Abstract
Recent studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important components of ecosystem diversity. Traditional taxonomy suggests that global diversity is low, yet it is common to find high local diversity in field soils. Molecular methods of identification have, for the first time, allowed a characterisation of the diversity of AMF within actively growing plant roots. In this chapter, we present a summary of the AMF community structure that has been revealed in field-based studies. In particular, there are many AMF genotypes present in field systems that have not been established in culture. The genetic structure of AMF isolates has been shown to be complex. This profoundly affects the interpretation of genetic data obtained from AMF that cannot be cultured. We will review this data, and how it might make an impact on molecular analyses of field samples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbas JD, Hetrick BAD, Jurgenson JE (1996) Isolate specific detection of mycorrhizal fungi using genome specific primer pairs. Mycologia 88 (6): 939 - 946
Anastassova-Kristeva M (1977) The nucleolar cycle in man. J Cell Sci 25: 103 - 10
Avise JC (1994) Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Chapman and Hall, London
Bago B, Piché Y, Simon L (1998) Fluorescently-primed in situ PCR in arbuscular mycorrhizas. Mycol Res 102 (12): 1540 - 1544
Bécard G, Pfeffer PE (1993) Status of nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in-vitro development. Protoplasma 174 (1/2): 62 - 68
Bever JD, Morton JB, Antonovics J, Schultz PA (1996) Host-dependent sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a mown grassland. J Ecol 84: 71 - 82
Bianciotto V, Bandi C, Minerdi D, Sironi M, Tichy HV, Bonfante P. (1996) An obligately endosymbiotic mycorrhizal fungus itself harbors obligately intracellular bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (8): 3005 - 3010
Bosshard PP, Santini Y, Gruter D, Stettler R, Bachofen R (2000) Bacterial diversity and community composition in the chemocline of the meromictic alpine Lake Cadagno as revealed by 16S rDNA analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31 (2): 173 - 182
Bruns TD, Vilgalys R, Barns SM, Gonzalez D, Hibbet DS, Lane DJ, Simon L, Stickel S, Szaro TM, Weisberg WG, Sogin ML (1992) Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: analysis of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1: 231 - 41
Burggraaf AJP, Beringer JE (1989) Absence of nuclear DNA synthesis in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in vitro development. New Phytol 111: 25 - 33
Carvalho GR (ed) (1998) Advances in molecular ecology. NATO science series, vol 306. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Chelius MK, Triplett EW (1999) Rapid detection of arbuscular mycorrhizae in roots and soil of an intensively managed turfgrass system by PCR amplification of small subunit rDNA. Mycorrhiza 9 (1): 61 - 64
Clapp JP, Young JPW, Merryweather JW, Fitter AH (1995) Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural community. New Phytol 130: 259 - 265
Clapp JP, Young JPW, Fitter AH (1999) Ribosomal small subunit sequence variation within spores of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Scutellospora sp. Mol Ecol 8: 915 - 921
Clapp JP, Rodriguez A, Dodd JC (2001) Inter-and intra-isolate rRNA large sub-unit variation in spores of Glomus coronatum. New Phytol 149:(3)539-554
Di Bonito R, Elliott ML, Jardin EAD (1995) Detection of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in roots of different plant species with the PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 (7): 2809 - 2810
Eom A, Hartnett DC, Wilson GWT (2000) Host plant species effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 122: 435 - 444
Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2 (2): 113 - 118
Gehrig H, Schüßler A, Kluge M (1996) Geosiphon pyriforme,a fungus forming endocytobiosis with Nostoc (Cyanobacteria), is an ancestral member of the Glomales: evidence by SSU rRNA analysis. J Mol Evol 43(1):71-81
Giovannetti M, Azzolini D, Citernesi AS (1999) Anastomosis formation and nuclear and protoplasmic exchange in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 5571 - 5575
Helgason T, Daniell TJ, Husband R, Fitter AH, Young JPW (1998) Ploughing up the wood-wide web? Nature 394: 431
Helgason T, Fitter AH, Young JPW (1999) Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising Hyacinthoides non-scripta (bluebell) in a seminatural woodland. Mol Ecol 8 (4): 659 - 666
Hijri M, Hosny M, van Tuinen, D, Dulieu H (1999) Intraspecific ITS polymorphism in Scutellospora castanea (Glomales, Zygomycota) is structured within multinucleate spores. Fungal Genet Biol 26 (2): 141 - 151
Hosny M, Hijri M, Passerieux E, Dulieu H (1999) rDNA units are highly polymorphic in Scutellospora castanea (Glomales, Zygomycetes). Gene 226(1):61-71
Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) (1990) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York
Kiers ET, Lovelock CE, Krueger EL, Herre EA (2000) Differential effects of tropical arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inocula on root colonization and tree seedling growth: implications for tropical forest diversity. Ecol Lett 3 (2): 106 - 113
Kjoller R, Rosendahl S (1998) Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots using PCR-SSCP. Abstracts of the 2nd International Conference on Mycorrhiza, 5-10 July 1998, Uppsala, Sweden
Klironomos JN, McCune J, Hart M, Neville J (2000) The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecol Lett 3: 137 - 141
Lanfranco L, Delpero M, Bonfante P (1999) Intrasporal variability of ribosomal sequences in the endomycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Mol Ecol 8 (1): 37 - 45
Li WH (1997) Molecular evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp 309 - 334
Liu WT, Marsh TL, Cheng H, Forney LJ (1997) Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA.Appl Environ Microbiol 3 (11): 4516 - 4522
Lloyd-MacGilp SA, Chambers SM, Dodd JC, Fitter AH, Walker C, Young JPW (1996) Diversity of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers within and among isolates of Glomus mosseae and related fungi. New Phytol 133: 103 - 111
Longato S, Bonfante P (1997) Molecular identification of mycorrhizal fungi by direct amplification of microsatellite regions. Mycol Res 101 (4): 425 - 432
Merryweather J, Fitter AH (1998a) The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Hyacinthoides non-scripta I. Diversity of fungal taxa. New Phytol 138 (1): 117 - 129
Merryweather J, Fitter AH (1998b) The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Hyacinthoides non-scripta II. Seasonal and spatial patterns of fungal populations New Phytol 138 (1): 131 - 142
Millner PD, Mulbry WW, Reynolds SL, Patterson CA (1998) A taxon-specific oligonucleotide probe for temperate zone soil isolates of Glomus mosseae. Mycorrhiza 8 (1): 19 - 27
Morton JB, Benny GL (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37: 471-491
Morton JB, Bentivenga SP, Bever JD (1995) Discovery, measurement, and interpretation of diversity in arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes). Can J Bot 73: S25 - S32
Newsham KK, Fitter AH, Watkinson AR (1995) Multi-functionality and biodiversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas. Trends Ecol Evol 10: 407 - 411
Passerieux E (1994) DEA Thesis, Univ Bourgogne, Dijon, France
Redecker D (2000) Specific PGR primers to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within colonized roots. Mycorrhiza 10 (2): 73 - 80
Redecker D, Thierfelder H, Walker C, Werner D (1997) Restriction analysis of PCRamplified internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA as a tool for species identification in different genera of the order Glomales. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 (5): 1756 - 1761
Redecker D, Hijri M, Dulieu H, Sanders IR (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of a data set of fungal 5.8S rDNA sequences shows that highly divergent copies of internal transcribed spacers reported from Scutellospora castanea are of ascomycete origin. Fungal Genet Biol 28 (3): 238 - 244
Redecker D, Morton JB, Bruns TD (2000) Ancestral lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales). Mol Phylogenet Evol 14 (2): 276 - 284
Rosendahl S, Taylor JW (1997) Development of multiple genetic markers for studies of genetic variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using AFLP. Mol Ecol 6 (9): 821 - 829
Sanders IR (1999) No sex please, we’re fungi. Nature 399: 737 – 739
Sanders IR, Fitter AH (1992) Evidence for differential responses between host-fungus combinations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas from a grassland. Mycol Res 96: 415 - 419
Sanders IR, Alt M, Groppe K, Boller T, Wiemken A (1995) Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomales: application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol 130: 419 - 427
Sanders IR, Clapp JP, Wiemken A (1996) The genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems - a key to understanding the ecology and functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 133: 123 - 134
Schüßler A (1999) Glomales SSU rRNA gene diversity. New Phytol 144: 205 - 207
Schüßler A, Gehrig H, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) Analysis of partial Glomales SSUrRNA gene sequences: implications for primer design and phylogeny. Mycol Res 105: 5 - 15
Simon L (1996) Phylogeny of the Glomales: deciphering the past to understand the present. New Phytol 133: 95 - 101
Simon L, Lalonde M, Bruns TD (1992) Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from VA endomycorrhizal fungi colonising roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 291 - 295
Simon L, Bousquet J, Levesque RC, Lalonde M (1993a) Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67 - 69
Simon L, Levesque RC, Lalonde M (1993b) Identification of endomycorrhizal fungi colonising roots by fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 4211 - 4215
Tommerup IC (1988) The vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Adv Plant Pathol 6: 81 - 91
Trouvelot S, van Tuinen D, Hijri M, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1999) Visualization of riboso-mal DNA loci in spore interphasic nuclei of glomalean fungi by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mycorrhiza 8 (4): 203 - 206
van der Heijden MGA, Klironomos JN, Ursic M, Moutoglis P, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Sanders IR (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396: 69 - 72
Van Tuinen D, Dulieu H, Zézé A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1994) Impact of mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosystems. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 13 - 23
Van Tuinen D, Jacquot E, Zhao B, Gollotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1998) Characterisation of root colonisation profiles by a microcosm community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using 25S rDNA-targeted nested PCR. Mol Ecol 7: 879 - 887
Vandenkoornhuyse P, Leyval C (1998) SSU rDNA sequencing and PCR-fingerprinting reveal genetic variation within Glomus mosseae. Mycologia 90 (5): 791 - 797
Viera A, Glenn MG (1990) DNA content of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores. Mycologia 82 (2): 263 - 267
Wright SF, Upadhyaya A (1998) A survey of soils for aggregate stability and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 198: 97 - 107
White, TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal genes for phylogenies. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp 315 - 322
Wyss P, Bonfante P (1993) Amplification of genomic DNA of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi by PCR using short arbitrary primers. Mycol Res 97 (11): 1351 - 1357
Zézé A, Hosny M, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dulieu H (1996) Characterisation of a highly repeated DNA sequence (SC1) from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora castanea and its detection in planta. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (7): 2443 - 2448
Zézé A, Sulistyowati E, Ophel-Keller K, Barker S, Smith S (1997) Intersporal genetic variation of Gigaspora margarita, a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, revealed by M13 minisatellite-primed PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 (2): 676 - 678
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clapp, J.P., Helgason, T., Daniell, T.J., Peter, J., Young, W. (2003). Genetic Studies of the Structure and Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities. In: van der Heijden, M.G.A., Sanders, I.R. (eds) Mycorrhizal Ecology. Ecological Studies, vol 157. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38364-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38364-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00204-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-38364-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive