Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

General Aspects of Exposure Evaluation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment

Abstract

This part is directed to the general instruments that are needed for an appropriate consumer exposure assessment. It is based on the recommendations of international organisations for risk assessment. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the WHO (2004) has proposed the basic requirements for exposure assessment. Every exposure assessment should consider the three main elements of exposure assessment, (1) scenario, (2) model and (3) parameter characterisation, in combination with uncertainty analysis. Also, the tiered approach should be considered, where needed and possible. Further, combined exposures should follow the concept of toxicological equivalents (TEQ).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 24 April 2020

    The chapter was inadvertently published with an incorrect city “Berlin” in the affiliation of the author Klaus Schneider. This has been updated to reflect the correct city as “Freiburg”.

Notes

  1. 1.

    The calculation steps described here can be calculated by use of the ConsExpo tool.

  2. 2.

    See, e.g. http://fpfn24.wdfiles.com/local%2D%2Dfiles/suplementos-de-clase/@RISK5.0_v_CrystalBall7.3.pdf

  3. 3.

    See, e.g. http://fpfn24.wdfiles.com/local%2D%2Dfiles/suplementos-de-clase/@RISK5.0_v_CrystalBall7.3.pdf

  4. 4.

    www.caresng.org

  5. 5.

    BVL (2016). http://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/01_Lebensmittel/lm_node.html

  6. 6.

    BVL (2012). http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/01_Lebensmittel/01_lm_mon_dokumente/02_Monitoring_Tabellen/lm_monitoring_tabelle_2012.html

References

  • Abraham K, Pfister M, Wohrlin F, Lampen A (2011) Relative bioavailability of coumarin from cinnamon and cinnamon-containing foods compared to isolated coumarin: a four-way crossover study in human volunteers. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:644–653. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21462332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlborg UG, Becking GC, Birnbaum LS, Brouwer A, Derks HJGM, Feeley M, Golog G, Hanberg A, Larsen JC, Liem AK, Safe SH, Schlatter C, Wvern F, Younes M, Yrjinheikki E (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs: report on WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation. Chemosphere 28:1049–1067

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrus A, Horváth Z, Szenczi-Cseh J, Szabó IJ (2018) Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—calculation methods. J Environ Sci Health B 53(6):394–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1439815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angerer J, Ewers U, Wilhelm M (2007) Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210:201–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asikainen A, Gotti A, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis DA, Semple S, De Brouwere K, Galea K, van Tongeren M, Jantunen M (2011) INTERA: integrated exposure for risk assessment in indoor environments. Abstract nr. 387. The 12th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Austin, TX, Jun 5–10, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • AUH (1995) Standards zur Expositionsabschätzung. Bericht des Ausschusses für Umwelthygiens. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der leitenden Medizinalbeamtinnen und – beamten der Länder. Herausgeber: Behörde für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales (Hamburg) and Institut für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung in der Medizin

    Google Scholar 

  • Baez RJ, Baez MX, Marthaler TM (2000) Urinary fluoride excretion by children 4–6 years old in a south Texas community. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 7(4):242–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batáriová A, Spěváčková V, Beneš B, Čejchanová M, Šmíd J, Černá M (2006) Blood and urine levels of Pb, Cd and Hg in the general population of the Czech Republic and proposed reference values. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209(4):359–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaugelin-Seiller K, Cessac B, Marot F, Chartier C, Deportes I, Metivier JM, Morin A, Mourlon C, Vincent G (2004) La banque de données CIBLEX, une compilation de paramètres d’exposition de la population Française au voisinage d’un site pollué. DÉCHETS – Revue francophone d’écologie industrielle – n° 35 – 3e trimestre 2004. http://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/dechets-sciences-techniques/docannexe/file/2125/5_beaugelin.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Becker K, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Heger W, Koch H, Nagorka R, Roßkamp E, Schlüter C, Seifert B, Ullrich D (2004) DEHP metabolite in urine of children and DEHP in house dust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207(5):409–417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker K, Göen T, Seiwert M, Conrad A, Pick-Fuß H, Müller J, Wittassek M, Schulz C, Kolossa-Gehring M (2009) GerES IV: Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212(6):685–692

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund M, Larsson K, Grandér M, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G et al (2015) Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children. Environ Res 141:69–76

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettencourt da Silva R, Bulska E, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Hedrich B, Majcen N, Magnusson B, Marinčić S, Papadakis I, Patriarca M, Vassileva E, Taylor P (2012) In Majcen N, Gegevičius V (eds) Analytical measurement: measurement uncertainty and statistics. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2787/58527

  • BfR (2012) Cassia cinnamon with high coumarin contents to be consumed in moderation. http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press_information/2012/26/cassia_cinnamon_with_high_coumarin_contents_to_be_consumed_in_moderation-131836.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • BfR (2015) Guidelines on uncertainty analysis in exposure assessments. Recommendation of the Committee for Exposure Assessment and Exposure Standardisation of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Available at: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/350/guidelines-on-uncertainty-analysis-in-exposure-assessments.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Boon PE, van der Voet H, Ruprich J, Turrini A, Sand S, van Klaveren JD (2014) Computational tool for usual intake modelling workable at the European level. Food Chem Toxicol 74:279-288. issn:0278-6915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.019; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691514004475

  • Bosgra S, Bos P, Vermeire T, Luit R, Slob W (2005) Probabilistic risk characterisation: an example with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 43:104–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremmer HJ, Van Veen MP (2000) Factsheet algemeen, randvoorwaarden en betrouwbaarheid, ventilatie, kamergrootte, lichaamsoppervlak [General Factsheet, conditions and reliability, ventilation, room size, body surface]. RIVM report 612810 009, RIVM, Bilthoven. www.rivm.nl. Accessed 8 Mar 2018

  • Bremmer HJ, Prud’homme de Lodder LCH, van Engelen JGM (2006) General fact sheet. Limiting conditions and reliability, ventilation, room size, body surface area. RIVM report 320104002/2006; Updated version for ConsExpo 4. http://rivm.openrepository.com/rivm/bitstream/10029/3861/1/320104002.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Breysse N, Vial G, Pattingre L, Ossendorp BC, Mahieu K, Reich H, Rietveld A, Sieke C, van der Velde-Koerts T and Sarda X (2018) Impact of a proposed revision of the IESTI equation on the acute risk assessment conducted when setting maximum residue levels (MRLs) in the European Union (EU): a case study, J Environ Sci Health B, 53:6, 352-365, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1439809

  • Bruinen de Bruin Y, Hakkinen PB, Lahaniatis M, Papameletiou D, Del Pozo C, Reina V, Van Engelen J, Heinemeyer G, Viso AC, Rodriguez C, Jantunen M (2007) Risk management measures for chemicals in consumer products: documentation, assessment, and communication across the supply chain. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17(Suppl 1):S55–S66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BVL (2002–2016) Berichte zur Lebensmittelsicherheit. Monitoring. Gemeinsamer Bericht des Bundes und der Länder. https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/01_Lebensmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_AmtlicheLebensmittelueberwachung/04_Monitoring/lm_monitoring_node.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Cacuci DG (2003) Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis: theory, vol 1. Chapman & Hall, CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese EJ, Barnes RM, Stanek IIIEJ, Pastides H, Gilbert CE, Veneman P, Wang X, Lasztity A, Kostecki PT (1989) How much soil do young children ingest: an epidemiologic study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 10(2):123–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(89)90019-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Pekow P, Barnes RM (1997) Soil ingestion estimates for children residing on a superfund site. Ecotoxicol Envion Saf 36:258–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calafat A, McKee R (2006) Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study. Environ Health Perspect 114:1783–1789

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2005) Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-excellence-in-environmental-health-tracking/Third_Report.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • CDC (2009) Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=784246. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • CDC (2016) National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). Page last updated: February 24, 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Ciffroy P, Altenpohl A, Fait G, Fransman W, Paini A, Radovnikovic A, Simon-Cornu M, Suciu N, Verdonck F (2016) Development of a standard documentation protocol for communicating exposure models. Sci Total Environ 568:557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clausen PA, Spaan S, Brouwer DH, Marquart H, le Feber M, Engel R, Geerts L, Jensen KA, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Hansen B, De Brouwere K (2003) Working principles for risk analysis for application in the framework of the codex alimentarius. Technical report. Codex Alimentarius Commission: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4800e/y4800e0o.htm. Accessed 27 Oct 2019

  • Clausen PA, Spaan S, Brouwer DH, Marquart H, le Feber M, Engel R, Geerts L, Jensen KA, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Hansen B, De Brouwere K (2016) Experimental estimation of migration and transfer of organic substances from consumer articles to cotton wipes: evaluation of underlying mechanisms. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 26:104–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2015.35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CONCAWE (2015) Specific consumer exposure determinants (SCEDs) documents. https://www.concawe.eu/reach/specific-consumer-exposure-determinants-sceds-documents. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Cullen AC, Frey CF (1999) Probabilistic techniques in exposure assessment. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Danish EPA (2001–2016) Danish surveys on chemicals in consumer products. http://eng.mst.dk/chemicals/chemicals-in-products/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Danish EPA (2016) Determination of migration rates for certain phthalates. Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 149. http://mst.dk/service/publikationer/publikationsarkiv/2016/okt/determination-of-migration-rates-for-certain-phthalates/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Delmaar CJE, van der Zee Park M, van Engelen JGM (2005) ConsExpo 4.0 consumer exposure and uptake models program manual. RIVM Report 320104004/2005, 72. https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320104004.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Den Hond E, Govarts E, Willems H, Smolders R, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M et al (2015) First steps toward harmonised human biomonitoring in Europe: demonstration project to perform human biomonitoring on a European scale. Environ Health Perspect 123:255–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Dereumeaux C, Saoudi A, Pecheux M, Berat B, Crouy-Chanel P, Zaros C, Brunel S, Delamaire C, le Tertre A, Lefranc A, Vandentorren S, Guldner L (2016) Biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants in French pregnant women from the Elfe cohort in 2011. Environ Int 97:56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois D, Dubois EF (1916) A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 17:863–871

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubuisson C, Lioret S, Touvier M, Dufour A, Calamassi-Tran G, Volatier JL, Lafay L (2010) Trends in food and nutritional intakes of French adults from 1999 to 2007: results from the INCA surveys. Br J Nutr 103(7):1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509992625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudzina T, Delmaar CJE, Biesterbos JWH, Bakker MI, Scheepers PTJ, van Engelen JGM, Hungerbuehler K, von Goetz N (2015) The probabilistic aggregate consumer exposure model (PACEM): validation and comparison to a lower-tier assessment for the cyclic siloxane D5. Environ Int 79:8–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ECETOC (2005) Targeted risk assessment, report 93. http://www.ecetoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ECETOC-TR-093.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • ECETOC (2015) Advances in consumer exposure science: data, modelling and aggregate exposure assessment, 26 Jan 2016, Brussels, Workshop Report no 31. http://www.ecetoc.org/publication/workshop-report-no-31-advances-consumer-exposure-science-data-modelling-aggregate-exposure-assessment-26th-january-2016-brussels/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • ECHA (2012) Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R19: uncertainty analysis. ECHA-12-G-25-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r19_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • ECHA (2013) Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.20: Table of terms and abbreviations. ECHA12G26.1EN, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r20_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • ECHA (2016a) Guidance on exposure scenario building (Part D). European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki. https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_part_d_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • ECHA (2016b) Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.15: Consumer exposure estimation. ECHA-10-G-03-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r15_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Edwards D (2012) Introduction to graphical modelling (Springer texts in statistics, paperback). Springer, New York. ISBN 978-1-4612-6787-4, September 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2004) Scientific opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J 34:1–14. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985/abstract. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2006) Guidance of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment. EFSA J 438:1–54. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.438/full. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2008a) Marine biotoxins in shellfish – okadaic acid and analogues – Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 589:1–62. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.589/full. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2008b) Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 653:1–131. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.653/abstract. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2008c) Guidance document for the use of the concise European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA J 438:1–54. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/datexfooddbguidance.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2009a) Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food. EFSA J 980:1–139. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/980. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2009b) Guidance of the scientific committee on Transparency in the scientific aspects of risk assessments carried out by EFSA. Part 2: General Principles. EFSA J 1051:1–22. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1051/full. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2009c) General principles for the collection of national food consumption data in the view of a pan-European dietary survey. EFSA J 7(12):1–51. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1435/abstract. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2012) Scientific opinion on risk assessment terminology. EFSA Scientific Committee. EFSA J 10 (5): 2664. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2664/full. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2015a) The EFSA data warehouse access rules. EFSA Support Publ 12(2):EN-768, 18 pp. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-768/abstract. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2015b) The food classification and description system FoodEx2 (revision 2). EFSA Support Publ 12(5):EN-804, 90 pp. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-804/epdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2015c) The EFSA comprehensive European food Consumption database. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/food-consumption/comprehensive-database. Last update 26 Apr 2018

  • EFSA (2017) Glossary. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/glossary-taxonomy-terms. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2018a) New uncertainty approach to make advice ‘more transparent and robust’. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/180124-0 Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EFSA (2018b) Guidance on Uncertainty Analysis in Scientific Assessments. EFSA Journal 2018;16(1):5123, 39 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5123

  • EFSA (2018c) Scientific Opinion on the principles and methods behind EFSA’s Guidance on Uncertainty Analysis in Scientific Assessment. EFSA J 16(1):5122, 235 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5122

  • EFSA (2018d) Schendel T, Jung C, Lindtner O and Greiner M, 2018. Guidelines for uncertainty analysis: application of the respective documents of EFSA and BfR for exposure assessments. EFSA Support Publ 2018: EN-1472. 113 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1472

  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Hart A, Maxim L, Siegrist M, Von Goetz N, da Cruz C, Merten C, Mosbach-Schulz O, Lahaniatis M, Smith A, Hardy A (2019) Guidance on communication of uncertainty in scientific assessments. EFSA J 17(1):5520, 73 pp. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5520

