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Topology of Minimal Surface Biophotonic Nanostructures in Arthropods

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The Role of Topology in Materials

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences ((SSSOL,volume 189))

Abstract

Structural colors, including many vivid (ultra)violets, blues and greens are quite ubiquitous in animals and form an important aspect of their physical appearance. These colors, which have evolved over millions of years of evolution for a persistent color production function, are often used in camouflage and signaling, including in mate-choice and as warning coloration. By contrast to pigment or dye-based colors, these fade-proof colors are usually produced by the interference of light by a stunning diversity of nanostructures in the animal integument, none as spectacular as those found in certain arthropods. Recently, Saranathan et al. (Nano Lett 15:3735–3742, 2015 [1]) diagnosed the photonic nanostructure present in the cuticular scales and setae of 85 genera in 5 orders of terrestrial arthropods, using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy. We reported a rich diversity of nanostructures rivalling those seen in the phase behavior of amphiphilic surfactants, block copolymer, or lyotropic lipid-water systems, including ordered and disordered triply-periodic bicontinuous nanoporous networks, perforated lamellar, inverse hexagonal columnar and close-packed sphere morphologies. However, all these diverse nanostructures can be decomposed into their constituent topology, characterized by either negative, zero or positive Gaussian curvature, but constant mean curvature—namely, the saddle/hyperboloid (Schwarz’s Primitive P, Schwarz’s Diamond D, Schoen’s Gyroid G) and lamellar-helicoid (Riemann’s) surfaces, cylinder and sphere. Intriguingly, both the triply periodic saddle (P, D, and G) and the singly periodic Riemann surfaces are characterized by zero mean curvature, i.e., the building blocks of the corresponding nanostructures are all based on minimal surfaces. In light of this, I review the nanostructure, development, and the biomimetic and bioinspiration potential of these self-assembled minimal surface biophotonic nanostructures, when the large-scale, defect-free synthesis of mesoscopic nanostructures with the desired symmetry at optically relevant length scales is not currently facile.

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Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges support from Yale-NUS start-up funds, Simon Mochrie, Chinedum Osuji, Eric Dufresne, Rick Prum and Pietro De Camilli for stimulating and helpful discussions on membrane energetics and protein-membrane interactions, Heeso Noh and Hui Cao for help with recording light microscope images of scales, Ainsley Seago, Larry Gall, James Hogan, Ray Gabriel, Darren Mann, and Steve Lingafelter for access to specimens, Michael Rooks for help with EM, Suresh Narayanan and Alec Sandy at beamline 8-ID-I of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Labs for help with collecting the SAXS data presented here with support by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

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  1. Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138609, Singapore

    Vinodkumar Saranathan

  2. NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore

    Vinodkumar Saranathan

  3. Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore

    Vinodkumar Saranathan

  4. Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117377, Singapore

    Vinodkumar Saranathan

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  1. Vinodkumar Saranathan
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Correspondence to Vinodkumar Saranathan .

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  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA

    Sanju Gupta

  2. Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

    Avadh Saxena

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Saranathan, V. (2018). Topology of Minimal Surface Biophotonic Nanostructures in Arthropods. In: Gupta, S., Saxena, A. (eds) The Role of Topology in Materials. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 189. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76596-9_11

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