Abstract
The impact of this chapter is to inform the reader of this book about current activities of international bodies to improve the methods used in exposure assessment and the knowledge and information database. In addition the reader shall be given insight into the regulatory work and decision procedures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
EFSA’s scientific process. A step-by-step guide. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/interactive_pages/scientificprocess/ScientificProcess
- 2.
EFSA 2014. Discussion Paper Transformation to an ‘Open EFSA’ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/corporate/doc/openefsadiscussionpaper14.pdf
- 3.
Methods for evidence use in scientific assessments. Furthering impartiality, methodological rigour, transparency and responsiveness when using evidence. Available at: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/interactive_pages/prometheus/prometheus
- 4.
EFSA Guidance and assessment approaches (https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/methodology/guidance)
- 5.
How we work. Available at: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/about/howwework
- 6.
EFSA’s Data collection and analysis networks https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/data/networks
- 7.
EFSA stakeholder discussion group on food chemical occurrence data https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/engage/stakeholders
- 8.
FAO/WHO Global Individual Food consumption data Tool (FAO/WHO GIFT) http://www.fao.org/nutrition/assessment/food-consumption-database/en/
- 9.
The FAO/WHO Chronic individual food consumption database - Summary statistics (CIFOCOss) http://www.who.int/foodsafety/databases/en/
- 10.
EFSA’s calls for data https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/calls/data
- 11.
EFSA’s data collection, standardisation and analysis https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/data
- 12.
Submitting an application to EFSA: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/applications/about/submitting
- 13.
EFSA’s calls for data https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/calls/data
- 14.
PRIMo - Pesticide Residue Intake Model. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/applications/pesticides/tools
- 15.
European Union reports on pesticide residues. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications/advanced-search/?sub_subject=70065
- 16.
Acknowledgement: Without the participation and the dedication of the following team members the EIS-ChemRisks toolbox would not have been possible: Pertti (Bert) Hakkinen, Dieter Schwela, Yuri Bruinen de Bruin, Carlos del Pozo, Irene Biavetti, Athanasios Arvanitis, Giorgios Giannopoulos, Majlinda Lahaniatis, Stylianos Kephalopoulos and Dimitris Kotzias. Particular thanks are expressed to Takis Daskaleros (DG SANCO).
Many thanks to the JRC colleagues from the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), namely: Bert-Ove Lund, Jens Tørsløv and Frans M. Christensen.
Special thanks for the continuously involved experts, namely: Jacqueline van Engelen (RIVM), Gerhard Heinemeyer (BfR), Anne Catherine Viso (InVS), Lea Frimann Hansen (DEPA), Leif Bengtsson (KEMI), Matti Jantunen (KTL) and Carlos Rodriguez (P&G).
The following members of the IRAG sub-group have dedicated efforts on case studies carried out using the EIS-ChemRisks toolbox: Dirk van Aken [Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, the Netherlands], Peter Hammer Sørensen [Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA), Denmark], Matthias Honnacker [Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Germany], Janez Novak [Market Inspectorate, Slovenia], Corinne Mandin [Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), France], Konstantinos Zisis [Ministry of Development, Greece] and Chris Van der Cruyssen [Federal Public Service Economy, Belgium] with the coordination of Jürgen Vogelgesang (DG SANCO). We are grateful to all of them.
References
Arcella D, Leclercq C (2005) Assessment of dietary intake of flavouring substances within the procedure for their safety evaluation: advantages and limitations of estimates obtained by means of a per capita method. Food Chem Toxicol 43:105–116
Bruinen de Bruin Y, Hakkinen P, Lahaniatis M, Papameletiou D, Del Pozo C, Reina V, van Engelen J, Heinemeyer G, Viso AC, Rodriguez C, Jantunen M (2007) Risk management measures for chemicals in consumer products: documentation, assessment, and communication across the supply chain. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:S55-S66. http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v17/n1s/pdf/7500587a.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
Chemical Watch (2016) REACH—a never-ending story. https://chemicalwatch.com/46844/reach-a-never-ending-story. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2007) Reasoned opinion on the potential chronic and acute risk to consumers health arising from proposed temporary EU MRLs. EFSA J 5(3):RN-32, 1141 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.32r. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.32r/full. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2009a) Scientific opinion of the panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids (CEF) on dietary exposure assessment methods for smoke flavouring primary products. EFSA J RN-284:1–30. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.248r. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.248r/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2009b) Guidance of EFSA prepared by the scientific panel of food contact material, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids on the submission of a dossier on food enzymes. EFSA J 1305: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1305. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1305/full. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2010a) Standard sample description for food and feed. EFSA J 8(1):1457, 54 pp. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/1457. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2010b) Guidance on the data required for the risk assessment of flavourings to be used in or on foods. EFSA J 8(6):1623, 38 pp. https://doi.org/10.2093/j.efsa.2010.1623. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1623/pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2010c) The 2010 European Union Report on Pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 11(3):3130, 808 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3130. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3130. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2011) Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA J 9(3):2097. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2097. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2012a) Guidance of the FEEDAP panel for establishing the safety of additives for the consumer. EFSA J 10(1):2537, 12 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2537. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2537/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2012b) Guidance for submission for food additive evaluations. EFSA J 10(7):2760. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2760/epdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2013) Standard sample description ver. 2.0. EFSA J 11(10):3424, 114 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3424. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014a) Food additives intake model (FAIM): comments received from stakeholders and EFSA’s views. EFSA Support Publ 2014:EN-566, 25 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.EN-566. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.EN-566/full. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014b) Guidance on the EU Menu methodology. EFSA J 12(12):3944, 77 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3944. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3944/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014c) Guidance on data exchange version 2.0. EFSA J 12(12):3945, 173 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3945. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3945/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014d) Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment for plant protection products. EFSA J 2014;12(10):3874, 55 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3874. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3874/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014e) Scientific Opinion on the safety assessment of carvone, considering all sources of exposure. EFSA J 12(7):3806, 74 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3806. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3806/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2014f) Guidance on expert knowledge elicitation in food and feed safety risk assessment. EFSA J 12(6):3734, 278 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3734/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2015a) The EFSA Data Warehouse access rules. EFSA Support Publ 12(2):EN-768, 18 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-768. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-768/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2015b) Scientific opinion of the CEF panel on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: executive summary. EFSA J 13(1):3978, 23 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2016a) Corporate publication. EFSA strategy 2020. Trusted science for safe food. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/corporate_publications/files/strategy2020.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2016b) Exposure assessment of food enzymes. Statement of the EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids. EFSA J 14(11):4581, 9 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4581. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4581/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2016c) Scientific opinion of the CEF Panel on recent developments in the risk assessment of chemicals in food and their potential impact on the safety assessment of substances used in food contact materials. EFSA J 14(1):4357, 28 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4357. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4357/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2016d) Guidance of the NDA panel on the preparation and presentation of an application for authorisation of a novel food in the context of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 14(11):4594, 24 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4594. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4594/full. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2017a) Guidance on the use of the weight of evidence approach in scientific assessments. EFSA J 15(8):4971, 69 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4971. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4971. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2017b) Guidance on the assessment of the safety of feed additives for the consumer. EFSA J 15(10):5022, 17 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5022. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5022/full. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EFSA (2018) Guidance on uncertainty analysis in scientific assessments. EFSA J 16(1):5123, 39 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5123. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5122/abstract. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
ENDS Europe DAILY (2016) ECHA calls for stricter chemicals registration rules. (27/05/2016) https://echa.europa.eu/news-and-events/news-ale. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (1991) Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31991L0414. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2001) Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=LEGISSUM:l14546&from=EN. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2002) Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ (L31):1–24. 1.2.2002. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32002R0178&from=EN. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2005) Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EE. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32005R0396&from=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2009) Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R1107. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2010) Commission Decision of 16 December 2009 laying down guidelines for the management of the Community Rapid Information System ‘RAPEX’ established under Article 12 and of the notification procedure established under Article 11 of Directive 2001/95/EC (the General Product Safety Directive). Off J Eur Union 53(L22):1–64, 26 January 2010. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
EU (2013) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 503/2013 of 3 April 2013 on applications for authorisation of genetically modified food and feed in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Regulations (EC) No 641/2004 and (EC) No 1981/2006 (1)
EU (2019) Regulation (EU) No 2019/1381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the transparency and sustainability of the EU risk assessment in the food chain and amending Regulations (EC) No 178/2002, (EC) No 1829/2003, (EC) No 1831/2003, (EC) No 2065/2003, (EC) No 1935/2004, (EC) No 1331/2008, (EC) No 1107/2009, (EU) 2015/2283 and Directive 2001/18/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.231.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:231:TOC. Accessed 28 Oct 2019
Fagt S, Matthiessen J, Trolle E, Lyhne N, Christensen T, Hinsch HJ, Hartkopp H, Biltoft-Jensen A, Møller A, Daae AS (2002) [Dietary habits in Denmark 2000–2001: developments in dietary consumption, purchases and habits in Denmark] Danskernes kostvaner 2000–2001: Udviklingen i danskernes kost-forbrug, indkøb og vaner, Danish food directorate, Department of nutrition, Food Report 2002, 10, June 2002, ISBN 87–91189–37-3. http://www.food.dtu.dk/-/media/Institutter/Foedevareinstituttet/Publikationer/Pub-2002/Danskernes-kostvaner-2000-2001.ashx?la=da
Heinemeyer G, van Engelen J, Papameletiou D (2006) Consumer exposure scenarios under reach. Epidemiology 17(6):S63. Abstract. http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2006/11001/Consumer_Exposure_Scenarios_Under_Reach.135.aspx?trendmd-shared=0. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
Meek ME, Boobis AR, Crofton KE, Heinemeyer G, Van Raaij M, Vickers C (2011) Risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: a WHO/IPCS framework. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 60(2011):S1–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21466831
NRC (2012) Exposure science in the 21st century. A vision and a strategy. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. isbn:978-0-309-26468-6
OECD (2003) Guidance document on reporting summary information on environmental, occupational and consumer exposure. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 42. ENV/JM/MONO(2003)16. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2003)16&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2009) Emission scenario document on plastic additives. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Emission Scenario Documents No. 3. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)8/REV1. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)8/rev1&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2011a) WHO OECD ILSI/HESI international workshop on risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: workshop report. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 140. ENV/JM/MONO(2011)103. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)10&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2011b) WHO OECD ILSI/HESI international workshop on risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: annex 2. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 140. ENV/JM/MONO(2011)10/ANN2. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)10/ann2&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2011c) WHO OECD ILSI/HESI international workshop on risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: annex 3. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 140. ENV/JM/MONO(2011)10/ANN3. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)10/ann3&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2011d) WHO OECD ILSI/HESI international workshop on risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: annex 7. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 140. ENV/JM/MONO(2011)10/ANN7. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)10/ann7&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2013a) Guidance document for exposure assessment based on environmental monitoring. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 185. ENV/JM/MONO(2013)7. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2013)7&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2013b) Descriptions of existing models and tools used for exposure assessment—results of OECD survey. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 182. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)37. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)37&doclanguage=en. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2016) Harmonised templates 301 to 306: use and exposure information. http://www.oecd.org/ehs/templates/harmonised-templates-use-exposure-information.htm. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
OECD (2018) Considerations for assessing the risks of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Series on testing and assessment no. 296, Environment, Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate. ENV/JM/MONO(2018)37. http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/considerations-for-assessing-the-risks-of-combined-exposure-to-multiple-chemicals.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
Phillips L, Johnson M, Deener K, Bonanni C (2015) EPA’s exposure assessment toolbox (EPA-Expo-Box). J Environ Inf 25(2):81–84. https://doi.org/10.3808/jei.201400269
Turrini A, Saba A, Perrone D, Cialfa E, D’Amicis A (2001) Food consumption patterns in Italy: the INN-CA Study 1994–1996. Eur J Clin Nutr 55(7):571–588
van Engelen JGM, Heinemeyer G, Rodriguez C (2007) Consumer exposure scenarios: development, challenges and possible solutions. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:S26–S33. http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v17/n1s/pdf/7500577a.pdf
van Leeuwen CJ, Vermeire TG (2007) Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, 2nd edn. Springer, Cham. isbn:978-1-4020-6101-1
Vermeire T, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Traas T, Bolte J, van Engelen J, Evers E, Herremans J, Hogerwerf L, van der Linden T, Ossendorp B, Peijnenburg W, Piersma A, Schols E, Sijm D, Tielemans E, Traas T, van der Vliet D, Dissel S, Lebret E (2017) RIVM exposure assessment strategy 2016–2020 (internal paper)
Vuori V, Zaleski RT, Jantunen MJ (2006) ExpoFacts—an overview of European exposure factors data. Risk Anal 26(3):831–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00772.x
WHO (2004) IPCS risk assessment terminology. IPCS harmonization project document no. 1. WHO, Geneva. isbn:92 4 156267 6. http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/terminology/en/. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
WHO (2005) Principles of characterizing and applying human exposure models. IPCS harmonization project document no. 3, WHO, Geneva. isbn:92 4 156311.7. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/en/. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
WHO (2008) Uncertainty and data quality in exposure assessment. Part 1: guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. IPCS harmonization project document no. 6. WHO, Geneva. isbn:978 92 4 156376 5 http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/en/. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
WHO OECD ILSI/HESI (2011) Report of the international workshop on risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: annex 2. Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on testing and assessment no. 140, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)10/ANNEX 2, 15–16 Feb 2011, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/JM/MONO(2011)10/ANN2&docLanguage=En. Accessed 27 Oct 2019
Zaleski RT, Gephart L (2001) Exposure factors sourcebook for European populations (with focus on UK data). Technical report no. 79. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC)
Zaleski RT, Egeghy PP, Hakkinen PJ (2016) Exploring global exposure factors resources for use in consumer exposure assessments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(7):744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070744
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ahrens, A. et al. (2019). Activities Encountered by European and Other International Authorities. In: Heinemeyer, G., Jantunen, M., Hakkinen, P. (eds) The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96148-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96148-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96147-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96148-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)