiation is able to escape, and this happens between 1011 and 1012 cm from the explosion site (see Figure 5.1). The GRB is certainly due to internal shocks: the interaction within the éjecta of relativistic shells produced by the central engine.

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(2009). Progenitors. In: Gamma-Ray Bursts. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39088-6_8

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