Abstract
This chapter reviews influential theories of masculinity within Psychology and Critical Studies of Men and Masculinity. A social constructionist, psychosocial stance is advanced which emphasises how particular masculinities are constrained and enabled within particular contexts, intersected by other relevant identities such as social class, race, and sexual orientation. The importance of considering men as embodied, emotional, and caring is emphasised, that is, studying how men are engaging with traditionally feminised ideals and practices. As such, qualitative research focusing on local enactments of masculinities within specific communities is advocated, including online environments which may encourage more expansive expressions of (digital) masculinities. A focus on social change is articulated, situating (changing) men and masculinities at the forefront of gender equality and combating sexism and homophobia.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, E. (2005). Orthodox and inclusive masculinity: Competing masculinities among heterosexual men in a feminized terrain. Sociological Perspectives, 48, 337–355.
Anderson, E. (2009). Inclusive masculinity: The changing nature of masculinities. New York: Routledge.
Anderson, E. (2014). 21st century jocks: Sporting men and contemporary heterosexuality. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Atkinson, M. (2010). Deconstructing men and masculinities. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In I. Szeman & T. Kaposy, (Eds.). (2011) Cultural theory: An anthology (pp. 81–93). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brannon, D. (1976). The male sex role: Our culture’s blueprint for manhood and what it’s done for us lately. In D. Brannon (Ed.), The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Gray, D. (Eds.). (2017). Collecting qualitative data: A practical guide to textual, media and virtual methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C. J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: New directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246–258.
Carrigan, T., Connell, R. W., & Lee, J. (1985). Toward a new sociology of masculinity. Theory and Society, 14, 551–604.
Cleland, J. (2013). Book review: Inclusive masculinity: The changing nature of masculinities. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(3), 380–383.
Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180.
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859.
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50, 1385–1401.
Crawford, R. (2006). Health as a meaningful social practice. Health, 10(4), 401–420.
de Visser, R. O., & McDonnell, E. J. (2013). ‘Man points’: Masculine capital and young men’s health. Health Psychology, 32(1), 5–14.
de Visser, R. O., Smith, J. A., & McDonnell, E. J. (2009). ‘That’s not masculine’: Masculine capital and health-related behaviour. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(7), 1047–1058.
Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique. Theory & Society, 30(3), 337–361.
Dolan, A. (2007). ‘Good luck to them if they can get it’: Exploring working class men’s understandings and experiences of income inequality and material standards. Sociology of Health and Illness, 29(5), 1–19.
Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities: Theorising an emerging concept. Men & Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259.
Flood, M. (2010). Young men using porn. In K. Boyle (Ed.), Everyday pornographies. London: Routledge.
Gough, B. (2013). The psychology of men’s health: Maximizing masculine capital. Health Psychology, 32(1), 1–4.
Gough, B., & Robertson, S. (Eds.). (2009). Men, masculinities and health: Critical perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Gough, B., Seymour-Smith, S., & Matthews, C. R. (2016). Body dissatisfaction, appearance investment and wellbeing: How older obese men orient to ‘aesthetic health’. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 84–91.
Griffith, D., Allen, J. O., & Gunter, K. (2011). Social and cultural factors influence African American men’s medical help seeking. Research on Social Work Practice, 21, 337–347.
Hall, M., Gough, B., & Seymour-Smith, S. (2012a). ‘I’m METRO, NOT gay’, a discursive analysis of men’s make-up use on YouTube. Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(3), 209–226.
Hall, M., Gough, B., & Seymour-Smith, S. (2012b). On-line constructions of metrosexuality and masculinities: A membership categorisation analysis. Gender and Language, 6(2), 379–403.
Hamilton, C. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (2009). Minority stress, masculinity, and social norms predicting gay men’s health risk behaviors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 132–141.
Hanlon, N. (2012). Masculinities, care and equality: Identity and nurture in men’s lives. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Hearn, J. (1996). Is masculinity dead?: A critique of the concept masculinity/masculinities. In M. Mac an Ghaill (Ed.), Understanding masculinities (pp. 202–217). Buckingham: Open University Press.
Hearn, J. (2004). From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men. Feminist Theory, 5(1), 49–72.
Ingram, N., & Waller, R. (2014). Degrees of masculinity: Working and middle class undergraduate students’ constructions of masculine identities. In S. Roberts (Ed.), Debating modern masculinities. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Iwamoto, D. K., Cheng, A., Lee, C. S., Takamatsu, S., & Gordon, D. (2011). ‘Man-ing’ up and getting drunk: The role of masculine norms, alcohol intoxication and alcohol-related problems among college men. Addictive Behavior, 36(9), 906–911.
Jankowski, G., Gough, B., Fawkner, H., Diedrichs, P.C., & Halliwell, E. (submitted). It affects me, it affects me not: The impact of men’s body dissatisfaction.
Kimmel, M. (2013). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era. New York: Nation Books/Perseus.
Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using the method of netnography to research market-oriented virtual communities. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(1), 61–72.
Levant, R. F., Rankin, T. J., Williams, C., Hasan, N. T., & Smalley, K. B. (2010). Evaluation of the factor structure and construct validity of the male role norms inventory-revised (MRNI-R). Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11, 25–37.
Levant, R. F., Wimer, D. J., & Williams, C. M. (2011). An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the health behavior Inventory-20 (HBI-20) and its relationships to masculinity and attitudes towards seeking psychological help among college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 26–41.
MacDonald, J. (2011). Building on the strength of Australian males. International Journal of Men’s Health, 10, 82–96.
Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B., Ludlow, L., Diemer, M., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4, 3–25.
McCormack, M. (2011). Hierarchy without hegemony: Locating boys in an inclusive school setting. Sociological Perspectives, 54(1), 83–101.
Morris, M., & Anderson, E. (2015). ‘Charlie is so cool like’: Authenticity, popularity and inclusive masculinity on YouTube. Sociology, 49(6), 1200–1217.
O’Neil, J. M. (1981). Patterns of gender role conflict and strain: Sexism and fear of femininity in men’s lives. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60, 203–210.
O’Neil, J. M., Helm, B., Gable, R., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. (1986). Gender role conflict scale (GRCS): College men’s fears of femininity. Sex Roles, 14, 335–350.
O’Neill, J. (2008). Summarizing 25 years of research on men’s gender role conflict using the gender role conflict scale: New research paradigms and clinical implications. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 358–445.
O’Neill, R. (2015). Whither critical masculinity studies? Notes on inclusive masculinity theory, Postfeminism, and sexual politics. Men and Masculinities, 18(1), 100–120.
Parrott, D. J. (2009). Aggression toward gay men as gender role enforcement: Effects of male role norms, sexual prejudice, and masculine gender role stress. Journal of Personality, 77, 1137–1166.
Pleck, J. (1981). The myth of masculinity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Potter, J., & Hepburn, A. (2005). Qualitative interviews in psychology: Problems and possibilities. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2(4), 281–307.
Robertson, S. (2007). Understanding men and health: Masculinities, identity and well-being. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Robertson, S., Williams, B., & Oliffe, J. (2016). The case for retaining a focus on “masculinities” in Men’s Health Research. International Journal of Men’s Health, 15(1), 52–67.
Rothgerber, H. (2012). Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(4), 363–377.
Scambor, E., Bergmann, N., Wojnicka, K., Belghiti-Mahut, S., Hearn, J., Holter, O. G., Gärtner, M., Hrženjak, M., Scambor, C., & White, A. (2014). Men and gender equality: European insights. Men & Masculinities, 17, 552–577.
Silverstein, L. B., Auerbach, C. F., & Levant, R. F. (2002). Contemporary fathers reconstructing masculinity: Clinical implications of gender role strain. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 33, 361–369.
Sloan, C. E., Gough, B., & Conner, M. T. (2015). How does masculinity impact on health? A quantitative study of masculinity and health behavior in a sample of UK men and women. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 206–217.
Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531–543.
Treadwell, H. M., & Young, A. M. W. (2012). The right US men’s health report: High time to adjust priorities and attack disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 5–6.
Wetherell, M., & Edley, N. (1999). Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices. Feminism & Psychology, 9(3), 335–356.
Wetherell, M., & Edley, N. (2014). A discursive psychological framework for analyzing men and masculinities. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 355–365.
Willott, S., & Griffin, C. (1997). ‘Wham, bam, am I a man?’: Unemployed men talk about masculinities. Feminism & Psychology, 7(1), 107–128.
Wong, J., Steinfeldt, J., Hickman, S., & Speight, Q. (2010). Content analysis of the psychology of men & masculinity (2000–2008). Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11, 170–182.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gough, B. (2018). Theorising Masculinities. In: Contemporary Masculinities. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78819-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78819-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78818-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78819-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)