Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie ((JRR,volume 4))

Abstract

In this paper, I shall put forward some conjectures about the way in which the basic features of the process of litigation (in a legal system like that of the United States) create and limit the possiblities of using that system as a means of redistributive (i.e., equalizing) change. We shall take litigation in the broadest sense of the presentation of claims to be decided by courts (or court-like agencies) and the whole penumbra of threats, feints, etc., surrounding such presentation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References Cited

  • Abel-Smith, Brian and Robert Stevens,1967, Lawyers and the Courts: A Sociological Study of the English Legal System, 1750–1965. Cambridge, Harvard University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, Spiro 1972, What’s Wrong with the Legal Services Program. A.B.A. Journal 58: 930–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspin, Leslie,1966, A Study of Reinstatement Under the National Labor Relations Act. Unpublished dissertation, Mass. Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, Vilhelm,1963, Competition and Dissensus: Two Types of Conflict Resolution. Journal of Conflict Resolution 7:26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, Richard S.,1969, The Zoning Game: Municipal Practices and Policies. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, Harold J.,1963, Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of Soviet Law. Revised Ed., Englarged. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, Marver H.,1955, Regulating Business by Independent Commission. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Donald J.,1973, The Mobilization of Law. Journal of Legal Studies 2:125–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, Abraham,1967, The Practice of Law as a Confidence Game. Law and Society Review 1:15–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonn, Robert L.,1972 a, Arbitration: An Alternative System for Handling Contract Related Disputes. Administrative Sciences Quarterly 17:254–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonn, Robert L., 1972 b, The Predictability of Nonlegalistic Adjudication. Law and Society Review 6:563–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkin, Joseph,1950, The Patent Infringement Suit — Ordeal by Trial University of Chicago Law Review 17:634–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brill, Harry 1973, The Uses and Abuses of Legal Assistance. The Public Interest No. 31: 38–55 (Spring).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, Warren,1970, The State of the Judiciary — 1970. American Bar Association Journal. 56: 929–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnley, James H. IV,1973, Comment, Solicitation by the Second Oldest Profession: Attorneys and Advertising. Harvard Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law Review 8:77–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, Edgar S. and Jean Camper Cahn,1970, Power to the People or the Profession? — The Public Interest in Public Interest Law. Yale Law Journal 79:1005–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, Jerome E.,1962, Lawyers on their Own: A Study of Individual Practitioners in Chicago. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, Jerome E., 1966, Lawyer’s Ethics: A Survey of the New York City Bar. New York, Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, Jerome E. and Jan Howard,1965, Legal Representation and Class Justice. UCLA Law Review 12:381–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christianson, Barlow F.,1970, Lawyers for People of Moderate Means: some problems of availability of legal services. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Julius, Reginald A.H. Robson, and Alan Bates,1958, Parental Authority: The Community and the Law. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conard, Alfred F., James N. Morgan, Robert W. Pratt, Jr., Charles F. Voltz, and Robert L. Bombaugh,1964, Automobile Accident Costs and Payments: Studies in the Economics of Injury Reparation. Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Consumer Council,1970, Justice Out of Reach: A Case for Small Claims Courts. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, Robert A.,1958, Decision-making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-maker. Journal of Public Law 6:279–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, Vernon K.,1970, What is, and What Ought to Be: A Comparison of Certain Formal

