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Big History and Local Experiences: Migration and Identity in a European Borderland

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Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space

Abstract

On the example of two towns in the multiethnic former Prussian-Russian borderland, Musekamp provides an insight into the entangled history of trade, migrations, cultural encounter, and barriers between the “Self” and the “Other.” After the construction of a railroad in 1861, Eydtkuhnen and Verzhbolovo facilitated trade between Eastern and Western Europe. For travelers crisscrossing Europe, the place was a continental divide between the Russian Empire and Western Europe. For Russian Jewish emigrants passing health inspections here, German Eydtkuhnen was a safe haven and an important stop on their way to North America. Between 1933 and 1945, the area underwent dramatic population movements, with many inhabitants killed or expelled and others resettled—a process that destroyed this thriving European borderland.

This chapter presents various aspects of a broader research project entitled From Paris to St. Petersburg and From Kovno to New York. A Cultural History of Transnational Mobility in East Central Europe.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Another explanation derives the name from the Soviet army officer Chernyshev.

  2. 2.

    Ivaškevičius, “Die Zivilisation Wershbolowo.”

  3. 3.

    Farhi, “All History is the History of Migration,” 64–73.

  4. 4.

    Schlögel, Das russische Berlin. Ostbahnhof Europas, 51.

  5. 5.

    Tuan, Space and Place, 6.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    Schlögel, In Space We Read Time, xvii.

  8. 8.

    Ibid., xviii.

  9. 9.

    Tuan, Space and Place, 6.

  10. 10.

    Brokgauz and Efron, “Enciklopededicheskij slovar’. Tom” XL, 190. Author’s translation.

  11. 11.

    For an overview over changing mobility patterns between Eastern and Western Europe, please refer to Musekamp, “Paris–St. Petersburg,” 35–54.

  12. 12.

    For a history of East Prussia, please refer to Kossert, Ostpreußen.

  13. 13.

    Gell, Die Geschichte des Hauptzollamts Eydtkau, 45.

  14. 14.

    However, Eydtkuhnen achieved the official status of a town only in 1922.

  15. 15.

    Leiserowitz, Sabbatleuchter und Kriegerverein, 175–179.

  16. 16.

    Hoffmann, “Evangelische Kirche in Eydtkau (Eydtkuhnen),” 41–42.

  17. 17.

    Krüger, Eydtkuhnen, 12.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., 20–22. Other accounts estimate the turnover at 200 million marks; refer to Hinden, “Von Ostpreußen nach Israel. Dritter und letzter Teil,” 58.

  19. 19.

    Vohland, “Leuchten und Verlöschen von Eydtkuhnen,” 50.

  20. 20.

    Leiserowitz, Sabbatleuchter, 183.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj istoricheskij arkhiv (henceforth RGIA), fond 258, opis 3, delo 1526, 1–5, 12–13, 15; Kirrinnis, “Eydtkau,” 441.

  23. 23.

    Newspaper reports referred to 3,167 rail cars with geese bound for Germany in 1912; refer to Oberdörfer, “Königsberg,” 478.

  24. 24.

    Krüger, Eydtkuhnen, 24; Kirrinnis, “Die Stadt der Grenzspediteure,” 13–14; Brokgauz and Efron, “Enciklopededicheskij slovar’. Tom” VI, 31–32.

  25. 25.

    Kirrinnis, “Eydtkau,” 443, 445.

  26. 26.

    Hinden, “Von Ostpreußen nach Israel. Dritter und letzter Teil,” 58.

  27. 27.

    Krüger, Eydtkuhnen, 24.

  28. 28.

    Wenau, “Schwurgerichtsprozeß in Stallupönen 1879,” 39–42.

  29. 29.

    Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (henceforth GStA PK), I. HA, Rep. 77, Tit. 1145, Nr. 122, 16.

  30. 30.

    Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych in Warsaw (henceforth AGAD), zespół 247, sygn. 663, 6–20. Refer also to the case of “an unknown Jew” from Eydtkuhnen, selling weapons to Lev’ and Petr Kudryatsev: AGAD, zespół 247, sygn. 958, 39–46.

  31. 31.

    GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 77, Tit. 1145, Nr. 122, 35.

  32. 32.

    For more examples of Eydtkuhnen’s significance in Russian writers’ works, refer to Dement’ev, “Ejdtkunen v russkoj literature,” 288–289.

  33. 33.

    Concerning the history of the International Sleeping Car Company and the Nord-Express, please refer to Mühl and Klein, Reisen in Luxuszügen, 11–31, 112–116. Concerning the Nordexpress, refer to Commault, “Le Nord-Express.”

  34. 34.

    Razvozjaeva, “L’ Histoire du tourisme russe en France 1885–1914,” 165–172; Nabokov, Speak, Memory, 107–116.

  35. 35.

    Geißler, “Briefe von der Pariser Weltausstellung I,” 1–2.

  36. 36.

    RGIA, fond 258, opis 3, delo 73, 114–115, 127.

  37. 37.

    Murray’s Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland, 52.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., 51.

  39. 39.

    In 1867, for example, many Western Europeans, among them numerous French, were traveling without proper passports. Government officials in St. Petersburg sent telegrams to the border station at Verzhbolovo to let them pass; refer to RGIA, fond 2128, opis 1, delo 914, 25–28, 30–34, 37–41, 55–58, 60–66; see the case of Mr. and Ms. Altberger: National Archives, College Park, DU 474, 84/350/27/07/02, vol. 4.

  40. 40.

    Brock, “Die Eisenbahn machte es möglich,” 13.

  41. 41.

    Schlögel, Das russische Berlin, 66.

  42. 42.

    Dostoyevsky, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions, 8; another interesting view on this border region has Vladimir Mayakovsky, “Rossiia,” 318–320.

  43. 43.

    Koshar, “What ought to be seen,” 328.

  44. 44.

    Baedeker, Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking, XLII.

  45. 45.

    Dybiec, Guidebook Gazes, 19, 21, 31, 90; Farhi, “All history,” 66.

  46. 46.

    Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe.

  47. 47.

    On Germans’ superiority feeling, refer to Thum, ed. Traumland Osten; Said, Orientalism.

  48. 48.

    Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Dritter Band, 429; Schmucki, “Nothing reminds you on the journey that England is an island…,” 310.

  49. 49.

    Harkavy, “Chapters from My Life,” 55.

  50. 50.

    Thum, “Megalomania and Angst,” 42–60.

  51. 51.

    Harkavy, “Chapters from My Life,” 56–57.

  52. 52.

    Antin, The Promised Land.

  53. 53.

    Lohr, “Population Policy,” 170.

  54. 54.

    Joseph, Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910, 60–63.

  55. 55.

    Refer to the relevant chapters in Hoerder, ed. Cultures in Contact.

  56. 56.

    Refer to Gollup, “From Russia to the Lower East Side in the 1890s,” 154.

  57. 57.

    Fuller, The Foe Within, 23.

  58. 58.

    Lohr, “Population Policy,” 171.

  59. 59.

    Antin, The Promised Land, 170.

  60. 60.

    Brinkmann, “Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin,” 57–58.

  61. 61.

    Ibid.

  62. 62.

    GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 77, Tit. 1145, Nr. 114, Bd. 1.

  63. 63.

    Brinkmann, “Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin,” 59.

  64. 64.

    Szajkowski, “Sufferings of Jewish Emigrants,” 107.

  65. 65.

    Alroey, “Out of the Shtetl,” 106, 109.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., 109.

  67. 67.

    Brinkmann, “Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin,” 60.

  68. 68.

    Szajkowski, “Sufferings,” 112.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., 107.

  70. 70.

    Leiserowitz, Sabbatleuchter, 16.

  71. 71.

    Baedeker, Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking, 34, xviii.

  72. 72.

    Krüger, Eydtkuhnen, 145.

  73. 73.

    Kirrinnis, “Eydtkau,” 446–447.

  74. 74.

    Frank, “Erinnerung geht viele Wege…,” 61; Herfordt, “Der Kleine Grenzverkehr,” 34–35.

  75. 75.

    Gell, “Der Anfang vom Ende,” 45.

  76. 76.

    Ibid.

  77. 77.

    Kaspar, “Nach einer kritischen Viertelstunde war die Stadt Eydtkau am 22. Juni 1941 gerettet,” 22.

  78. 78.

    Hinden, “Von Ostpreußen nach Israel,” 22–23. Translation by Jesse E. Lillefjeld.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    Frank, “Erinnerung geht viele Wege…,” 41. Translation by Jesse E. Lillefjeld.

  81. 81.

    Schnewitz, “Grußwort des Kreisältesten,” 5.

  82. 82.

    Mitscherlich and Mitscherlich, Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern, 362–363.

  83. 83.

    Ibid.

  84. 84.

    Tkachik, “Kul’tura. Obrazovanie. Religija,” 202.

  85. 85.

    For Soviet memory policies in the Kaliningrad region, refer to Brodersen, Die Stadt im Westen.

  86. 86.

    Ivaškevičius, “Die Zivilisation Wershbolowo,” 58.

  87. 87.

    Müller, “Wiedersehen an der Lepone,” 39–45.

  88. 88.

    Steinke, “Liebe Eydtkuhnerinnen, liebe Eydtkuhner,” 2; Keitz, “Hilfe für meine Heimatstadt Eydtkuhnen,” 204–209.

  89. 89.

    Refer to the accounts of former Jewish-German citizen of Eydtkuhnen Harry Hinden in the periodical of the expellee association: Harry Hinden, “Von Ostpreußen nach Israel,” Ebenroder Heimatbrief 34 (1997/1998), 22–23.

  90. 90.

    Czaplicka, “The Archeology of the Local,” 25–30.

  91. 91.

    Brown, A Biography of No Place, 1.

  92. 92.

    The Polish government suspended the regime in summer of 2016 on claims that the small border traffic was a security threat to Poland.

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  1. Department of History, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jan Musekamp

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  1. Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Tabea Linhard

  2. Department of History, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Timothy H. Parsons

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Musekamp, J. (2019). Big History and Local Experiences: Migration and Identity in a European Borderland. In: Linhard, T., Parsons, T.H. (eds) Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77956-0_3

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