Abstract
Synthesis of sound is possible thanks to a few functions that can generate noises, pulses, square signals, sawtooth signals, triangle signals, pure tones, chirps, harmonic series, amplitude and/or frequency modulated sounds. Additive synthesis, modulation synthesis, tonal synthesis and speech synthesis are reviewed.
Audio files:tico.wavpeewit.wavpellucens.wavEleutherodactylus_martinicensis.wavsynth-am-fm-1.wavsynth-am-fm-2.wavsynth-am-fm-3.wavsynth-am-fm-4.wavsynth-am-fm-5.wavsynth-am-fm-6.wavsynth-am-fm-7.wavsynth-am-fm-8.wavsynth-am-fm-9.wavsynth-AM-sidebands-1.wavsynth-AM-sidebands-2.wavsynth-AM-sidebands-3.wavsynth-AM-sidebands-4.wavsynth-chirp-combination.wavsynth-chirp-harmonics.wavsynth-chirp-linear.wavsynth-chirp-logarithmic.wavsynth-chirp-quadratic.wavsynth-C-major-scale.wavsynth-eleutherodactylus_martinicensis.wavsynth-face.wavsynth-FM-sidebands-1.wavsynth-FM-sidebands-2.wavsynth-FM-sidebands-3.wavsynth-FM-sidebands-4.wavsynth-noise-pink.wavsynth-noise-power.wavsynth-noise-red.wavsynth-noise-white.wavsynth-numsound-euler.wavsynth-numsound-golden-ratio.wavsynth-numsound-pi.wavsynth-numsound-rational.wavsynth-numsound-test.wavsynth-oecanthus-pellucens.wavsynth-peewit.wavsynth-pulse-1.wavsynth-pulse-2.wavsynth-pulse-3.wavsynth-pulse-4.wavsynth-risset-glissando.wavsynth-saw-1.wavsynth-saw-2.wavsynth-saw-3.wavsynth-shepard-scale.wavsynth-silence.wavsynth-sine-440-1.wavsynth-sine-440-2.wavsynth-sine-440-3.wavsynth-sine-440-880-stereo.wavsynth-sine-exponential-amplitude.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-1.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-2.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-3.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-4.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-5.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-6.wavsynth-sine-harmonics-7.wavsynth-sine-linear-amplitude.wavsynth-sine-sinusoidal-amplitude.wavsynth-square-1.wavsynth-square-2.wavsynth-square-3.wavsynth-square-4.wavsynth-tico-silence.wavsynth-tonal-1.wavsynth-tonal-2.wavsynth-tonal-3.wavsynth-tonal-4.wavsynth-tonal-5.wavsynth-tonal-6.wavsynth-triangle.wavsynth-vowels-phontools.wavsynth-vowels-soundgen.wav
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Notes
- 1.
We will not consider sonification that is the process of converting data into sound (Hermann et al. 2011). See the packages playitibyr and audiolyzR.
- 2.
synth-silence.wav.
- 3.
synth-tico-silence.wav.
- 4.
synth-noise-white.wav, synth-noise-pink.wav, synth-noise-red.wav, synth-noise-power.wav.
- 5.
synth-pulse-1.wav.
- 6.
synth-pulse-2.wav, synth-pulse-3.wav, synth-pulse-4.wav.
- 7.
synth-square-1.wav, synth-square-2.wav, synth-square-3.wav, synth-square-4.wav.
- 8.
synth-triangle.wav.
- 9.
synth-saw-1.wav, synth-saw-2.wav, synth-saw-3.wav.
- 10.
synth-sine-440-1.wav.
- 11.
synth-sine-440-2.wav.
- 12.
synth-sine-440-880-stereo.wav.
- 13.
synth-sine-harmonics-1.wav.
- 14.
synth-sine-harmonics-2.wav.
- 15.
synth-sine-linear-amplitude.wav, synth-sine-exponential-amplitude.wav, synth-sine-sinusoidal-amplitude.wav.
- 16.
synth-sine-440-3.wav.
- 17.
synth-sine-harmonics-3.wav.
- 18.
synth-sine-harmonics-4.wav.
- 19.
synth-sine-harmonics-5.wav.
- 20.
synth-sine-harmonics-6.wav.
- 21.
synth-sine-harmonics-7.wav.
- 22.
synth-chirp-linear.wav, synth-chirp-quadratic.wav, synth-chirp-logarithmic.wav.
- 23.
synth-am-fm-1.wav.
- 24.
synth-am-fm-2.wav, synth-am-fm-3.wav, synth-am-fm-4.wav, synth-am-fm-5.wav, synth-am-fm-6.wav, synth-am-fm-7.wav.
- 25.
synth-am-fm-8.wav.
- 26.
synth-am-fm-9.wav.
- 27.
synth-chirp-harmonics.wav.
- 28.
synth-chirp-combination.wav.
- 29.
synth-AM-sidebands-1.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-2.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-3.wav, synth-AM-sidebands-4.wav.
- 30.
synth-FM-sidebands-1.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-2.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-3.wav, synth-FM-sidebands-4.wav.
- 31.
synth-numsound-test.wav.
- 32.
synth-numsound-pi.wav, synth-numsound-golden-ratio.wav, synth-numsound-euler.wav, synth-numsound-rational.wav.
- 33.
synth-C-major-sale.wav.
- 34.
- 35.
This example was kindly provided by Laurent Lellouch.
- 36.
synth-shepard-scale.wav.
- 37.
This example was kindly provided by Laurent Lellouch.
- 38.
synth-risset-glissando.wav.
- 39.
synth-oecanthus-pellucens.wav.
- 40.
synth-eleutherodactylus_martinicensis.wav.
- 41.
synth-tonal-1.wav, synth-tonal-2.wav, synth-tonal-3.wav.
- 42.
synth-tonal-4.wav, synth-tonal-5.wav.
- 43.
synth-tonal-6.wav.
- 44.
synth-peewit.wav.
- 45.
synth-face.wav.
- 46.
Concatenative synthesis or diphone synthesis, which consists in concatenating diphones, is not strictly speaking a synthesis method as it relies on real speech recordings. A diphone is a unit of speech that makes the transition between two simple speech sounds known as phones.
- 47.
synth-vowels-phontools.wav.
- 48.
synth-vowels-soundgen.wav.
References
Beeman K (1998) Digital signal analysis, editing, and synthesis. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 59–103
Chang W, Cheng J, Allaire J, Xie Y, McPherson J (2016) shiny: web application framework for R. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shiny, R package
Deutsch D (2010) The paradox of pitch circularity. Acoust Today 6:8–15
Hermann T, Hunt A, Neuhoff JG (eds) (2011) The sonification handbook. Logos Verlag, Berlin
Klatt DH (1980) Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer. J Acoust Soc Am 67:971–995
Risset JC (1978) Paradoxes de hauteur. Tech. rep., IRCAM - Centre Georges Pompidou
Shepard RN (1964) Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. J Acoust Soc Am 36:2346–2353
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Sueur, J. (2018). Synthesis. In: Sound Analysis and Synthesis with R. Use R!. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77647-7_18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77647-7_18
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