    Google Scholar 

  • Characteristics of the Ideological and Legal Styles of Thought: Second Draft, Feb. 1970. Dolbeare, Kenneth M., and Phillip E. Hammond, 1971, The School. Local Practice. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman,Murray, 1967, The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Ehrlich, Eugen,1936, Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. New York: Russell and Russell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, C. Donald,1971, Criminal Justice in the City. Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finklestein, Herman,1954, The Composer and the Public Interest — Regulation of Performing Rights Societies. Law and Contemporary Problems 19: 275–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foote, Caleb,1956, Vagrancy-type Law and Its Administration. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 104:603–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, Marc, Robert H. Chanin, and Irving Mark, 1961, Accidents, Money and the Law. A Study of the Economics of Personal Injury Litigation. Columbia Law Review 61:1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Lawrence M., 1967, Legal Rules and the Process of Social Change. Stanford Law Review 19: 786–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Lawrence M., 1969, Legal Culture and Social Development. Law and Society Review 4:29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Lawrence M. and Jack Ladinsky,1967, Social Change and the Law of Industrial Accidents. Columbia Law Review 67:50–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Lawrence M., and Stewart Macaulay,1967, Contract Law and Contract Teaching: Past, Present, and Future. Wisconsin Law Review 1967:805–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galanter, Marc, 1968–69, Introduction: The Study of the Indian Legal Profession. Law and Society Review 3:201–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, Joel,1970, The Supreme Court and Social Change: A Preliminary Inquiry. American Behavioral Scientist 13:535–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handler, Joel,1967, The Lawyer and His Community: The Practicing Bar in a Middlesized City. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, Albert O.,1970, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homberger, Adolf,1970, Functions of Orality in Austrian and Americal Civil Procedure Buffalo Law Review 20:9–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homberger, Adolf, 1971, State Class Actions and the Federal Rule.,Columbia Law Review 71:609–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsky, Charles,1952, The Washington Lawyer. Boston, Little, Brown Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunting, Roger Bryant and Gloria S. Neuwirth,1962, Who Sues in New York City? A Study of Automobile Accident Claims. New York, Columbia Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, James Willard,1950, The Growth of American Law: The Law Makers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, Herbert,1969, Debtors in Court: The Consumption of Government Services. Chicago, Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, Quintin and Dan Hopson, Jr.,1967, Lawyers and Their Work: An Analysis of the Legal Profession in the United States and England. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, Benjamin, von Mehren, Arthur T., Schaefer, Rudolf,1958, Phases of German Civil Procedure. Harvard Law Review 71:1193–1268, 1443–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Fave, Wayne R.,1965, Arrest: The Decision to Take a Suspect into Custody. Boston, Little, Brown Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladinsky, Jack,1963, Careers of Lawyers, Law Practice and Legal Institutions. American Sociological Review 28:47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, Joseph,1970, Embattled Victims of the Uninsured: In Court with New York’s MVAIC, 1959–69. Buffalo Law Review 19:471:513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Paulle, Pierre George,1950, Law Practice in France. Columbia Law Review 50:945–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, Arthur A.,1970 a, Injury, Ignorance, and Spite — The Dynamics of Coercive Collection. Yale Law Journal 80:1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Paulle, Pierre George, 1970 b, Unconscionability and the Crowd-Consumers and the Common-Law Tradition. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 31:349–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsky, Michael,1970, Protest in City Politics: Rent Strikes, Housing, and the Power of the Poor. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobenthal, Joseph S., Jr.,1970, Power and Put-On: The Law in America. New York, Outerbridge and Dienstfrey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, Dietrich A., 1965, Plan and Contract Performance in Soviet Law. in (W. La Fave, ed.) Law in the Soviet Society. pp. 128–79. Urbana: Univ. of Ill. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lortie, Dan C.,1959, Laymen to Lawmen: Law School, Careers, and Professional Socialization. Harvard Educational Review 29:352–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macaulay, Stewart,1963, Non-Contractual Relations in Business. A Preliminary Study. American Sociological Review 28:55–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macaulay, Stewart, 1966, Law and the Balance of Power: The Automobile Manufacturers and their Dealers. New York, Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, Spencer,1967, Dispute Settlement in an American Supermarket. in Paul Bohannon (ed.) Law and Warfare, Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press for American Museum of Natural History. 291–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merryman, John Henry,1969, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Richard S.,1968, The Politics of Religious Conflict: Church and State in America. New York, Pegasus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, Beatrice A.,1969, The Persecution and Intimidation of the Low-Income Litigant as Performed by the Small Claims Court in California. Stanford Law Review 21:1657–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, Donald J.,1966, Conviction: The Determination of Guilt or Innocence Without Trial. Boston, Little, Brown and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonet, Philippe,1969, Administrative Justice: Advocacy and Change in a Government Agency. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northwestern University Law Review,1953, “Settlement of Personal Injury Cases in the Chicago Area”. 47:895–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, Jeffrey,1971, The Injury Industry and the Remedy of No-Fault Insurance. Commerce Clearing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Gorman, Hubert,1963, Lawyers and Matrimonial Cases: A Study of Informal Pressures in Private Professional Practice. New York, Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlhausen, George C.,1936, Rich and Poor in Civil Procedure. Science and Society 11:275–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, Mancur, Jr.,1965, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagter, C.R., R. Mcloskey and M. Reinis,1964, The California Small Claims Court. California Law Review 52:876–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, Talcott,1954, A Sociologist Looks At The Legal Profession: in Essays in Sociological Theory. New York, Free Press, pp. 370–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, Anne,1964, The Effect of Pretrial Detention. N.Y.U. Law Review 39:641–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichstein, Kenneth J.,1965, Ambulance Chasing: A Case Study of Deviation Within the Legal Profession. Social Problems 3:3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, Douglas E.,1970, Client Participation in Professional Decision: the Lawyer-Client Relationship in Personal Injury Cases. Yale University Doctoral Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H. Laurence,1970, Settled Out of Court: The Social Process of Insurance Claims

    Google Scholar 

  • Adjustment. Chicago, Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothwax, Harold J.,1969, The Law as an Instrument of Social Change in Justice and the Law in the Mobilization for Youth Experience. (Harold H. Weissman, Editor) New York, New York Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saari, David J.,1967, Open Doors to Justice — An Overview of Financing Justice in America. Journal of the American Judicature Society 50:296–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, Robert H.,1969, An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups. Midwest Journal of Political Science 13:1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, Thomas C.,1963, The Strategy of Conflict. New York, Oxford Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrag, Philip G.,1969, Bleak House 1968: A Report on Consumer Test Litigation. New York University Law Review 44:115–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scigliano, Robert,1971, The Supreme Court and the Presidency. New York, Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, William G.,1964, The Management of Conflict: Appeal Systems in Organizations. Homewood, Ill.: Irwin/Dorsey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shklar, Judith N.,1964, Legalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuchman, Philip,1968, Ethics and Legal Ethics: The Property of the Canons as a Group Moral Code. George Washington Law Review. 37:244–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuchman, Philip,1969, Profit on Default: an archival study of automobile repossession and resale. Stanford Law Review. 22:20–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shuchman, Philip, 1971, The Fraud Exception in Consumer Bankruptcy. Stanford Law Review. 23:735–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skolnick, Jerome,1966, Justice Without Trial: Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society. New York, John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuchman, Philip,1967, Social Control in the Adversary Process. Journal of Conflict Resolution 11:52–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smigel, Erwin O., 1969, The Wall Street Lawyer: Professional Organization Man? Bloomington. Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spradley, James P.,1970, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, Harry P., Henry P. Schroerluke and Forrest D. Dill,1971, The Legal Profession and Legal Services: Explorations in Local Bar Politics. Law and Society Review 6: 47–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudnow, David,1965, Normal Crimes: Sociological Features of the Penal Code in a Public Defender Office. Social Problems 12:255–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, Clyde,1960, Individual Rights in Collective Agreements: A Preliminary Analysis. Buffalo Law Review 9:239–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tullock, Gordon,1971, Logic of the Law. New York. Basic Books, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, Ted R.,1968, The Landlord-Tenant Relationship in a Low-Income Area. Social Problems 16:208–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Virtue, Maxine Boord,1956, Family Cases in Court: A Group of Four Court Studies Dealing with Judicial Administration. Durham, Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald, Patricia,1964, Foreward: Pretrial Detention and Ultimate Freedom. N.Y.U. Law Review 31:631–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, Craig P.,1972, The Public Ordering of Private Relations: Winning Civil Disputes in Urban Trial Courts. Paper Prepared for Delivery at the 1972 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, Max,1954, Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society. Max Rheinstein, ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yale Law Journal,1970, The New Public Interest Lawyers. Yale Law Journal 79:1069–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeisel, Hans, Harry Kalven, Jr., and Bernard Buchholz,1959, Delay in the Court. Boston, Little Brown Company.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Lawrence M. Friedman Manfred Rehbinder

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Opladen

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Galanter, M. (1976). The Distribution of Advantages in the Litigation Process. In: Friedman, L.M., Rehbinder, M. (eds) Zur Soziologie des Gerichtsverfahrens (Sociology of the Judicial Process). Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie, vol 4. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-96982-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-96982-8_14

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-322-96983-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-96982-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics