Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
Infectious Diseases in Critical Care

  • 2159 Accesses

Abstract

Fungal infections are a significant problem and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in a variety of patients. Improvements in supportive care and widespread use of antimicrobial agents have resulted in an expanding population of at-risk patients. This trend not only concerns severely compromised hosts such as transplant recipients, neutropenic and HIV-positive patients, but also non-compromised patients on surgical and medical intensive care units, burns and neonatal units with specific risk factors for infection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beck-Sague CM, Jarvis WR, and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (1993) Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. J Infect Dis 167:1247–1251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jarvis WR (1995) Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections with emphasis on Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 20:1526–1530

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rees JR, Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Reingold AL (1998) The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Franscisco Bay area 1992–1993: Results of a population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 27:1138–1147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nicolle LE, Rotstein C, Bourgault AM, et al. (1998) Invasive fungal infections in Canada from 1992 to 1994. Can J Infect Dis 9:347–352

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kibbler CC, Seaton S, Barnes RA, Gransden WR, Holliman RE, Johnson EM, Perry JD, Sullivan DJ, Wilson JA (2003) Management and outcome of blood stream infections due to Candida species in England and Wales. J Hosp Infect 54:18–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tortorano AM, Biraghi E, Astolfi A, et al. and the FIMUA Candidaemia Study Group (2002) European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) prospective survey of candidaemia: report from one Italian region. J Hosp Infect 51:297–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vincent J-L, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. (1995) The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) study. J Am Med Assoc 274:639–644

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Spencer RC (1996) Predominant pathogens found in the European prevalence of infection in intensive care study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15:281–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lamagni TL, Evans BG, Shigematsu M, Johnson EM (2001) Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990–9). Epidemiol Infect 126:397–414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pfaller M, Wenzel R (1992) Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990’s. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11:287–291

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Voss A, Le Noble JLML, Lunel FMV, Foudraine NA, Meis JFGM (1997) Candidemia in intensive care unit patients: Risk factors for mortality. Infection 25:8–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C, et al. (1997) Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: Analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Intensive Care Med 23:23–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ronnestad A, Abrahamsen TG, Gaustad P, Finne PH (1998) Blood culture isolates during 6 years in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Scand J Infect Dis 30:245–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP (1989) Risk factors for hospital acquired candidemia. A matched case-control study. Archiv Int Med 149:2349–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pittet D, Li N, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP (1997) Microbiological factors influencing the outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infections. A six year, validated, population based model. Clin Infect Dis 24:1068–78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Price MF, LaRocca MT, Gentry LO (1994) Fluconazole susceptibilities of Candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1422–1424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG (1991) Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 325:1274–1277

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al. (1993) Association of Torulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1847–1849

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Odds FC (1996) Epidemiological shifts in opportunistic and nosocomial Candida infections: Mycological aspects. Int J Antimicrob Agents 6:141–144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Vincent J-L, Anaissie E, Bruining H, et al. (1998) Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic Candida infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Med 24:206–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. (1992) Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: Epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 15:414–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jantunen E, Ruutu P, Niskanen L, et al. (1997) Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 19:801–808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Collins LA, Samore MH, Roberts MS, et al. (1994) Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating othotopic liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 170:644–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP, et al. (1997) Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: A prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Intensive Care Med 23:317–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, Mossiman F, Francoli P (1989) Clinical significance of Candida isolated from the peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet ii:1437–1440

    Google Scholar 

  26. Voss A, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP, Doebbeling BN (1994) Investigation of the sequence of colonization and candidemia in nonneutropenic patients. J Clin Microbiol 32:975–980

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Garbino J, Pittet D (1997) Candida infections in the ICU. Clin Intensive Care 8:187–200

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R (1994) Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220:751–758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Romagnani S (1997) The Th1/Th2 paradigm. Immunol Today 18:263–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Allen JE, Maizels RM (1997) Th1-Th2: Reliable paradigm or dangerous dogma? Immunol Today 18:387–392

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kox WJ, Volk T, Kox SN, Volk H-D (2000) Immunomodulatory therapy in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 26:S124–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, et al. (1995) T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH2-like responses are present in mice with gastric candidiasis and protective immunity is associated with TH1 development. J Infect Dis 171:1279–1288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Romani L, Cenci E, Mencacci A, et al. (1993) Gamma-interferon modifies CD4+ subset expression in murine candidiasis. Infect Immun 60:4950–4952

    Google Scholar 

  34. Poynton CH, Barnes RA, Rees J (1998) Interferon gamma in the treatment of deep-seated fungal infection in acute leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 26:239–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shareef MJ, Myers TF, Mathews HL, Witek-Janusek L (1999) Reduced capacity of neonatal lymphocytes to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Biol Neonate 75:31–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Freidank H, Thiel L, Henninger S (1994) Comparison of immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis in demonstrating precipitating antibodies against Candida and Aspergillus antigens. Mycoses 37(Suppl 1):79–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Weis C, Kappe R, Sonntag H-G (1997) Western blot analysis of the immune response to Candida albicans antigens in 391 long-term intensive care patients. Mycoses 40:153–157

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Matthews RC, Maresca B, Burnie JP, et al. (1998) Stress proteins in fungal diseases. Med Mycol 36(Suppl):45–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Martinez JP, Gil ML, Lopez-Ribot JL, LaJean Chaffin W (1998) Serologic response to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins of Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:121–141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pittet D, Garbino J (1995) Fungal infections in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 1:369–380

    Google Scholar 

  41. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA (1998) Fungal infections in the intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 38:163–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ronnestad A, Abrahamsen TG, Gaustad P, Finne PH (1999) C-reactive protein (CRP) response patterns in neonatal septicaemia. APMIS 107:593–600

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Henderson VJ (1996) Emerging and reemerging microbial threats. Nosocomial fungal infections. Archiv Surg 131:330–337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ (1997) Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: a rationale for complementary use of culture-and non-culture based detection systems. Int J Infect Dis 1(Suppl 1):S11–S19

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dean DA, Burchard KW(1996) Fungal infections in surgical patients. Am J Surg 171:374–382

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJ, et al. (1994) Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia: clinical implications derived from a prospective, multicenter study. Ophthamology 101:1302–1309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, et al. (1994) A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 331:1325–1330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rodriguez-Adrian LJ, King RT, Tamayo-Derat LG, et al. (2003) Retinal lesions as clues to disseminated bacterial and candidal infections — Frequency, natural history, and etiology. Medicine 82:187–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Calandra T (1997) Candida infection in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 3:335–41

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nassoura Z, Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Jabbour N, Stahl WM (1993) Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients: the role of fluconazole therapy. J Trauma 35:290–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ng BB, Telenti A, King B, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR (1993) Candidemia from a urinary tract source: microbiological aspects and clinical significance. Clin Infect Dis 17:662–666

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bryant K, Maxfield C, Rabalais G (1999) Renal candidiasis in neonates with candiduria. Paediatr Infect Dis J 18:959–963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Haron E, Vartivarian S, Anaissie E, Dekmezian R, Bodey GP (1993) Primary Candida pneumonia: Experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature. Medicine 72:137–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rello J, Esandi M-E, Diaz E, et al. (1998) The role of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in nonneutropenic patients. Chest 114:146–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bauer TT, Torres A (1999) Candida pneumonia. Clin Intensive Care 10:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  56. Geha DJ, Roberts DT (1994) Laboratory detection of fungaemia. Clin Lab Med 14:83–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wilson ML, Davis TE, Mirrett S, et al. (1993) Controlled comparison of the BACTEC high-blood-volume fungal medium, BACTEC Plus 26 aerobic blood culture bottle, and 10 milliliter isolator blood culture system for detection of fungemia and bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 31:865–871

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sendid B, Tabouret M, Poirot JL, et al. (1999) New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 37:1510–1517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, et al. (2004) Beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: Validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 39:199–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CAP, Roberts WL, Woods GL (2005) Evaluation of a (1→3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 43:5957–5962

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mitsutake K, Miyazaki T, Tashiro T, et al. (1996) Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-Tec antigen, and beta-glucan in patients with candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 34:1918–1921

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Loeffler J, Hebart H, Bialek R, et al. (1999) Contaminations occurring in fungal PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 37:1200–1202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Crampin AC, Matthews RC (1993) Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of candidosis by amplification of a HSP 90 gene fragment. J Med Microbiol 39:233–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kan VL (1993) Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of candidemia. J Infect Dis 168:779–783

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Burgener-Kairuz P, Zuber J-P, Jaunin P, et al. (1994) Rapid detection and identification of Candida albicans and Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata in clinical specimens by species-specific nested PCR-amplification of a cytochrome P-450 lanosterol-alpha-demethylase (L1A1) gene fragment. J Clin Microbiol 32:1902–1907

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller G, et al. (1997) Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in using molecular probes. J Clin Microbiol 35:1353–1360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. White PL, Barnes RA, Shetty A (2003) Detection and identification of Candida species using nested PCR and the Light Cycler™ system. J Med Microbiol 52:229–238

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. White PL, Archer AE, Barnes RA (2005) A comparison of non-culture based methods for the diagnosis of systemic fungal infections with an emphasis on invasive Candida infections. J Clin Microbiol 43:2181–2187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chryssanthou E, Klingspor L, Tollemar J, et al. (1999) PCR and other non-culture methods for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in allogeneic bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. Mycoses 42:239–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party (1994) Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 20:522–528

    Google Scholar 

  71. Uzun O, Anaissie EJ (1995) Antifungal prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies: a reappraisal. Blood 86:2063–2072

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tollemar J (1999) Prophylaxis against fungal infections in transplant recipients: Possible approaches. Biodrugs 11:309–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Playford EG, Webster AC, Sorrell TC, Craig JC (2006) Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1, art. no.: CD004920.pub2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004920.pub2

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pelz RK, Hendrix CW, Swoboda SM, et al. (2001) Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 233:542–548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rex JH, Sobel JD (2001) Prophylactic antifungal therapy in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 32:1191–1200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sinha J, Barnes RA (2003) Fungal infections in critical care: the appropriate use of antifungal agents. Br J Intensive Care Med 13:89–98

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gotzinger P, Sautner T, Spittler A (2000) Severe acute pancreatitis causes alterations in HLA-DR and CD14 expression on peripheral blood monocytes independently of surgical treatment. Eur J Surg 166:628–632

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Buchler M (1986) Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis — a prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 91:433–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Grewe M, Tsiotos GG, de-Leon EL, Sarr MG (1999) Fungal infection in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg 188:408–414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gotzinger P, Wamser P, Barlan M, et al. (2000) Candida infection of local necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis is associated with increased mortality. Shock 14:320–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hoerauf A, Hammer S, Muller-Myhsok B, Rupprecht H (1998) Intra-abdominal Candida infection during acute necrotizing pancreatitis has a high prevalence and is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 26:2010–2015

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Butturini G, Salvia R, Bettini R, et al. (2001) Infection prophylaxis in necrotising pancreatitis: an old challenge with new perspectives. J Hosp Infect 49:4–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Shrikhande S, Friess H, Issenegger C, et al. (2000) Fluconazole penetration into the pancreas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2569–2571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Calandra T, Schneider R, Bille J, Mosimann F, Francioli P (1989) Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet 2:1437–1440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Eggimann P, Francioli P, Bille J, et al. (1999) Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in highrisk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 27:1066–1072

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bauer TM, Dupont V, Zimmerli W (1996) Invasive candidiasis complicating spontaneous esophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome). Am J Gastroenterol 91:1248–1250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Denning DW, Kibbler CC, Barnes RA (2003) British Society for Medical Mycology proposed standards of care for patients with invasive fungal infections. Lancet Infect Dis 3:230–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Harbarth S, Burke JP, Lloyd JF, et al. (2002) Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 35:e120–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ullman AJ, Sanz MA, Tramarin A, et al. (2006) Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in four European countries. Clin Infect Dis 43:e279–283

    Google Scholar 

  90. Imhof A, Walter RB, Schaffner A (2003) Continuous infusion of escalated doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate: An open-label observational study. Clin Infect Dis 36:943–951

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lewis RE, Wiederhold NP, Prince RA, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:288–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Edwards JE Jr, Bodey GP, Bowden RA, et al. (1997) International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin Infect Dis 25:43–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, et al. (2003) A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 36:1221–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pappas PG, Rex JH, Sobel JD, et al. (2004) Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 38:161–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Huttova M, Hartmanova I, Kralinsky K, et al. (1998) Candida fungemia in neonates treated with fluconazole: Report of forty cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:1012–1015

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Nahata MC, Tallian KB, Force RW (1999) Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in young infants. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet 24:155–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA (1997) Hazards of inadequate fluconazole dosage to treat deep-seated or systemic Candida albicans infection. J Infect 35:295–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Pittrow L, Penk A (1999) Dosage adjustment of fluconazole during continuous renal replacement therapy (CAVH, CVVH, CAVHD, CVVHD). Mycoses 42:17–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Muhl E, Martens T, Iven H, Rob P, Bruch HP (2000) Influence of continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration and continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56:671–678

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Martins M, Rex JH (1996) Resistance to antifungal agents in the critical care setting: problems and perspectives. New Horizons 4:338–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Wong S-F, Leung MP, Chan M-Y (1997) Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in children requiring peritoneal dialysis. Clin Therapeutics 19:1039–1047

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pfaller M, Diekema DJ, Rinaldi M, et al. (2005) Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study: A 6.5-year analysis of the worldwide susceptibility of yeasts to fluconazole and voriconazole using standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 43:5848–5859