  • EFSA/BfR (2019) Guidance on communication of uncertainty in scientific assessments. EFSA supporting publication (Schendel T, Jung C, Lindtner O and Greiner M) Guidelines for uncertainty analysis: application of the respective documents of EFSA and BfR for exposure assessments. EFSA J 17(1):5520, 73 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5520

  • Egsmose EL, Vaclavik Bräuner E, Frederiksen M, Mørcka TA, Siersma VD, Hansen PW, Nielsen F, Grandjean P, KnudsenLE (2016) Associations between plasma concentrations of PCB 28 and possible indoor exposure sources in Danish school children and mothers. Environ Int 87:13–19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01604120

  • ENNS (2006) Étude nationale nutrition santé ENNS, 2006: Situation nutritionelle en France en 2006 selon les indicateurs d’objectif et les repères du Programme national nutrition santé (PNNS). Premiers résultats. Colloque du Programme national nutrition santé (PNNS) 12 décembre 2007. INVS, 77 pp. http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/074000748.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EPHPP (2010) Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Effective Public Health Practice Project, National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools (1998) updated 2010. http://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/14. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EU (1998) Report on methodologies for the monitoring of food additive intake across the European Union (Final report submitted by the Task Co-ordinator 16 January 1998). Reports of a Working Group on Scientific Co-operation on Questions Relating to Food. Task 4.2. SCOOP/INT/REPORT/2. European Commission Directorate General III Industry, Brussels. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri¥CELEX:52001DC0542&from¥EN. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • EU (2003) Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Part I. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/16960216/tgdpart1_2ed_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EU (2006) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Official Journal L 396, 30.12.2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R1907. Accessed 18 Nov 2019

  • EU (2008) Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R1272. Accessed 18 Nov 2019

  • EU (2009) Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32009R1223. Accessed 18 Nov 2019

  • EU (2010) Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063&from=EN. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • EU (2011) EURL ECVAM (European Union Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing). https://eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/glossary/glossary/european-union-reference-laboratories. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Eurachem/CITAC Guide (2007) In Ellison SLR, Williams A (eds) Use of uncertainty information in compliance assessment, 1st edn. Available from https://www.eurachem.org/index.php/publications/leaflets/complianceleaflet. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Fantke P, Ernstoff AS, Huang L, Csiszar SA, Jolliet O (2016) Coupled near-field and far-field exposure assessment framework for chemicals in consumer products. Environ Int 94:508–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fantke P, Aylward L, Bare J, Brown R, Chiu WA, Dodson R, Dwyer R, Ernstoff A, Howard B, Jantunen M, Jolliet O, Judson R, Kirchhübel N, Li D, Miller A, Paoli G, Price P, Rhomberg L, Shen B, Shin H-M, Teeguarden J, Vallero D, Wambaugh J, Wetmore BA, Zaleski R, McKone TE (2018) Advancements in life cycle human exposure and toxicity characterization. Environ Health Perspect 126(12):125001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/IOC/WHO (2004) Report of the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO Ad hoc Expert Consultation on Biotoxins in Bivalve Molluscs, Oslo, Norway, 26–30 Sept 2004. Advance Pre- Publication Copy. Available at URL http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001394/139421e.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2018; ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/biotoxin_report_en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Flari V, Wilkinson D (2012) Terminology in risk assessments used by the scientific panels and scientific committee of EFSA. Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey HC, Patil SR (2002) Identification and review of sensitivity analysis methods. Risk Anal 22(3):553–578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey HC, Mokhtari A, Zheng J (2004) Recommended practice regarding selection, application, and interpretation of sensitivity analysis methods applied to food safety process risk models. Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Albrecht M, Angerer J, Drexler H, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Parlar H, Körner W, Wanner A, Heitmann D, Roscher E, Bolte G (2007a) Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES). Exposure to persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals in Bavaria, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210:345–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Wolz G, Böhmer S, Angerer J, Mayer R, Liebl B, Bolte G (2007b) Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: Results of the integrated exposure assessment survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data. Environ Int 33:1012–1020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Fembacher L, Schuster R, Dietrich S, Kiranoglu M, Meyer N, Kohlhuber M, Völkel W, Lahrz T, Burghardt R, Pfeiler P, Kraft M, Sievering S, Braukmann J, Buss M, van Houten U, Lorusso S, Haarmann H, Brinkmann C, Kadler D (2012) Länderuntersuchungsprogramm III (LUPE III). Gesundheitliche Bedeutung von Phthalaten in Kindertagesstätten ein integrativer Ansatz zur Risikoabschätzung. Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW, Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaitens JM. Dixon SL, Jacobs DE, Nagaraja J Strauss W, Wilson JW, Ashley PJ (2009) Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999–2004: I. Housing and demographic factors. Environ Health Perspect 117. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11917

  • Garcia-Hidalgo E, Schneider D, von Goetz N, Delmaar C, Siegrist M, Hungerbühler K (2018) Aggregate consumer exposure to isothiazolinones via household care and personal care products: probabilistic modelling and benzisothiazolinone risk assessment. Environ Int 118:245–256

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harada K, Koizumi A (2009) Environmental and biological monitoring of persistent fluorinated compounds in Japan and their toxicities. Environ Health Prev Med 14:7–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HBM – Kommission (2014) Grundsatzpapier zur Ableitung von HBM-Werten. Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 57:138–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (2015) The Canadian house dust study. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/contaminants/dust-poussiere-eng.php. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Heinemeyer G (2004) Expositionsszenarien. In: Reichl S (ed) Regulatorische Toxikologie. Springer, Berlin, pp 230–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer G, Hahn A (2005) Use of product databases for risk assessment purposes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207(2. Suppl):636–644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer G, Lindtner O, Scholz R, Rüdiger T (2006) Evaluation of behaviour of consumers for exposure assessment by questionnaire studies. International conference on environmental epidemiology and exposure, Paris, 2–6 Sept 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer G, Heiland A, Sommerfeld C, Springer A, Hausdörfer S, Treutz M, Lindtner O, Rüdiger T (2012) Phthalat-Belastung der Bevölkerung in Deutschland: Expositionsrelevante Quellen, Aufnahmepfade und Toxikokinetik am Beispiel von DEHP und DINP. Band I: Exposition durch Verzehr von Lebensmitteln und Anwendung von Verbraucherprodukten. http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien/4326.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Heinemeyer G, Sommerfeld C, Springer A, Heiland A, Lindtner O, Greiner M, Heuer T, Krems C, Conrad A (2013) Estimation of dietary intake of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by consumption of food in the German population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 216:472–480

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer T, Krems C, Moon K, Brombach C, Hoffmann I (2015) Food consumption of adults in Germany: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II based on diet history interviews. Br J Nutr 113(10):1603–1614

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Ernstoff A, Fantke P, Csiszar SA, Jolliet O (2017) A review of models for near-field exposure pathways of chemicals in consumer products. Sci Total Environ 574:1182–1208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrekk H, Morgan MG (1987) Graphical communication of uncertain quantities to nontechnical people. Risk Anal 7(4):519–529

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (2013) Environmental decisions in the face of uncertainty. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO (1993) Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. International Organisation for Standardization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang JY, Kim SY, Kim SJ, Lee KE, Cheong HK, Kim EH, Choi KH, Kim YH (2014) General factors of the Korean exposure factors handbook. J Prev Med Public Health 47(1):717

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen MJ (2006) Expofacts, exposure factors sourcebook for Europe. Data sources and quality. http://cem.jrc.it/expofacts/docs/quality.pdf

  • JCGM (2008) Evaluation of measurement data. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, 100:2008 (revised version 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerrett A, Arain A, Kanaroglou P, Beckerman B, Potoglou D, Sahsuvaroglu T, Morrison J, Giovis C (2005) A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 15:185–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johner SA, Boeing H, Thamm M, Remer T (2015) Urinary 24-h creatinine excretion in adults and its use as a simple tool for the estimation of daily urinary analyte excretion from analyte/creatinine ratios in populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 69:1335–1343

    Google Scholar 

  • JRC (2015) European exposure factors (ExpoFacts) sourcebook. Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra/Italy; European Commission. http://expofacts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Kephalopoulos S, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Arvanitis A, Hakkinen P, Jantunen M. (2007) Issues in consumer exposure modeling: towards harmonisation at global scale. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17(Suppl.1):s90–s100. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500605. http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v17/n1s/full/7500605a.html#bib3

  • Kettler S, Kennedy M, McNamara C, Oberdörfer R, O’Mahony C, Schnabel J, Smith B, Sprong C, Faludi R, Tennant D (2015) Assessing and reporting uncertainties in dietary exposure analysis: mapping of uncertainties in a tiered approach, Food Chem Toxicol 82:79–95. issn:0278-6915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.007

  • Klimisch H-J, Andreae M, Tillmann U (1997) A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:S. 1–S. 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll E, Wisser H, Rebel FC (1978) Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen von Kreatinin und Harnstoff im Serum von der Tageszeit bei normaler und eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 16:567–570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch HM (2006) Untersuchung der Di(-2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP)-Belastung der Allgemeinbevölkerung – Durchführung eines Human-Biomonitorings. Dissertation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schröter-Kermani C, Angerer J, Brüning T (2012) Bisphenol A in 24 h urine and plasma samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2009: a retrospective exposure evaluation. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 22(6):610–616. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22617719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koivusalo M, Jaakkola JJK, Vartiainen T, Hakulinen T, Karialainen S, Pukkala E, Tuomisto J (1994) Drinking water mutagenicity and gastrointestinal and urinary tract cancers: an ecological study in Finland. Am J Public Health 84:1223–1228

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolossa-Gehring M, Becker K, Conrad A, Schröter-Kermani C, Schulz C, Seiwert M (2012) Environmental surveys, specimen bank and health related environmental monitoring in Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215(2):120–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Land Berlin (2005) Bauordnung für Berlin (BauO Bln) vom 29. September 2005 (GVBl. S. 495), zuletzt geändert durch Gesetz vom 29. Juni 2011 (GVBl. S. 315, in Kraft getreten am 10. Juli 2011) Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Referat VI D – Oberste Bauaufsicht; Württembergische Str. 6, 10707 Berlin-Wilmersdorf, http://www.bauordnungen.de/Berlin.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2019

  • LANUV (2016) Bestimmung von Schadstoffen und Schadstoffmetaboliten im Urin von 2- bis 6jährigen Kindern aus Nordrhein-Westfalen. Modul 2 Glyphosat. https://www.lanuv.nrw.de/umwelt/umweltmedizin/umwelt-und-epidemiologie/bestimmung-von-schadstoffen-und-schadstoffmetaboliten/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Lecomte J, Auburtin G (2006) Residential exposure assessment to household pesticides based on usage analysis. International conference on environmental epidemiology and exposure, Paris, 2–6 Sept 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindtner O, Ehlscheid N, Berg K, Blume K, Dusemund B, Ehlers A, Niemann B, Rüdiger T, Heinemeyer G, Greiner M, Hallerbach B, Thömmes O, Thier S (2014) Event-related survey of high consumers of energy drinks. BfR-Wissenschaft 05/2014. http://www.bfr.bund.de/de/suche.html?search%5Bquery%5D=energy+drinks. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Lioy PJ, Smith KR (2013) Discussion of exposure science in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Environ Health Perspect 121:405–409

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzachi BC, Peake MJ, Ehrhardt V (2000) Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaffé creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urine. Clin Lab 46:53–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meek ME, Boobis AR, Crofton KE, Heinemeyer G, Van Raaij M, Vickers C (2011) Risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: a WHO/IPCS framework. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 60(2011):S1–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21466831

  • Mekel O, Mosbach-Schulz O, Schümann M, Okken PK, Peters C, Herrmann J, Hehl O, Bubenheim M, Fehr R, Timm J. (2007) Evluation von Standards und Modellen zur probabilistischen Expositionsabschätzung. Forschungsbericht des Umweltbundesamtes 202 61 218/02 UBA-FN 00173/1 http://www.apug.de/risiken/forschungsprojekte/xprob/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Mohorovic L (2003) The level of maternal methemoglobin during pregnancy in an air-polluted environment. Environ Health Perspect 111:1902–1905. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MRI (2008) Nationale Verzehrs Studie II, Ergebnisbericht, Teil 1. Die bundesweite Befragung zur Ernährung von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. MRI, Karlsruhe. https://www.mri.bund.de/fileadmin/MRI/Institute/EV/NVS_II_Abschlussbericht_Teil_1_mit_Ergaenzungsbericht.pdf

  • Murphy J, Sexton D, Barnett D et al (2004) Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations. Nature 430:768–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NCCMT, National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools (2008). Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON. Updated 3 Oct 2017. http://www.nccmt.ca/resources/search/14. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Nielsen Company (2016) The dirt on cleaning. Home cleaning/laundry attitudes and trends around the world. http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2016/the-dirt-on-cleaning.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • NRC (1996) Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society. National Academy Press, Washington, DC; Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management – Final Report, vol 1

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC (2007) Models in environmental regulatory decision making. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. 287 pp. https://www.nap.edu/download/11972

  • NRC (2009) Science and decisions: advancing risk assessment. Chapter 4 – Uncertainty and variability – the recurring and recalcitrant elements of risk assessment. National Research Council (NRC). Washington, DC. https://www.nap.edu/read/12209/chapter/6/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • OECD (2005) Manual for investigation of HPV chemicals, chapter 3. Data evaluation. 3.1 Guidance for determining the quality of data for the SIDS dossier (Reliability, relevance and adequacy), December 2005, http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/36045203.pdf

