Skip to main content

Taxonomy of Brewing and Distilling Yeasts and Methods of Identification

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Brewing and Distilling Yeasts

Part of the book series: The Yeast Handbook ((YEASTHDB))

Abstract

There are basically three types of beer: lager, ale and stout. In addition, there are distilling yeast strains. Reasons for differences between ale, lager and distilling yeast strains have intrigued many students of Saccharomyces for a long time! The isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces eubayanus has been discussed. It is regarded to be an early ancestor of lager yeast strains and has the capacity to ferment at cold temperatures (<10 °C). A large number of studies have been conducted to characterize different types of industrial yeast strains. The application of DNA fingerprinting techniques to identify yeast strains has superseded traditional identification methods. However, they do not tell us anything about a strain’s fermentation and growth characteristics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anjos J, Rodrigues de Sousa H, Roca C, Cássio F, Luttik M (2013) Fsy1, the sole hexose-proton transporter characterized in Saccharomyces yeasts, exhibits a variable fructose:H+ stoichiometry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1828:201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett JA (2003) Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research. Microbiology 149:557–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth R (2014) The chemistry of beer: the science in the suds. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing J, Han PJ, Liu WQ, Wang QM, Bai FY (2014) Evidence for a Far East Asian origin of lager beer yeast. Curr Biol 24:R380–R381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bokulich NA, Bamforth CW (2013) The microbiology of malting and brewing. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 77:157–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bolat I (2008) The importance of trehalose in brewing yeast survival. Innov Roman Food Biotechnol 2:1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bothast RJ, Schlicher MA (2005) Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67:19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botstein D, Fink GR (1988) Yeast: an experimental organism for modern biology. Science 240:1439–1443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton C (2011) Yeast handling. Brew Dist Inst 7:7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten RJ (2002) Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5% counting indels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13633–13635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers GK, Curtis C, Millar CD, Huynen L, Lambert DM (2014) DNA fingerprinting in zoology: past, present, future. Invest Genet 5:3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole S (2001) Suspect identities: a history of fingerprinting and criminal identification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 60–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook AH (1969) Yeast performance – its significance and assessment. In: Proceedings of 12th congress European brewing convention, pp 225–240

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Amore T, Crumplen R, Stewart GG (1991) The involvement of trehalose in yeast stress tolerance. J Ind Microbiol 7:191–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day RE, Higgins VJ, Rogers PJ, Dawes IW (2002a) Characterization of the putative maltose transporters encoded by YDL247w and YJR160c. Yeast 19:1015–1027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day RE, Rogers PJ, Dawes IW, Higgins VJ (2002b) Molecular analysis of maltotriose transport and utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5326–5335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dequin S (2001) The potential of genetic engineering for improving brewing, wine-making and baking yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:577–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietvorst J, Londesborough J, Steensma HY (2005) Maltotriose utilization in lager yeast strains: MTT1 encodes a maltotriose transporter. Yeast 22:775–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donalies UE, Stahl U (2002) Increasing sulphite formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of MET14 and SSU1. Yeast 19:475–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eleutherio E, Panek A, De Mesquita JF, Trevisol E, Magalhães R (2015) Revisiting yeast trehalose metabolism. Curr Genet 61:263–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finn D, Stewart GG (2002) Fermentation characteristics of dried brewer’s yeast, the effect of drying on flocculation and fermentation. J Am Soc Brew Chem 108:424–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadd GM, Chalmers A, Reed RH (1987) The role of trehalose in dehydration resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 48:249–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallone B, Steensels J, Prahl T, Soriaga L, Saels V, Herrera-Malaver B, Merlevede A, Roncoroni M, Voordeckers K, Miraglia L, Teiling C, Steffy B, Taylor M, Schwartz A, Richardson T, Christopher White C, Baele G, Maere S, Verstrepen KJ (2016) Domestication and divergence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae beer yeasts. Cell 166:1397–1410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson BR, Londesborough J, Rautio J (2013a) Transcription of α-glucoside transport and metabolism genes in the hybrid brewing yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus with respect to gene provenance and fermentation targets. J Inst Brew 119:23–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson BR, Storgårds E, Krogerus K, Vidgren V (2013b) Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental species Saccharomyces eubayanus. Yeast 30:255–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goffeau A, Barrell BG, Bussey H, Davis RW, Dujon B, Feldmann H, Galibert F, Hoheisel JD, Jacq C, Johnston M, Louis EJ, Mewes HW, Murakami Y, Philippsen P, Tettelin H, Oliver SG (1996) Life with 6000 genes. Science 274:563–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves P, Rodrigues de Sousa H, Spencer-Martins I (2000) FSY1, a novel gene encoding a specific fructose/H(+) symporter in the type strain of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. J Bacteriol 182:5628–5630

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guan Y, Dunham MJ, Troyanskaya OG, Caudy AA (2013) Comparative gene expression between two yeast species. BMC Genomics 14:33

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hebly M, Brickwedde A, Bolat I, Driessen M, de Hulster EA, van den Broek M, Pronk JT, Geertman JM, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P (2015) S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus interspecific hybrid, the best of both worlds and beyond. FEMS Yeast Res 15:fov005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill A, Stewart GG (2008) A brief overview of brewer’s yeast. Brew Dist Int 5:13–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill AG, Stewart GG (2009) A brief overview of brewer’s yeast. Brew Dist Int 5:13–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarboe LR, Grabar TB, Yomano LP, Shanmugan KT, Ingram LO (2007) Development of ethanologenic bacteria. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 108:237–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M, Pierce J (1964) Absorption of amino acids from wort by yeasts. J Inst Brew 70:307–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kielland-Brandt MC, Gjermansen C, Nilsson-Tillgren T, Holmberg S (1989) Proceedings of the 22nd congress of the European Brewery Convention, Zurich. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 37–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristoffer K, Gibson BR (2013) Diacetyl and its control during brewery fermentation. J Inst Brew 119:86–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogerus K, Magalhães F, Vidgren V, Gibson B (2015) New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 42:769–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lekkas C, Stewart GG, Hill A, Taidi B, Hodgson J (2005) The importance of free amino nitrogen in wort and beer. MBAA Tech Quart 42:113–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lekkas C, Stewart GG, Hill A, Taidi B, Hodgson J (2007) Elucidation of the role of nitrogenous wort components in yeast fermentation. J Inst Brew 113:183–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lekkas C, Stewart GG, Hill A, Taidi B, Hodgson J (2009) The role of small peptides in brewing fermentations. J Inst Brew 115:134–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libkind D, Hittinger CT, Valério E, Gonçalves C, Dover J, Johnston M, Gonçalves P, Sampaio JP (2011) Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager brewing yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:14539–14544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Menacho-Marquez M, Murguia JR (2007) Yeast on drugs: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for anticancer drug research. Clin Transl Oncol 9:221–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naseeb S, James SA, Alsammar H, Michaels CJ, Gini B, Nueno-Palop C, Bond CJ, McGhie H, Roberts IN, Delneri D (2017) Saccharomyces jurei sp. isolation and genetic identification of a novel yeast species from Quercus robur. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:2046–2052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nevoigt E (2008) Progress in metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72:379–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen HV, Gaillardin C (2005) Evolutionary relationships between the former species Saccharomyces uvarum and the hybrids Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces pastorianus; reinstatement of Saccharomyces uvarum (Beijerinck) as a distinct species. FEMS Yeast Res 5:471–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver G (2012) “Märzenbier” by Dorst Hornbusch. In: Oliver G (ed) The Oxford companion to beer. pp 271–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauley M, Maskell D (2016) The role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of gin and vodka. Beverages 3:13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen MB (1995) Recent views and methods for the classification of yeasts. Cerevisia – Belg J Brew Biotechnol 20:28–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piotrowski JS, Nagarajan S, Kroll E, Stanbery A, Chiotti KE, Kruckeberg AL, Dunn B, Sherlock G, Rosenzweig F (2012) Different selective pressures lead to different genomic outcomes as newly-formed hybrid yeasts evolve. BMC Evol Biol 12:46–52

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius IS (2016) Conducting wine symphonics with the aid of yeast genomics. Beverages 2:36–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulvirenti A, Nguyen H-V, Caggia C, Giudici P, Rainieri S, Zambonelli C (2000) Saccharomyces uvarum, a proper species within Saccharomyces sensu stricto. FEMS Microbiol Lett 192:191–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainieri S, Zambonelli C, Kaneko Y (2003) Saccharomyces sensu stricto: systematics, genetic diversity and evolution. J Biosci Bioeng 96:1-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainieri S, Kodama Y, Kaneko Y, Mikata K, Nakao Y, Ashikari T (2006) Pure and mixed genetic lines of Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces pastorianus and their contribution to the lager brewing strain genome. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3968–3974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Randez-Gil FJ, Aguilera J, Codón A, Rincón AM, Estruch F, Prieto JA (2003) Baker’s yeast: challenges and future prospects. In: de Winde JH (ed) Functional genetics of industrial yeasts. Springer, Berlin, pp 58–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards M (1967) The use of giant-colony morphology for the differentiation of brewing yeasts. J Inst Brew 73:162–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues-Pousada CA, Nevitt T, Menezes R, Azevedo D, Pereira J, Amaral C (2004) Yeast actuation proteins and stress response: an overview. FEBS Lett 567(1):80–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell I (2016) Yeast. In: Bamforth CW (ed) Brewing materials and processes: a practical approach to beer excellence. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 77–96

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Salema-Oom M, Pinto VV, Gonçalves P, Spencer-Martins I (2005) Maltotriose utilization by industrial Saccharomyces strains: characterization of a new member of the α-glucoside transporter family. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5044–5049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samp EJ, Sedin D (2017) Important aspects of controlling sulfur dioxide in brewing. MBAA Tech Quart 54:60–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (1977) Fermentation – yesterday, today and tomorrow. MBAA Tech Quart 14:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (1988) Twenty-five years of yeast research. Devel Ind Microbiol 29:1–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (2006) Studies on the uptake and metabolism of wort sugars during brewing fermentation. MBAA Tech Quart 43:265–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (2009) Forty years of brewing research. J Inst Brew 115:3–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (2014a) The concept of nature-nurture applied to brewer’s yeast and wort fermentations. MBAA Tech Quart 51:69–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (2014b) Yeast mitochondria – their influence on brewer’s yeast fermentation and medical research. MBAA Tech Quart 72:6–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG (2016) Saccharomyces species in the production of beer. Beverages 2:34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Murray JP (2012) Brewing intensification – successes and failures. MBAA Tech Quart 49:111–120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Russell I (1993) Fermentation – the “black box” of the brewing process. MBAA Tech Quart 30:159–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Russell I (2009) An introduction to brewing science and technology. Brewer’s yeast, 2nd edn. The Institute of Brewing and Distilling, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Russell I, Goring T (1975) Nature-nurture anomalies – further studies on yeast flocculation. Proc Am Soc Brew Chem 33:137–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, D’Amore T, Panchal CJ, Russell I (1988) Factors that influence the ethanol tolerance of brewer’s yeast strains during high gravity wort fermentations. MBAA Tech Quart 25:47–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Hill A, Lekkas C (2013) Wort FAN – its characteristics and importance during fermentation. J Am Soc Brew Chem 71:179–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GG, Maskell DL, Spears A (2016) Brewing fundamentals – fermentation. MBAA Tech Quart 53:2–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Turakainen H, Naumov G, Naumova E, Korhola M (1993) Physical mapping of the MEL gene family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 24:461–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Verachtert H, Delvaux FR (2003) Yeast flocculation: what brewers should know. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61:197–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidgren V, Londesborough J (2011) Yeast flocculation and sedimentation in brewing. J Inst Brew 117:475–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidgren V, Huuskonen A, Virtanen H, Ruohonen L, Londesborough J (2009) Improved fermentation performance of a lager yeast after repair of its AGT1 maltose and maltotriose transporter genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:2333–2345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walker G, Hill AE (2016) Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of whisk(e)y. Beverages 2:38–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, D’Amore T, Russell I, Stewart GG (1994a) Factors influencing maltotriose utilization during brewery fermentations. J Am Soc Brew Chem 52:41–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, D’Amore T, Russell I, Stewart GG (1994b) Transport kinetics of maltotriose in strains of Saccharomyces. J Ind Microbiol 13:159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stewart, G.G. (2017). Taxonomy of Brewing and Distilling Yeasts and Methods of Identification. In: Brewing and Distilling Yeasts. The Yeast Handbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69126-8_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics