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Essentielle makromolekulare Strukturen für die Funktion der Myelinmembran des Zentralnervensystems

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Natur-, Ingenieur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften

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Zusammenfassung

Im Verlauf der Evolution, die zu einer ständig wachsenden Komplexität der Organismen führte, entwickelten sich eine Reihe von Mechanismen, die es ermöglichten, rasch auf Umwelteinflüsse zu reagieren und selbst zu agieren. Von diesen kommen dem zentralen und peripheren Nervensystem (ZNS bzw. PNS) die größte Bedeutung zu wegen der Möglichkeit, Informationen zwischen entfernten Nervenzellen (Neuronen) und Erfolgsorganen über Axone mit hoher Geschwindigkeit zu übertragen. Neben den Neuronen entwickelte sich die Neuroglia, ein Stützgewebe für die Neuronen, zu dem die Astroglia und die Oligodendroglia zählen. Ein entscheidender Sprung in der Evolution bestand in der Entwicklung eines elektrischen Isoliersystems der Nervenfasern in Form der Myelinscheide, die von den Oligodendrocyten gebildet wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Erregungsleitung ist proportional dem Durchmesser des Axons im Falle der nackten Axone. In myelinisierten Axonen hingegen verläuft diese in Abhängigkeit von der Ausprägung der Myelinscheide mehr als 1OOmal schneller als in Abwesenheit des Myelins, d. h. der Querschnitt eines Axons kann für die gleiche Leistung erheblich reduziert werden. Neben der Erhöhung der Erregungsleitungsgeschwindigkeit ermöglicht die Myelinisierung die Unterbringung einer vielfachen Zahl von Axonen. Das wiederum macht die äußerst kompakte Struktur des Zentralnervensystems möglich. Wären die Axone der Bahnen des Rückenmarks z.B. nicht myelinisiert, so müßten letztere zu Erfüllung der gleichen Leistung einen Durchmesser einer mehrere hundert Jahre alten Eiche besitzen oder der Sehnerv, Nervus opticus,statt 2 bis 4 mm einen Durchmesser von 10 bis 15 cm aufweisen.

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    Wilhelm Stoffel

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Stoffel, W. (1990). Essentielle makromolekulare Strukturen für die Funktion der Myelinmembran des Zentralnervensystems. In: Natur-, Ingenieur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85589-3_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85589-3_1

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften

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