  • Papameletiou D, Kephalopoulos S, Hakkinen P, Zenié A, Schwela D, Reina V (2005) European Information System on “Risks from chemicals released from consumer products/articles” “EIS-ChemRisks” (working paper) on behalf of DG SANCO (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection) Joint Research Centre, Physical & Chemical Exposure Unit Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, Ispra, 3 Feb 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Papameletiou, D; Lahaniatis, M; Bruinen de Bruin, Y; Hakkinen, P J.; del Pozo, C; Reina, V; Arvanitis, A; Zenié, A; Biavetti, I (2006) European exposure assessment toolbox. Proceedings of the ISEE/ISEA conference, November 2006, Epidemiology 17, Suppl. 6, p S65

    Google Scholar 

  • Paustenbach DJ (2000) The practice of exposure assessment: a state-of-the-art review. J Toxicol Environ Health B 3:179–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ring CL, Arnot J, Bennett DH, Egeghy P, Fantke P, Huang L, Isaacs KK, Jolliet O, Phillips K, Price PS, Shin H-M, Westgate JN, Setzer W, Wambaugh JF (2019) Consensus modeling of median chemical intake for the U.S. population based on predictions of exposure pathways. Environ Sci Technol 53(2):719–732. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudzok S, Sievering S, Chovolou Y, Kraft M (2016) Detection of Glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in the urine of 2- to 6-year children from the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. Annual congress of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), Utrecht 2016, Contribution no. Tu-PL-H3.5

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan PB (1991) An overview of human exposure modeling. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1(4):453–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltelli, A (2002) Sensitivity analysis for importance assessment. Risk Anal, 22(3):579590. http://ipsc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?id=752

  • Saltelli A, Tarantola S, Campolongo F, Ratto M (2004) Sensitivity analysis in practice: a guide to assessing scientific models. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider K, Recke S, Kaiser E, Götte S, Berkefeld H, Lässig J, Rüdiger T, Lindtner O, Oltmanns J (2019) Consumer behaviour survey for assessing exposure from consumer products: a feasibility study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 29(1):83–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0040-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz C, Conrad A, Becker K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Seiwert M, Seifert B (2007) Twenty years of the German Environmental Survey (GerES): human biomonitoring—temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210(3–4):271–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz C, Wilhelm M, Heudorf U, Kolossa-Gehring M (2011) Update of the reference and HBM values derived from by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215:20–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwela D, Hakkinen P, Papameletiou D (2003) The new European information system (EIS-CHEMRISKS) for assessing exposures from consumer products in the indoor environment emission in the indoor environment. Healthy Buildings 2003 – Proceedings 7th International Conference, vol 1, National University of Singapore, 7–11 December 2003, pp 524–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen J, Kromidas L, Schultz T, Bhatia S (2014) An in silico skin absorption model for fragrance materials. Food Chem Toxicol 74:164–176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sieke C, Lindtner O, Banasiak U (2008) Pflanzenschutzmittelrückstände. Nationales Monitoring, Abschätzung der Verbraucherexposition: Teil 2. Dtsch Lebensmitt Rundsch 104:336–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Silken Inc. (2003) Probabilistic methodology for improving solvent exposure assessment (PROMISE). American Chemistry Council

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennant D, Bánáti D, Kennedy M, König J, O’Mahony C, Kettler S (2017) Assessing and reporting uncertainties in dietary exposure analysis—part II: application of the uncertainty template to a practical example of exposure assessment, Food Chem Toxicol 109(Pt 1):68–80. issn:0278-6915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.061, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517304490

  • UBA (2014) Datenbank für Expositionsfaktoren. Abschlussbericht des Xprob-Projektes und Datenbank RefXP für Expositionsfaktoren. http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/www.uba.de/xprob. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • UBA (2016) Human biomonitoring. http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/gesundheit/belastung-des-menschen-ermitteln/human-biomonitoring. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (1985) Methodology for characterization of uncertainty in exposure assessments. EPA/600/S885/009, Sept 1985. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • US-EPA (1991) MCCEM – Multi-chamber concentration and emission model. Users guide. Version 2.3. US-EPA, Office of Research and Development, Environmental System Laboratory, Las Vegas NV 89193-3478. https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/multi-chamber-concentration-and-exposure-model-mccem-version-12. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (1992) Guidelines for exposure assessment (Chapter 6). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC, U.S.A., EPA/600/Z92/001. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=15263. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2000) Guidance for data quality assessment. EPA QA/G-9, Office of Environmental Information U.S. Environmental Protection Agency1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/g9-final.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2008) Child-specific exposure factors handbook. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-06/096F. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. https://ofmpub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=484738. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2011) Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-09/052F. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, and online at https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NCEA&dirEntryId=236252. Accessed 27 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2015) Glossary of exposure science terms. Developed by the ES21 federal working group on exposure science. June 2015. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2015-06%2Fdraft_final_es21_glossary_june_2015_2.docx

  • US-EPA (2016a) Human exposure modeling – air pollutants exposure model APEX/TRIM.Expo Inhalation. https://www.epa.gov/fera/human-exposure-modeling-air-pollutants-exposure-model. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2016b) Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD) for use in human exposure and health studies and predictive models. https://www.epa.gov/healthresearch/consolidated-human-activity-database-chad-use-human-exposure-and-health-studies-and. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA. (2016c). EPA ExpoBox – uncertainty and variability. https://www.epa.gov/expobox/uncertainty-and-variability. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • US-EPA (2017) Terminology services terminology and acronyms report. Last updated on 1 Jun 2017, Version: release/4.6ADF. https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/termsandacronyms/search.do?search=&term=Exposure&matchCriteria=Contains&checkedAcronym=true&checkedTerm=true&hasDefinitions=false. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tohyama C, Tritscher A, Tuomisto J, Tysklind M, Walker N, Peterson RE (2006) The 2005 World Health Organization re-evaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci 2006 93, 223–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Engelen JG, Heinemeyer G, Rodriguez C (2007) Consumer exposure scenarios: development, challenges and possible solutions. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17(Suppl 1):S26–S33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Veen MP (1999) Indoor air exposure to volatile compounds emitted by paints: experiment and model. J Expo Anal Environ Epidem 9:569–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Vartiainen T, Liimatainen A (1988) Relation between drinking water mutagenicity and water quality parameters. Chemosphere 17(1):189–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestergren R, Cousins IT, Trudel D, Wormuth M, Scheringer M (2008) Estimating the contribution of precursor compounds in consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Chemoshere 73:1617–1624

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuori V, Zaleski RT, Jantunen MJ (2006) ExpoFacts—an overview of European exposure factors data. Risk Anal 26:831–843

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2004) IPCS risk assessment terminology. Part. 1, IPCS/OECD key generic terms used in chemical hazard/risk assessment and Part. 2, IPCS glossary of key exposure assessment terminology. IPCS harmonization project document no. 1. WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/terminology/en/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • WHO (2005) Principles of characterizing and applying human exposure models. IPCS harmonization project document no. 3, WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/en/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • WHO (2008) Uncertainty and data quality in exposure assessment. Part 1: guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. IPCS harmonization project document no. 6. WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/en/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • WHO (2014) Guidance document on evaluating and expressing uncertainty in hazard characterization. IPCS harmonization project document no. 11, WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/en/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • WHO Regional Office for Europe (2015) Human biomonitoring: facts and figures. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/276311/Human-biomonitoring-facts-figures-en.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct 2019

  • Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Vollenweider M, Hungerbühler K (2006) What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal 26(3):803–824

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young BM, Tulve NS, Egeghy PP, Driver JH, Zartarian VG, Johnston JE, Delmaar CJE, Evans JJ, Smith LA, Glen G, Lunchick C, Ross JH, Xue J, Barnekow DE (2012) Comparison of four probabilistic models (CARES, Calendex, ConsExpo, and SHEDS) to estimate aggregate residential exposures to pesticides. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 22:522–532. http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v22/n5/full/jes201254a.html

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaleski RT, Egeghy PP, Hakkinen PJ (2016) Exploring global exposure factors resources for use in consumer exposure assessments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(5):E744

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zartarian V, Bahadori M, McKone T (2005) Adoption of an official ISEA glossary. J Expo Anal Environm Epidemiol 15:1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zartarian VG, Glen G, SMITH L, XUE J (2008) SHEDS-multimedia model version 3 (a) technical manual; (b) user guide; and (c) executable file to launch SAS program and install model. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-08/118, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T, Sun H, Qin X, Gan Z, Kannan K (2015) PFOS and PFOA in paired urine and blood from general adults and pregnant women: assessment of urinary elimination. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:5572–5579

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Christiaan Delmaar

  2. Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Retired), Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Heinemeyer

  3. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) (Retired), Kuopio, Finland

    Matti Jantunen

  4. Forschungs- und Beratungsinstitut Gefahrstoffe GmbH (FoBiG), Freiburg, Germany

    Klaus Schneider

  5. Hamburg, Germany

    Michael Schümann

Authors
  1. Christiaan Delmaar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gerhard Heinemeyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matti Jantunen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Klaus Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael Schümann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gerhard Heinemeyer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Heinemeyer

  2. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland

    Matti Jantunen

  3. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Pertti Hakkinen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Delmaar, C., Heinemeyer, G., Jantunen, M., Schneider, K., Schümann, M. (2019). General Aspects of Exposure Evaluation. In: Heinemeyer, G., Jantunen, M., Hakkinen, P. (eds) The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96148-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation