Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to discuss certain ways in which Conversation Analysis (CA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) can methodologically contribute to psychotherapy research, particularly concerning systemic/discursive therapies. The use of qualitative research methodologies remains limited in psychotherapy research. Furthermore, research of systemic/discursive therapies is in need of methodological advances to address the context-specific, interactional perspective about change, espoused by such models. Following a brief overview of the place of CA and DA in psychotherapy research, I discuss certain notions/methodological tools of CA and Discursive Psychology (DPsy), a trend of DA, which bear potential to address such need. I conclude with limitations and implications of the use of CA and DPsy for the future of psychotherapy research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkinson, M., & Heritage, J. (Eds.). (1984). Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Avdi, E., & Georgaca, E. (2007). Discourse analysis and psychotherapy: A critical review. European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 9(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642530701363445
Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature: A necessary unity. Glasgow, UK: Fontana/Collins.
Billig, M. (1996). Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley, A. (1988). Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking. London: Sage.
Bozatzis, N. (2014). The discursive turn in social psychology: Four nodal debates. In N. Bozatzis & T. Dragonas (Eds.), The discursive turn in social psychology (pp. 25–50). Chagrin Falls, OH: Taos Institute Worldshare Books.
Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical paths in psychotherapy research. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 39–65). New York, NY: Springer.
Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Diorinou, M., & Tseliou, E. (2014). Studying circular questioning ‘in situ’: Discourse analysis of a first systemic family therapy session. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40(1), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12005
Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1992). Discursive psychology. London: Sage.
Elliott, R. (2010). Psychotherapy change process research: Realizing the promise. Psychotherapy Research, 20(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903470743
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge (A. M. Sheridan, Trans.). London: Tavistock (Original work published 1969).
Friedlander, M. L., Heatherington, L., & Escudero, V. (2013). Research based change mechanisms: Advances in process research. In T. L. Sexton & J. Lebow (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Gelo, O. C., Pritz, A., & Rieken, B. (2015a). Introduction. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 1–9). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_27
Gelo, O. C., Pritz, A., & Rieken, B. (2015b). Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome. New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_27
Gelo, O. C. G., Salcuni, S., & Colli, A. (2012). Text analysis within quantitative and qualitative psychotherapy process research: An introduction to special issue. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 15(2), 45–53.
Georgaca, E., & Avdi, E. (2009). Evaluating the talking cure: The contribution of narrative, discourse, and conversation analysis to psychotherapy assessment. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 6(3), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880802146896
Gergen, K. (1999). An invitation to social construction. London: Sage.
Gold, C. (2015). Quantitative psychotherapy outcome research: Methodological issues. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 538–558). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_27
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (2008). Family therapy: An overview (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks/Cole.
Greenberg, L. (2015). Research on the process of change (1991). Commentary: Studying what people actually do in sessions: “Dream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men” (Goethe). In M. B. Strauss, J. P. Barber, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Visions in psychotherapy research and practice: Reflections from presidents of the society for psychotherapy research (pp. 11–26). New York, NY: Routledge.
Hardy, G. E., & Llewelyn, S. (2015). Introduction to psychotherapy process research. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 183–194). New York, NY: Springer.
Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J. P., Feldman, G., Strauss, J. L., & Cardaciotto, L. (2007). Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(6), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.008
Heatherington, L., Friedlander, M. L., Diamond, G. M., Escudero, V., & Pinsof, W. M. (2015). 25 years of systemic therapies research: Progress and promise. Psychotherapy Research, 25(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.983208
Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Elkin, I., & Kiesler, D. J. (2015). Looking back, looking forward: A historical reflection on psychotherapy process research. Psychotherapy Research, 25(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.906764
Kogan, S. M., & Gale, J. E. (1997). Decentering therapy: Textual analysis of a narrative therapy session. Family Process, 36, 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1997.00101.x
Kondratyuk, N., & Peräkylä, A. (2011). Therapeutic work with the present moment: A comparative conversation analysis of existential and cognitive therapies. Psychotherapy Research, 21(3), 316–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.570934
Lepper, G. (2015). A pragmatic approach to the study of therapeutic interaction: Toward an observational science of psychotherapy process. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 515–534). New York, NY: Springer.
Lepper, G., & Mergenthaler, E. (2007). Therapeutic collaboration: How does it work? Psychotherapy Research, 17(5), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500091587
Madill, A. (2015). Conversation analysis and psychotherapy process research. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 501–514). New York, NY: Springer.
Madill, A., Widdicombe, S., & Barkham, M. (2001). The potential of conversation analysis for psychotherapy research. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(3), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000001293006
Mörtl, K., & Gelo, O. C. (2015). Qualitative methods in psychotherapy process research. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 381–428). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_27
Muntigl, P., & Horvath, A. O. (2014). The therapeutic relationship in action: How therapists and clients co-manage relational disaffiliation. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.807525
Muntigl, P., Knight, N., Horvath, A. O., & Watkins, A. (2012). Client attitudinal stance and therapist-client affiliation: A view from grammar and social interaction. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 15(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.7411/RP.2012.012
Muran, J. C., Castonguay, L. G., & Strauss, B. (2010). A brief introduction to psychotherapy research. In L. G. Castonguay, J. C. Muran, L. Angus, J. A. Hayes, N. Ladany, & T. Anderson (Eds.), Bringing psychotherapy research to life: Understanding change through the work of leading clinical researchers (pp. 3–13). Washington, DC: APA.
Oka, M., & Whiting, J. (2013). Bridging the clinician/researcher gap with systemic research: The case for process research, dyadic, and sequential analysis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00339
O’Reilly, M. (2005). The complaining client and the troubled therapist: A discursive investigation of family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 370–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.0328.x
O’Reilly, M. (2007). Who’s a naughty boy then? Accountability, family therapy, and the “naughty” child. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 15(3), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707301316
Pachankis, J. E., & Goldfried, M. R. (2007). On the next generation of process research. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(6), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.009
Pain, J. (2009). Not just talking: Conversation analysis, Harvey Sack’s gift to therapy. London: Karnac.
Parker, I. (Ed.). (2015). Critical discursive psychology (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Patrika, P., & Tseliou, E. (2016). Blame, responsibility and systemic neutrality: A discourse analysis methodology to the study of family therapy problem talk. Journal of Family Therapy, 38(4), 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12076
Peräkylä, A. (2008). Conversation analysis and psychoanalysis: Interpretation, affect and intersubjectivity. In A. Peräkylä, C. Antaki, S. Vehviläinen, & I. Leudar (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 100–120). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Peräkylä, A., Antaki, C., Vehviläinen, S., & Leudar, I. (2008a). Analysing psychotherapy in practice. In A. Peräkylä, C. Antaki, S. Vehviläinen, & I. Leudar (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 5–25). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Peräkylä, A., Antaki, C., Vehviläinen, S., & Leudar, I. (Eds.). (2008b). Conversation analysis and psychotherapy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pinsof, W. M., & Wynne, L. C. (2000). Toward progress research: Closing the gap between family therapy practice and research. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00270
Potter, J. (2012). Discourse analysis and discursive psychology. In H. Cooper (Ed-in-Chief), APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Vol. 2. Research designs (pp. 119–138). Washington, DC: APA.
Rapley, M. (2012). Ethnomethodology/Conversation analysis. In D. Harper & A. R. Thompson (Eds.), Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners (pp. 177–192). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Rogers, B., & Elliot, R. (2015). Qualitative methods in psychotherapy: Outcome research. In O. C. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Foundations, process and outcome (pp. 559–578). New York, NY: Springer.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735. https://doi.org/10.2307/412243
Salvatore, S., Tschacher, W., Gelo, O. C. G., & Koch, S. C. (2015). Editorial: Dynamic systems theory and embodiment in psychotherapy research. A new look at process and outcome. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00914
Sametband, I., & Strong, T. (2017). Immigrant family members negotiating preferred cultural identities in family therapy conversations: A discursive analysis. Journal of Family Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.1216
Sargent, H. D. (2004). Intrapsychic change: Methodological problems in psychotherapy research. Psychiatry, 67(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.67.1.2.31253
Schegloff, E. (2007). Sequence organization in interaction. A primer in conversation analysis I. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Spong, S. (2010). Discourse analysis: Rich pickings for counsellors and therapists. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140903177052
Stancombe, J., & White, S. (2005). Cause and responsibility: Towards an interactional understanding of blaming and ‘neutrality’ in family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.00326.x
Stiles, W. B. (2008). Foreword: Filling the gaps. In A. Peräkylä, C. Antaki, S. Vehviläinen, & I. Leudar (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 1–4). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Strong, T., Busch, R., & Couture, S. (2008). Conversational evidence in therapeutic dialogue. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(3), 388–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00079.x
Sutherland, O., & Couture, S. J. (2007). The discursive performance of the alliance in family therapy: A conversation analytic perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 28(4), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00079.x
Sutherland, O., Peräkylä, A., & Elliott, R. (2014). Conversation analysis of the two-chair self-soothing task in emotion-focused therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 24(6), 738–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.885146
Sutherland, O. A., Sametband, I., Silva, J. G., Couture, S. J., & Strong, T. (2013). Conversational perspective of therapeutic outcomes: The importance of preference in the development of discourse. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 13(3), 220–226.
Sutherland, O., & Strong, T. (2011). Therapeutic collaboration: A conversation analysis of constructionist therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 33, 256–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00500.x
Tseliou, E. (2013). A critical methodological review of discourse and conversation analysis studies of family therapy. Family Process, 52(4), 653–672. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12043
Tseliou, E. (2015). Discourse analysis and educational research: Challenge and promise. In T. Dragonas, K. Gergen, S. McNamee, & E. Tseliou (Eds.), Education as social construction: Contributions in theory, research and practice (pp. 263–282). Chagrin Falls, OH: Taos Institute Worldshare Books Publications Retrieved from http://www.taosinstitute.net/education-as-social-construction
Tseliou, E. (2017). Conversation and discourse analysis for couple and family therapy. In J. Lebow, A. Champers, & D. C. Breunlin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of couple and family therapy. Springer. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15877-8_941-1
Tseliou, E., & Borcsa, M. (2018). Discursive methodologies for couple and family therapy research: Editorial to special section. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft12308
Viklund, E., Holmqvist, R., & Zetterqvist Nelson, K. (2010). Client-identified important events in psychotherapy: Interactional structures and practices. Psychotherapy Research, 20(2), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903170939
Voutilainen, L., Peräkylä, A., & Ruusuvuori, J. (2011). Therapeutic change in interaction: Conversation analysis of a transforming sequence. Psychotherapy Research, 21(3), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.573509
Weiste, E., & Peräkylä, A. (2014). Prosody and empathic communication in psychotherapy interaction. Psychotherapy Research, 24(6), 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.879619
Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society, 9, 387–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003005
Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3rd ed.). Berkshire, UK: McGraw-Hill.
Wooffitt, R. (2005). Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: A comparative and critical introduction. London: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tseliou, E. (2018). Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis and Psychotherapy Research: Overview and Methodological Potential. In: Smoliak, O., Strong, T. (eds) Therapy as Discourse. The Language of Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93067-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93067-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93066-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93067-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)