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Introduction: Overview of Current Molecular Diagnostic Testing on Cytology Samples

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Molecular Diagnostics in Cytopathology

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Abstract

This era of precision medicine has been marked by an accelerating pace of our understanding of the underlying biology that drives a variety of malignancies. This has been enabled by advances in our ability to screen for and detect cancers and obtain cytologic and small biopsy samples for the diagnosis of these malignancies and technological advances in the laboratory medicine sector to identify molecular genetic aberrations that drive these cancers. As the discovery of molecular biomarkers, clinical trials, and therapeutic treatment options continue to evolve, pathologists are being increasingly tasked to leverage cytology and small biopsy samples for diagnostic purposes as well as downstream molecular ancillary testing. This serves to provide guidance and information to their clinical colleagues for prognostication and appropriate clinical management. Molecular testing has been successfully applied to these samples, and this introductory chapter serves to highlight various contexts in which molecular diagnostics and cytology are closely intertwined.

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Abbreviations

ALK :

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase or ALK receptor tyrosine kinase

BRAF :

v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B

CEP:

Centromeric probe

DDIT3 :

DNA damage-inducible transcript 3

EGFR :

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EWSR1 :

Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

FNA:

Fine-needle aspiration

FOXO1 :

Forkhead box O1

FUS :

Fused in sarcoma

GNA11 :

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11

GNAQ :

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha

HER2 :

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2)

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

KIT :

KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase

KRAS :

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

MDM2 :

Mouse double minute 2 homolog or E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (mouse)

MEK1 :

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1

MYCN :

v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog, neuroblastoma derived

NRAS :

Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene

PDGFB :

Platelet-derived growth factor β

PDGFRA :

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor A

Pter:

Terminal of chromosome short arm

Qter:

Terminal of chromosome long arm

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROS1 :

ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase

SS18 :

Synovial sarcoma translocation chromosome 18

TFE3 :

Transcription factor binding to immunoglobulin heavy constant

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Michael H. Roh

  2. Department of Hematopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna

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  1. Michael H. Roh
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Correspondence to Michael H. Roh .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA

    Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri

  2. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Paul A. VanderLaan

  3. MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA

    John M. Stewart

  4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Gilda da Cunha Santos

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Roh, M.H., Kanagal-Shamanna, R. (2019). Introduction: Overview of Current Molecular Diagnostic Testing on Cytology Samples. In: Roy-Chowdhuri, S., VanderLaan, P., Stewart, J., Santos, G. (eds) Molecular Diagnostics in Cytopathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97397-5_1

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