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Graybill JR (2005) Voriconazole for candidosis: an important addition? Lancet 366:1413–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, et al. (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366(9495):1435–1442

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Duarte JM, Betts R, Rotstein C, et al. (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020–2029

    Google Scholar 

  106. Bachmann SP, VandeWalle K, Ramage G, et al. (2002) In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46(11):3591–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, et al. (2004) Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 351:1391–1402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Kontoyiannis D, Raffalli J, et al. (2005) International, open-label, noncomparative, clinical trial of micafungin alone and in combination for treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory candidemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:654–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Harbarth S, Burke JP, Lloyd JF, et al. (2002) Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 35:e120–e127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ (1998) Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Clinical efficacy and toxicity (review). Clin Infect Dis 27:603–618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Adler-Moore JP, Proffitt RT (1993) Development, characterization, efficacy and mode of action of AmBisome, a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B. J Liposome Res 3:429–450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pappas G, Rex JH, Sobel JD, et al. (2004) Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 38:161–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ghannoum MA, Elewski B (1999) Successful treatment of fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis by a combination of fluconazole and terbinafine. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:921–923

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Howden BP, Slavin MA, Schwarer AP, Mijch AM (2003) Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Eur J Clin Microbiol 22:111–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Bistoni F, et al. (1998) Cytokines and mycoses. Med Mycol 36(Suppl 1):174–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Stevens DA, Kullberg BJ, Brummer E, et al. (2000) Combined treatment: antifungal drugs with antibodies, cytokines or drugs. Med Mycol 38:305–315 Suppl

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Matthews RC, Rigg G, Hodgetts S, et al. (2003) Preclinical assessment of the efficacy of Mycograb, a human recombinant antibody against fungal HSP90. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2208–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Mencaci A, Cenci E, Bacci A, Bistoni F, Romani L (2000) Host immune reactivity determines the efficacy of combination immunotherapy and antifungal chemotherapy in candidiasis. J Infect Dis 181:686–694

    Google Scholar 

  119. Romani L (2001) Host immune reactivity and antifungal chemotherapy: The power of being together. J Chemother 13:347–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Matthews RC, Burnie JP (2005) Human recombinant antibody to HSP90: A natural partner in combination therapy. Curr Mol Med 5:403–411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Netea MG, Van der Meer JWM, Sutmuller RP, Adema GJ, Kullberg BJ (2005) From the Th1/Th2 paradigm towards a toll-like receptor/T-helper bias. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3991–3996

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Strasbaugh LJ, Sewell DL, Ward TT, et al. (1994) High frequency of yeast carriage on the hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 32:2299–2300

    Google Scholar 

  123. Pfaller MA (1994) Epidemiology and control of fungal infection. Clin Infect Dis 19Suppl 1:S1–S6

    Google Scholar 

  124. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Houston A, et al. (1998) National epidemiological of mycoses survey: A multicentre study of strain variation and antifungal susceptibility among isolates of Candida species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 31:289–296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F, et al. (1998) Changing bacterial ecology during a five year period of selective intestinal decontamination. J Hosp Infect 39:195–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Arnow PM, Carandang GC, Zabner R, Irwin ME (1996) Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 22:997–1003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Damjanovic V, Connolly CM, van Saene HKF, et al. (1993) Selective decontamination with nystatin for control of a Candida outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 24:245–259

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Van Saene R, Fairclough S, Petros A (1998) Broad-and narrow-spectrum antibiotics: A different approach. Clin Microbiol Infect 4:56–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Manuel RJ, Kibbler CC (1998) The epidemiology and prevention of invasive aspergillosis. J Hosp Infect 39:95–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Harvey IM, Leadbeatter S, Peters TJ, et al. (1988) An outbreak of disseminated aspergillosis associated with an intensive care unit. Commun Med 10:306–313

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Pittet D, Huguenin T, Dharan S, et al. (1996) Unusual cause of lethal pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:541–544

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Humphreys H, Johnson EM, Warnock DW, et al. (1991) An outbreak of aspergillosis in a general ICU. J Hosp Infect 18:167–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Fitzpatrick F, Prout S, Gilleece A, Fenelon LE, Murphy OM (1999) Nosocomial aspergillosis during building work — A multidisciplinary approach. J Hosp Infect 42:170–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Singh N, Paterson DL (2005) Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Singh N (2003) Impact of current transplantation practices on the changing epidemiology of infections in transplant recipients. Lancet Infect Dis 3:156–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hovenden JL, Nicklason F, Barnes RA (1991) Invasive aspergillosis in non-immunocompromised patients. Br Med J 302:583–584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Fairfax AJ, David V, Douce G (1999) Laryngeal aspergillosis following high dose inhaled fluticasone therapy for asthma. Thorax 54:860–861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Lewis MB, Henderson B (1999) Invasive intracranial aspergillosis secondary to intranasal corticosteroids. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:416–417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Funabiki Y, Ishii K, Kusaka S, et al. (1999) Aspergillosis following influenza a infection. Jpn J Geriatr 36:274–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Munn S, Keane F, Child F, Philpott-Howard J, Du Vivier A (1999) Primary cutaneous aspergillosis. Br J Dermatol 141:378–380

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Vandewoude KH, Blot SI, Benoit D, Colardyn F, Vogelaers D, (2004) Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: attributable mortality and excesses in length of ICU stay and ventilator dependence. J Hosp Infect 56:269–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kox WJ, Volk T, Kox SN, Volk H-D (2000) Immunomodulatory therapy in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 26:S124–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ascioglu S, Rex JH, Pauw B, et al. (2002) Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 34:7–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. McWhinney PHM, Kibbler CC, Hamon MD, et al. (1993) Progress in the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis in bone marrow transplantation: 13 years experience. Clin Infect Dis 17:397–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Yeghen T, Kibbler CC, Prentice HG, et al. (2000) Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematology patients: A review of 87 consecutive cases at a single institution. Clin Infect Dis 31:859–868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bellosta M, Gaviglio MR, Mosconi M, et al. (1999) Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in an HIV-negative patient. Eur J Dermatol 9:224–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Caballes RL, Caballes RA (1999) Primary cryptococcal prostatitis in an apparently uncompromised host. Prostate 39:119–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Park MK, Hospenthal DR, Bennett JE (1999) Treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to cryptococcal meningitis by use of shunting. Clin Infect Dis 28:629–633

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Yip SKH, Cheng C, Wong MYC, et al. (1998) Cryptococcal prostatic abscess in an immunocompromised patient: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore 27:873–876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Memain N, et al. (2006) Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS 19:1043–1049

    Google Scholar 

  151. Miguez-Burbano MJ, Flores M, Ashkin D, et al. (2006) Non-tuberculous mycobacteria disease as a cause of hospitalization in HIV-infected subjects. Int J Infect Dis 10:47–55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Sneller MC (1995) Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Am Med Assoc 273:1288–1291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Palacios R, Hidalgo A, Reina C, et al. (2006) Effect of antiretroviral therapy on admissions of HIV-infected patients to an intensive care unit. HIV Med 7:193–196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Opravil M, Marincek B, Fuchs WA, et al. (1994) Shortcomings of chest radiography in detecting Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 7:39–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Klein NC, Gill MV, Cunha BA (1996) Unusual organisms causing intravenous line infections in compromised hosts: II. Fungal infections. Infect Dis Clin Pract 5:303–310

    Google Scholar 

  156. Gueho E, Boekhout T, Ashbee HR, et al. (1998) The role of Malassezia species in the ecology of human skin and as pathogens. Med Mycol Suppl 36:220–229

    Google Scholar 

  157. Archer-Dubon C, Icaza-Chivez ME, Orozco-Topete R, et al. (1999) An epidemic outbreak of Malassezia folliculitis in three adult patients in an intensive care unit: A previously unrecognized nosocomial infection. Int J Dermatol 38:453–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Wilichowski E, Christen H-J, Schiffmann H, et al. (1996) Fatal Pseudallescheria boydii panencephalitis in a child after near-drowning. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15:365–370

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Kowacs PA, Silvado CES, de Almeida SM, et al. (2004) Infection of the CNS by Scedosporium apiospermum after near drowning. Report of a fatal case and analysis of its confounding factors. J Clin Pathol 57:205–207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Chakraborty A, Workman MR, Bullock PR (2005) Scedosporium apiospermumbrain abscess treated with surgery and voriconazole — Case report. J Neurosurg 103:83–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK

    R. A. Barnes MD, MSc

  2. National Public Health Service Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK

    J. Sinha MRCPath

Authors
  1. R. A. Barnes MD, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Sinha MRCPath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Critical Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafré Guasch, 4, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Jordi Rello MD, PhD  & Alejandro Rodríguez MD, PhD  & 

  2. Medical Intensive Care Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA

    Marin Kollef MD (Professor of Medicine and Director) (Professor of Medicine and Director)

  3. Intensive Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafré Guasch, 4, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Emili Díaz MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barnes, R.A., Sinha, J. (2007). Fungal Infections. In: Rello, J., Kollef, M., Díaz, E., Rodríguez, A. (eds) Infectious Diseases in Critical Care. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34406-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34406-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-34405-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-34406-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation