Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sampling to Assess Control of the Environment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microorganisms in Foods 7

Abstract

This chapter addresses the importance of microbiological testing to assess the effectiveness of control measures implemented to prevent product contamination from the environment. Preventing contamination of ready-to-eat foods is emphasized. While the discussion is limited to the verification of measures to control pathogens, the concepts can be applied to microbial spoilage. Routine environmental sampling is more frequently applied in food processing plants and less frequently at other steps along the food supply chain. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the verification of processing environment controls in facilities manufacturing foods since recontamination of food from equipment or other environmental sources is a significant contributing factor for foodborne disease (Reij et al. 2004). The role of environmental contamination in other parts of the food supply chain such as in primary production, during distribution, at retail and foodservice venues, and in consumer settings also exists. Microbiological sampling in these settings may be more problematic; however, potential applications are briefly discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ABC (Almond Board of California). (undated). Pathogen environmental monitoring program. http://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/content/attachments/pem_book.pdf. Accessed 23 Mar 2017.

  • Abee, T., Kovacs, A. T., Kuipers, O. P., & van der Veen, S. (2011). Biofilm formation and dispersal of Gram-positive bacteria. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 22, 172–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AECL (Australian Egg Corporation Limited). (2010). Code of practice for shell egg, production, grading, packing and distribution. https://www.aecl.org/assets/Uploads/Resources/Code-of-Practice-for-Shell-egg-production-grading-packing-and-distribution-2009.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Anonymous. (1984). Botulism risk from post-processing contamination of commercially canned foods in metal containers. Journal of Food Protection, 46, 801–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1999). Update, multi state outbreak of listeriosis – United States, 1998-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47, 1117–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2006). Commodity specific food safety guidelines for the lettuce and leafy greens supply chain. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/FruitsVegetablesJuices/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM169008.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Anonymous. (2008). Lessons learned: Public health agency of Canada’s response to the 2008 listeriosis outbreak. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/fs-sa/listeria/2008-lessons-lecons-eng.php. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Anonymous. (2010a). Mushroom good agricultural practices program – industry-wide food safety standards for fresh mushroom growing, harvesting, and shipping. Penn State University and the American Mushroom Institute http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/fresh%20mushroom%20food%20safety%20standards.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Anonymous. (2010b). Industry guide to good hygiene practice – milk and dairy products. http://www.dairytransport.co.uk/resources/000/634/680/Final_Draft_August_2010_-_Industry_guide_to_good_hygiene_practice.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Ash, I., McKendrick, G. D. W., Robertson, M. H., & Hughes, H. L. (1964). Outbreak of typhoid fever connected with corned beef. British Medical Journal, 1(5396-June 6), 1474–1478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aureli, P., Fenicia, L., Gianfranceschi, M., & Biondi, F. (1987). Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by contaminated lasagna. Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene, 38, 159–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • AVA (Automatic Vendor Association). (2008). Vending and dispensing: Food industry guide to good hygiene practice. Norwich: The Stationary Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C. G. J. (2013). Hygienic design of food processing equipment. In C. G. J. Baker (Ed.), Handbook of food factory design. New York: Springer Science.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baldacchino, F., Muenworn, V., Desquesnes, M., Desoli, F., Charoenviriyaphap, T., & Duvallet, G. (2013). Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): A review. Parasite, 20, 26–39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, M. E. E., Magowan, E., Taylor, M., Madden, R. H., & Bagdonaite, G. (2011). A review of current knowledge on Salmonella control on-farm and within the processing plant relevant to the Northern Ireland pig industry. Belfast: Agri-Food and BioSciences Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballesteros, L., Moreno, Y., Cuesta, G., Rodrigo, A., Tomás, D., Hernández, M., Ferrús, M. A., & Henández, J. G. (2011). Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes strains in frozen vegetables processing plant determined by serotyping and REP-PCR. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 46, 1109–1112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banatvala, N, .Magnano, A.R., Carter, M.L., Barrett, T.J., Bibb, W.F., Vasile, L.L., Mshar, P, Lambert-Fair, M.A., Green, J.H., Bean, N.H. & Tauxe, R.V. (1996) Meat grinders and molecular epidemiology: Two supermarket outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 173, 480–483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barreiro, C., Albano, H., Silva, J., & Teixeira, P. (2013). Role of flies as vectors of foodborne pathogens in rural areas. ISRN Microbiology, Article ID 718780, 7 pages, doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/718780.

  • Basavanna, U., Gonzalez-Escalona, N., Timme, R., Datta, S., Schoen, B., & Brown, E. W. (2013). Draft genome sequence of a Clostridium botulinum isolate from water used for cooling at a plant producing low-acid canned foods. Genome, 1, e00200–e00212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behravesh, B. C., Ferraro, A., Deasy III, M., Dato, V., Moll, M., Sandt, C., Rea, N. K., Rickert, R., Marriott, C., Warren, K., Urdaneta, V., Salehi, E., Villamil, E., Ayers, T., Hoekstra, R. M., Austin, J. L., Ostroff, S., Williams, I. T., & Salmonella Schwarzengrund Outbreak Investigation Team. (2010). Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006 – 2008. Pediatrics, 145, 477–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellou, M., Kokkinos, P., & Vantarakis, A. (2012). Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: A systematic review. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 13–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beneke, B., Klees, S., Stührenberg, B., Fetsch, A., Kraushaar, B., & Tenhagen, B.-A. (2011). Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a fresh meat pork production chain. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 126–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S. D., Walsh, K. A., & Gould, H. (2013). Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus – United States, 1998-2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57, 425–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beuchat, L.R., Komitoulou, E., Betts, R., Beckers, H., Bourdichon, F., Joosten, H. et al (2011) Persistence and survival of pathogens in dry foods and dry food processing environments. ILSI Europe Report Series, 52 pp. ILSI Europe, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beuchat, L. R., Komitopoulou, E., Beckers, H., Betts, R. P., Bourdichon, F., Fanning, S., Joosten, H. M., & Ter Kuile, B. H. (2013). Low-water activity foods: Increased concern as vehicles of foodborne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 150–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, R. E., Jackson, R. J., Tsai, T., Medvesky, M., Shayegani, M., Feeley, J. C., MacLeod, K. I. E., & Wakelee, A. M. (1978). Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. New England Journal of Medicine, 298, 76–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blatter, S., Giezendanner, N., Stephan, R., & Zweifel, C. (2010). Phenotypic and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from processing environment and products of a sandwich producing plant. Food Control, 21, 1519–1523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazar, J. M., Lienau, E. K., & Allard, M. W. (2011). Insects as vectors of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 4, 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRC (British Retail Consortium). (2009). Food industry guide to good hygiene practice: Retail. London: The Stationary Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, P., Seale, B., Flint, S., & Palmer, J. (2009). Biofilms in dairy processing. In P. M. Fratamico, B. A. Annous, & N. W. Gunther (Eds.), Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries, Woodhead Publishing in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, T. (1999). CDC investigations: The May 1998 outbreak of Salmonella agona linked to cereal. Cereal Foods World, 44, 185–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridier, A., Briandet, R., Thomas, V., & Dubois-Brissonnet, F. (2011). Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: A review. Biofouling: The Journal of Bioadhesion and Biofilm, 27, 1017–1032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridier, A., Sanchez-Viuete, P., Guilbaud, M., Piard, J. C., Naitali, M., & Briandet, R. (2014). Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens. Food Microbiology, 45B, 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. L., & Oni, R. (2012). Use of microbiological indicators for assessing hygiene controls for the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 989–997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, S. A., Flint, S. H., & Lindsay, D. (2014). Characterization of thermophilic bacilli from a milk powder processing plant. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 116, 350–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buvens, G., Possé, B., De Schrijver, K., De Zutter, L., Lauwers, S., & Pierard, D. (2011). Virulence profiling and quantification of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O145:H28 and O26:H11 isolated during an ice cream-related hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 8, 421–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission). (2003). Recommended international code of practice general principles of food hygiene. CAC/RCP 1–1969, Rev 4.FAO and WHO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cagri-Mehmetoglu, A., Yaldirak, G., Bodur, T., Simsek, M., Bozkir, H., & Eren, N. M. (2011). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in two Kasar cheese processing environments. Food Control, 22, 762–766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cappitelli, F., Polo, A., & Villa, F. (2014). Biofilm formation in food processing environments is still poorly understood and controlled. Food Engineering Reviews, 6, 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, F. (2011). Origin of bacterial spores contaminating food. Food Microbiology, 28, 177–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpentier, B., & Cerf, O. (2011). Review – Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food industry equipment and premises. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco, E., Morales-Rueda, A., & Garcia-Gimeno, R. M. (2012). Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review. Food Research International, 45, 545–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrascosa, C., Saavedra, P., Millán, R., Jaber, J. R., Perez, E., Grau, R., Raposo, A., Mauricio, C., & Sanjuan, E. (2012). Monitoring of cleanliness and disinfection in dairies: Comparison of traditional microbiological ATP-bioluminescence methods. Food Control, 28, 368–373.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro, E., Date, K., Medus, C., Meyer, S., Miller, B., Kim, C., Nowicki, S., Cosgrove, S., Sweat, D., Phan, Q., Flint, J., DALY, E. R., Adams, J., Hyytia-Trees, E., Gerner-Smidt, P., Hoekstra, R. M., Schwensohn, C., Langer, A., Sodha, S. V., Rogers, M. C., Angulo, F. J., Tauxe, R. V., Williams, I. T., & Behravesh, C. B. (2011). Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with peanut products. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 601–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control). (2013). Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks – United States, 1998–2008. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. SS62 (2): AppendixCDC (2014) Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, annual report. http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/pdfs/foodborne-disease-outbreaks-annual-report-2012-508c.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Čížek, A., Dolejská, M., Novotná, R., Haas, D., & Vyskocil, M. (2008). Survey of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 and drug-resistant coliform bacteria from in-line milk filters on dairy farms in the Czech Republic. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104, 852–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordier, J. L. (2008). Production of powdered infant formulae and microbiological control measures. In J. M. Farber & J. S. Forsythe (Eds.), Enterobacter sakazakii. Washington DC: ASM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craven, P. C., Mackel, D. C., Baine, W. B., Barker, W. H., Gangarosa, E. J., Goldfield, M., Rosenfeld, H., Altman, R., Lachapelle, G., Davies, J., & Swanson, R. (1975). International outbreak of Salmonella eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate. Lancet, 1, 788–793.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craven, H. M., McAulley, C. M., Duffy, L. L., & Fegan, N. (2010). Distribution, prevalence and persistence of Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii) in the non-processing and processing environments of five milk powder factories. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 1044–1052.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, C. D., & Fletcher, G. C. (2011). Prevalence and biofilm-forming ability of Listeria monocytogenes in New Zealand mussel (Perna Canaliculus) processing plants. Food Microbiology, 28, 1387–1393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, A., Farber, J. M., Celine, N., Sharma, D., Whitfield, Y., Gaulin, C., Galanis, E., Bekal, S., Flint, J., Tschetter, L., Pagotto, F., Lee, G., Jamieson, F., Badiani, T., Diane MacDonald, D., & the National Outbreak Investigation Team. (2015). Multi-province listeriosis outbreak linked to contaminated deli meat consumed primarily in institutional settings, Canada, 2008. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 12, 645–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dack, G. M. (1964). Characteristics of botulism outbreaks in the United States. In K. H. Lewis & K. Cassel (Eds.), Botulism, proceedings of a symposium. Robert A Taft Sanitary Engineering Center: Cincinnati.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R. H., & Wales, A. D. (2013). Investigations into Salmonella contamination in poultry feedmills in the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 1430–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Aantrekker, E. D., Boom, R. M., Zwietering, M. H., & van Schothorst, M. (2003a). Quantifying recontamination through factory environments – a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 80, 117–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Aantrekker, E. D., Beumer, R. R., van Gerwen, J. C., Zwietering, M. H., van Schothorst, M., & Boom, R. M. (2003b). Estimating the probability of recontamination via the air using Monte Carlo simulations. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denny, C. B. (1982). Industry’s response to problem solving in botulism prevention. Food Technology, 36, 116–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Commission). (2004). Regulation (EC) no. 852/2004 of the European parliament and of the council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, 139, 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECFF (European Chilled Food Federation). (2006). Recommendations for the production of pre-packaged chilled food. http://www.ecff.net/images/ECFF_Recommendations_2nd_ed_18_12_06.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • EFBW (European Federation of Bottled Waters). (2012). Guide to good hygiene practices for packaged water in Europe. http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/hygienelegislation/docs/eu_guide_wholesale_market_management_2012_en.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2014). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses: zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2012. EFSA Journal, 12, 3547. (312 pp).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EHEDG (European Hygienic Equipment Design Group). (2005). Guidelines on air handling in the food industry. Document 30. EHEDG Secretariat, Frankfurt (D).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A., Preston, M., Borczyk, A., Miller, B., Stone, P., Hatton, B., Chagla, A., & Hockin, J. (1998). A community outbreak of Salmonella berta associated with a soft cheese product. Epidemiology and Infection, 120, 29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Evancho, G. M., Tortorelli, S., & Scott, V. N. (2010). Microbiological spoilage of canned foods. In W. H. Sperber & M. P. Doyle (Eds.), Compendium of the microbiological spoilage of foods and beverages. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H. R., Tromans, J. P., Dexter, E. L. S., Ribeiro, C. D., & Gardner, D. (1996). Consecutive Salmonella outbreaks traced to the same bakery. Epidemiology and Infection, 116, 161–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faille, C., Bénézech, T., Midelet-Bourdin, G., Leaquette, Y., Clarisse, M., Ronse, G., Ronse, A., & Slomianny, C. (2014). Sporulation of Bacillus spp. within biofilms: A potential source of contamination in food processing environments. Food Microbiology, 40, 64–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/Embrapa (Food and Agriculture Organization / Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation). (2002). Guidelines for good agricultural practices. http://www.fao.org/prods/gap/docs/pdf/guidelines_for_good_agricultural_practices.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • FAO/FIC (Food and Agriculture Organization / Fondation Internationale Carrefour). (2004) Good practices for the meat industry. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5454e/y5454e00.HTM. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • FAO/IDF (Food and Agriculture Organization / International Dairy Federation). (2011). Guide to good dairy farming practice. Animal production and health guidelines. No. 8. Rome. http://www.fil-idf.org/Public/Download.php?media=38836. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Farber, J. M., & Forsythe, J. S. (2014). Enterobacter sakazakii. Washington DC: ASM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration). (2009). Draft guidance for industry: guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of leafy greens. http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/ucm174200.htm. Accessed 31 Dec 2015.

  • FDA (Food Drug Administration). (2013). FDA food code 2013. College Park: US Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA (Food Drug Administration). (2015a). Current good manufacturing practice (21 CFR 117 Subpart B), Code of Federal Regulations. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA (Food Drug Administration). (2015b). Inspectional observations – Blue Bell Creameries FEI Number 1000118167. http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-afda-orgs/documents/document/ucm450506.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2015.

  • FDA (Food Drug Administration). (2015c). Standards for the growing, harvesting, packing, and holding of produce for human consumption (21 CFR 112) Code of Federal Regulations. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, V., Wiedmann, M., Teixeira, P., & Stasiewicz, M. J. (2014). Listeria monocytogenes persistence in food associated environments: Epidemiology, strain characteristics, and implications for public health. Journal of Food Protection, 77, 150–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe, J. R., Bennett, N. M., Hogben, S., Hutchinson, E. M. S., Rouch, G., Tan, A., & Taplin, J. (2003). The year of the Salmonella seekers—1977. Austral New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 385–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, N. D. (2011). Regulations on the hygienic design of food processing factories in the United States. In J. Holah & H. L. M. Lelieveld (Eds.), Hygienic design of food factories, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (Vol. 216, pp. 55–74). Cambridge UK: Woodhead Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, E., Hunt, K., O’Brien, M., & Jordan, K. (2011). Listeria monocytogenes in Irish farmhouse cheese processing environments. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, S39–S45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friesema, I., de Jong, A., Hofhuis, A., Heck, M., van den Kerkhof, H., de Jonge, R., Hameryck, D., Nagel, K., van Vilsteren, G., van Beek, P., Notermans, D., & van Pelt, W. (2014). Large outbreak of Salmonella Thompson related to smoked salmon in the Netherlands, August to December 2012 EuroSurveillence 19(39, 02Oct), :pii=20918.

    Google Scholar 

  • FSA (Food Standard Agency). (2007). Food industry guide to good hygiene practices: Wholesale distributors. London: The Stationary Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaul, L. K., Farag, N. H., Shim, T., Kingsley, M. A., Silk, B. J., & Hyytia-Trees, E. (2013). Hospital-acquired listeriosis outbreak caused by contaminated diced celery – Texas, 2010. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56, 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaulin, C., Ramsay, D., & Bekal, S. (2012). Widespread listeriosis outbreak attributable to pasteurized cheese, which led to extensive cross-contamination affecting cheese retailers, Quebec, Canada, 2008. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 71–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giaouris, E., Heir, E., Hébraud, M., Chorianopoulos, N., Langsrud, S., Moretro, T., Habimana, O., Desvaux, M., Renier, S., & Nychas, G.-J. (2014). Attachment and biofilm formation by foodborne bacteria in meat processing environments: Causes, implications, role of bacterial interactions and control by alternative novel methods. Meat Science, 97, 298–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, O. N., Sockett, P. N., Bartlett, C. L. T., & Vaile, M. S. B. (1983). Outbreak of Salmonella asteu infection caused by contaminated chocolate bars. Lancet, 1, 574–577.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GMA. (2010). Industry handbook for safe processing of nuts. http://www.gmaonline.org/downloads/technical-guidance-and-tools/Industry_Handbook_for_Safe_Processing_of_Nuts_1st_Edition_22Feb10.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • GMA (Grocery Manufacturers Association). (2009). Control of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. http://www.gmaonline.org/downloads/technical-guidance-and-tools/SalmonellaControlGuidance.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Greig, J., Rajić, A., Young, I., Mascarenhas, M., Waddell, L., & LeJeune, J. (2015). A scoping review of the role of wildlife in the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance to the food chain. Zoonoses and Public Health, 62, 269–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habimana, O., Heir, E., Langsrud, S., Asli, A. W., & Moretro, T. (2010). Enhanced surface colonization by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilms formed by an Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolate from meat processing environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 4557–4559.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Habimana, O., Nesse, L. L., Møretrø, T., Berg, K., Heir, E., Vestby, L. K., & Langsrud, S. (2014). The persistence of Salmonella following desiccation under feed processing environmental conditions: A subject of relevance. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 59, 464–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hait, J., Tallent, S., Melka, D., Keys, C., & Bennett, R. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus outbreak investigation of an Illinois bakery. Journal of Food Safety, 32, 435–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hait, J., Tallent, S., Melka, D., Keys, C., & Bennett, R. (2014). Prevalence of enterotoxins and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from a bakery involved in a second staphylococcal food poisoning occurrence. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 117, 866–875.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennekinne, J. A., De Buyser, M. L., & Dragacci, S. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: Characterization and outbreaks investigation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36, 815–836.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy, T. W., Hedberg, C. W., Slutsker, L., White, K. E., Besser-Wiek, J. M., Moen, M. E., Fledman, J., Coleman, W. W., Edmonson, L. M., MacDonald, K. L., & Osterholm, M. T. (1996). A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 1281–1286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holah, J. T., & Lelieveld, M. L. M. (2011). Hygienic design of food factories. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Holch, A., Webb, K., Lukjancenko, O., Ussery, D., Rosenthal, B. M., & Gram, L. (2013). Genome sequencing identifies two nearly unchanged strains of persistent Listeria monocytogenes isolated at two different fish processing plants sampled 6 years apart. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 2944–2951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huck, J. R., Woodcock, N. H., Ralyea, R. D., & Boor, K. J. (2007). Molecular subtyping and characterization of psychrotolerant endospore –forming bacteria in two New York State fluid milk processing systems. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2354–2364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods). (1988). Microorganisms in foods 4: Application of the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system to ensure microbiological safety and quality. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods). (2005). Microorganisms in foods 6: Microbial ecology of food commodities. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods). (2011). Microorganisms in foods 8: Use of data for assessing process control and product acceptance. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • IICA. (2006). Good agricultural practices pumpkin production. http://www.namistt.com/DocumentLibrary/Production%20Profiles/GAP%20PUMPKINS.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Ismaïl, R., Aviat, F., Michel, V., Le Bayon, I., Gay-Perret, P., Kutnik, M., & Federighi, M. (2013). Methods for recovering microorganisms from solid surfaces used in the food industry: A review of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 6169–6183.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, C., Braun, P., & Hammer, P. (2011). Reservoir and routes of transmission of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in a milk powder producing plant. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 3801–3810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahid, I. K., & Ha, S. D. (2012). A review of microbial biofilms of produce: Future challenge to food safety. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21, 299–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakočiūnė, D., Bisgaard, M., Pedersen, K., & Olsen, J. E. (2014). Demonstration of a persistent contamination of cooked egg product production facility with Salmonella enterica serovar Tennessee and characterization of the persistent strain. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 117, 547–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jami, M., Ghanbari, M., Zunabovic, M., Domig, K. J., & Kneifel, W. (2014). Listeria monocytogenes in aquatic food products – A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13, 798–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jay-Russell, M. T. (2013). What is the risk from wild animals in food-borne pathogen contamination of plants? CAB Reviews, 8, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. W., Feldman, J., & Sullivan, R. (1963). Botulism from canned tuna fish. Public Health Reports, 78, 561–564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. T. (2011). A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20, 102–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, C. A., Mitchell, E. M., Cowden, J. M., Bruce, J. C., Threlfall, E. J., Hine, C. E., et al. (1991). A national outbreak of salmonellosis from yeast flavoured products. Communicable Disease Representative, 1, R16–R19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J., Dworak, R., Prager, R., Becker, B., Brockmann, S., Wicke, A., Wichmann-Schauer, H., Hof, H., Werber, D., & Stark, K. (2010). Large listeriosis outbreak linked to cheese made from pasteurized milk, Germany, 2006-2007. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7, 1581–1584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornacki, J. L. (Ed.). (2010). Principles of microbiological troubleshooting in the industrial food processing environment. New York: Springer Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, G. K., Crichton, J., & Farber, J. (2014). Control of pathogens at retail. In J. Farber, J. Crichton, & O. P. Snyder (Eds.), Retail food safety. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kretli-Winkelströter, L., Barbosa dos Reis Teixeira, F., Pereira Silva, E., Alves, V. F., & De Martinis, E. C. P. (2014). Unraveling microbial biofilms of importance for food microbiology. Microbial Ecology, 68, 35–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, M. H., Dalmasso, M., Ingmer, H., Langsrud, S., Malakauskas, M., Mader, A., Moretro, T., Mozina, S. S., Rychli, K., Wagner, M., Wallace, R. J., Zentek, J., & Jordan, K. (2014). Persistence of foodborne pathogens and their control in primary and secondary food production chains. Food Control, 44, 92–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lecos, C. (1986). Of microbes and milk: Probing America’s worst Salmonella outbreak. Dairy, Food, And Environmental Sanitation, 6, 136–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehto, M., Kuisma, R., Mäki, M., & Kymäläinen, H. R. (2013). Hygiene in fresh-cut vegetable production plants. Stewart Postharvest Review, 9, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelieveld, H., Holah, J., & Napper, D. (2014). Hygiene in food processing: Principles and practice. London: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lienau, E. K., Strain, E., Wang, C., Zheng, J., Ottesen, A. R., Keys, C. E., Hammack, T. S., Musser, S. M., Brown, E. W., Allard, M. W., Cao, G., Meng, J., & Stones, R. (2011). Identification of a salmonellosis outbreak by means of molecular sequencing. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 981–982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linnan, M. J., Mascola, L., Lou, X. D., Goulet, V., May, S., Salminen, C., Hird, D. W., Yonekura, M. L., Hayes, P., Weaver, R., Audurier, A., Plikaytis, B. D., FANNIN, S. L., Kleks, A., & Broome, C. V. (1988). Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican style cheese. The New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 823–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N. T., Lefcourt, A. M., Xiangwu, N., Shelton, D. R., Zhang, G., & Lo, Y. M. (2013). Native microflora in fresh-cut produce processing plants and their potentials for biofilm formation. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 827–832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn, L. J., Evans, M. R., & Palmer, S. R. (1998). Use of sequential case-control studies to investigate a community Salmonella outbreak in Wales. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52, 272–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lopman, B., Gastañaduy, P., Park, G. W., Hall, A. J., Parashar, U. D., & Vinje, J. (2012). Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(1), 96–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luna-Gierke, R. E., Griffin, P. M., Gould, L. H., Herman, K., Boop, C. A., Strockbine, N., & Mody, R. K. (2014). Outbreaks of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection: USA. Epidemiology and Infection, 142, 2270–2280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundén, J. M., Autio, T. J., Sjöberg, A. M., & Korkeala, H. J. (2003). Persistent and nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination in meat and poultry processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2062–2069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, J. K., Crawford, J., Hoet, A. E., Wilkins, J. R. I. I. I., & Lee, J. (2013). Comparative performance of contact plates, electrostatic wipes and a novel sampling device for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus on environmental samples. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 115, 171–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyytikainen, O., Autio, T., Maijala, R., Ruutu, P., Honkanen-Buzalski, T., Miettinen, M., Hatakka, M., Mikkola, J., Anttila, V.-J., Johansson, T., Rantala, L., Aalto, T., Korkeala, H., & Siitonen, A. (2000). An outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 3a infection from butter in Finland. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181, 1838–1841.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, S., De Block, J., De Jonghe, V., Coorevits, A., Heyndrickx, M., & Herman, L. (2012). Biofilm formation in milk production and processing environments; influence on milk quality and safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 11, 133–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marouani-Gadri, N., Augier, G., & Carpentier, B. (2009). Characterization of bacterial strains isolated from a beef-processing plant following cleaning and disinfection – influence of isolated strains on biofilms formation by Sakaï and EDL 933 E. coli O157:H7. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 133, 62–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marouani-Gadri, N., Firmesse, O., Chassaing, D., Sandris-Nielsen, D., Arneborg, N., & Cappentier, B. (2010). Potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to persist and form viable but non-culturable cells on a food-contact surface subjected to cycles of soiling and chemical treatment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144, 96–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martín, B., Perich, A., Gómez, D., Yanguela, J., Rodriguez, A., Garriga, M., & Aymerich, T. (2014). Diversity and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in meat processing plants. Food Microbiology, 44, 119–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCollum, J.T., Cronquist, A.B., Silk, B.J., Jackson, K.A., O’Connor, K.A., Cosgrove, S., Gossack, J.P., Parachini, S.S., Jain, N.S., Ettestad, P., Ibraheem, M., Cantu, V., Joshi, M.,DuVernoy, T., Fogg, N.W.Jr., Gorny, J.R., Mogen, K.M., Spires, C., Teitell, P., Joseph, L.A., Tarr, C.L., Imanishi, M., Neil, K.P., Tauxe, R.V. & Mahon, B.E. (2013) Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with cantaloupe. The New England Journal of Medicine 369, 944–953.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, L., Wilcott, L., & Naus, M. (2015). Listeriosis outbreaks in British Columbia, Canada, caused by soft ripened cheese contaminated from environmental sources. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article ID 131623. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/131623.

  • Moradi-Khatoonabadi, Z., Ezzatpanah, H., Maghsoudlou, Y., Khomeiri, M., & Aminafsar, M. (2014). Tracking Bacillus cereus in UF-feta cheese processing line. International Dairy Journal, 39, 47–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D., Newman, C. P., Hutchinson, D. N., Walker, A. M., Rowe, B., & Majid, F. (1993). Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli O157 infections associated with the consumption of yoghurt. Epidemiology and Infection, 111, 181–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mullane, N., Healy, B., Meade, J., Whyte, P., Wall, P. G., & Fanning, S. (2008). Dissemination of Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) in a powdered milk protein manufacturing facility. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 5913–5917.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M., Buckley, J. F., Whyte, P., O’Mahony, M., Anderson, W., Wall, P. G., & Fanning, S. (2007). Surveillance of dairy production holdings supplying raw milk to the farmhouse cheese sector for Escherichia coli O157, O26 and O111. Zoonoses and Public Health, 54, 358–365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabae, K., Takahashi, M., Wakui, T., Kamiya, H., Nakashima, K., Taniguchi, K., & Okabe, N. (2013). A Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 outbreak associated with consumption of rice cakes in 2011 in Japan. Epidemiology and Infection, 141, 1897–1904.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neil, K. P., Biggerstaff, G., MacDonald, K., Trees, E., Medus, C., Musser, K. A., Stroika, S. G., Zink, D., & Sotir, M. J. (2012). A novel vehicle for transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to humans: multistate outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of ready-to-bake commercial prepackaged cookie dough – United States, 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54, 511–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolay, N., Thornton, L., Cotter, S., Garvey, P., Bannon, O., McKeown, P., Cormican, M., Fisher, I., Little, C., Boxall, N., De Pinna, E., Peters, T. M., Cowden, J., Salmon, R., Mason, B., Irvine, N., Rooney, P., & O’Flanagan, D. (2011). Salmonella enterica serovar Agona European outbreak associated with a food company. Epidemiology and Infection, 139, 1272–1280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NSW Authority (North South Wales Authority). (2007). Guidelines for seafood retailers. http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/_Documents/industry_pdf/Guideline-Seafood-Retailers-10042007.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2015.

  • Oyarzabal, O. A., & Kathariou, S. (2014). DNA methods in food safety: Molecular typing of foodborne and waterborne bacterial pathogens. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • OzFoodNet Working Group. (2012). Monitoring the incidence and causes of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia: Annual report of the OzFoodNet Network 2010. Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 36, E213–E241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachepsky, Y., Shelton, D. R., McLain, J. E., Patel, J. E., & Mandrell, J. R. (2011). Irrigation water as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: A review. Advances in Agronomy, 113, 74–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, D. C. P., Paim, D. S., de Lima, G. J. M. M., Pissetti, C., Kich, J. D., & de Itapema Cardoso, M. R. (2015). Distribution of Salmonella clonal groups in four Brazilian feed mills. Food Control, 47, 672–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, T. H. (2014). E. coli O157 outbreaks in the United Kingdom: Past, present, and future. Infection and Drug Resistance, 7, 211–222.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Podolak, R., Enache, E., Stone, W., Black, D. G., & Elliott, P. H. (2010). Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 1919–1936.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, F., König, R., von Wiese, W., & Klein, G. (2010). Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in a powdered infant formula processing environment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 140, 214–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reij, M. W., den Aantrekker, E. D., & ILSI Europe Risk Analysis in Microbiology Task Force. (2004). Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 91, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimhanen-Finne, R., Niskanen, T., Hallanvuo, S., Makary, P., Haukka, K., Pajunen, S., Siitonen, A., Ristolainen, R., Poyry, H., Ollgren, J., & Kuusi, M. (2009). Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causing a large outbreak associated with carrots in Finland, 2006. Epidemiology and Infection, 137, 342–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivoal, K., Fablet, A., Courtillon, C., Bougeard, S., Chemaly, M., & Protais, J. (2013). Detection of Listeria spp. in liquid egg products and in the egg breaking plants environment and tracking of Listeria monocytogenes by PFGE. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 166, 109–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rönnquist, M., Rättö, M., Tuominen, P., Salo, S., & Maunula, L. (2013). Swabs as a tool for monitoring the presence of norovirus on environmental surfaces in the food industry. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 1421–1428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotariu, O., Thomas, D. J. I., Goodburn, K. E., Hutchison, M. L., & Strachan, J. C. (2014). Smoked salmon industry practices and their association with Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 35, 284–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, B., Hutchinson, D. N., Gilbert, R. J., Hales, B. H., Begg, N. T., Dawkins, H. C., Jacob, M., Rae, F. A., & Jepson, M. (1987). Salmonella ealing infections associated with consumption of infant dried milk. Lancet, 330(8564), 900–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rückerl, I., Muhterem-Uyar, M., Muri-Klinger, S., Wagner, K.-H., Wagner, M., & Stessl, B. (2014). L. monocytogenes in a cheese processing facility: Learning from contamination scenarios over three years of sampling. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 189, 98–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo, E. T., Biggerstaff, G., Hoekstra, R. M., Meyer, S., Nehal, P., Miller, B., & Quick, R. (2013). A recurrent, multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Agona infections associated with dry, unsweetened cereal consumption, United States, 2008. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 227–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabat, A. J., Budimir, A., Nashev, D., Sa-Leao, R., van Dijl, J. M., Laurent, F., Grundmann, H., Friedrich, A. W., & Study Group of Epidemiological Markers. (2013). Overview of molecular typing methods for outbreak detection and epidemiological surveillance. EuroSurveillence, 18(4, 24 January), pii=20380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabina, Y., Rahman, A., Rey, R. C., & Montet, D. (2011). Yersinia enterocolitica: Mode of transmission, molecular insights of virulence, and pathogenesis of infection. Journal of Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/429069. Accessed 22 Apr 2015.

  • Sachdeva, A., Defibaugh-Chavaz, S. L. H., Day, J. B., Zink, D., & Sharma, S. K. (2010). Detection and confirmation of Clostridium botulinum in water used for cooling at a plant producing low-acid canned foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 7653–7657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salustiano, V. C., Andrade, N. J., Soares, N. F. F., Lima, J. C., Bernardes, P. C., Luiz, L. M. P., & Fernandes, P. E. (2009). Contamination of milk with Bacillus cereus by post-pasteurization surface exposure as evaluated by automated ribotyping. Food Control, 20, 439–442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvat, G., Toquin, M. T., Michel, Y., & Colin, P. (1995). Control of Listeria monocytogenes in the delicatessen industries: the lessons of a listeriosis outbreak in France. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 25, 75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. A., Brooks, J. D., Rakonjac, J., Walker, K. M. R., & Flint, S. H. (2007). The formation of thermophilic spores during the manufacture of whole milk powder. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 60, 109–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen, R., Svensson, B., Andersson, M. A., Christiansson, A., & Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (2010). Persistence strategies of Bacillus cereus spores isolated from dairy silo tanks. Food Microbiology, 27, 347–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, G., & Malik, D. J. (2013). The uses and abuses of rapid bioluminescence-based ATP assays. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 216, 115–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth, A. N., Hoekstra, M., Patel, N., Ewald, G., Lord, C., Clarke, C., Villamil, E., Niksich, K., Boop, C., Nguyen, T.-A., Zink, D., & Lynch, M. (2011). A national outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections from contaminated peanut butter: a new food vehicle for salmonellosis in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53, 356–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, J., Leite, D., Fernandes, M., Mena, C., Gibbs, P. A., & Teixeira, P. (2011). Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: A review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2, 200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sofos, J. N., & Geomaras, I. (2010). Overview of current meat hygiene and safety risks and summary of recent studies on biofilms, and control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nonintact, and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat, meat products. Meat Science, 86, 2–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, M. P., & Kenyon, W. J. (2012). Resistance and survival strategies of Salmonella enterica to environmental stresses. Food Research International, 45, 455–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steenackers, H., Hermans, K., Vanderleyden, J., & De Keersmaecker, S. C. J. (2012). Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication. Food Research, 45, 502–531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stersky, A., Todd, E., & Pivnick, H. (1980). Food poisoning associates with post-process leakage (PPL) in canned foods. Journal of Food Protection, 43, 465–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steyn, C. E., Cameron, M., & Witthuhn, R. C. (2011a). Occurrence of Alicyclobacillus in the fruit processing environment – A review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 147, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steyn, C. E., Cameron, M., Brittin, G., & Witthuhn, R. C. (2011b). Prevention of the accumulation of Alicyclobacillus in apple concentrate by restricting the continuous process running time. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 110, 658–665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawn, L. K., Schneider, K. R., & Danyluk, M. D. (2011). Microbial safety of tropical fruits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51, 132–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawn, L. K., Gröhn, Y. T., Warchocki, S., Worobo, R. W., Bihn, E. A., & Wiedmann, M. (2013). Risk factors associated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of produce fields. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 7618–7627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., Greig, J. D., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2007a). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 2. Description of outbreaks by size, severity and settings. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1975–1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., Greig, J., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2007b). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 3. Factors contributing to outbreaks and description of outbreak categories. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2199–2217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., Greig, J., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2008). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 5. Sources of contamination and pathogen excretion from infected persons. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 2582–2595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C., Greig, J. D., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2009). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 202–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkin, R. B. (2002). Control of Listeria monocytogenes in the food- processing environment. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 709–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkin, R.B., Bernard, D.T., Scott, V.N., Sveum, W.H. & Gombas, K.S. (2010) Industry guidelines to prevent contamination from Listeria monocytogenes. National Pork Producers Council and the American Meat Association Fact-sheet http://www.extension.org/pages/27405/industry-guidelines-to-prevent-contamination-from-listeria-monocytogenes#.VTh1ndhFD1E. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Upton, P., & Coia, J. E. (1994). Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection associated with pasteurised milk supply. Lancet, 334, 1015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valderrama, W. B., & Cutter, C. N. (2013). An ecological perspective of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms in food processing facilities. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 801–817.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Houdt, R., & Michiels, C. W. (2010). Biofilm formation and the food industry, a focus on the bacterial outer surface. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 1117–1131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Alphen, L.B., Dorléans, F., Schultz, C., Fonager, J., Ethelberg, S., Dalgaard, C., Adelhardt, M. Engberg, J.H., Fischer, T.K. & Lassen, G. (2012). The application of new molecular methods in the investigation of a waterborne outbreak of norovirus in Denmark, 2012. PLOS One, (15 September). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105053.

  • Vázquez-Sánchez, D., Habimana, O., & Holck, A. (2013). Impact of food-related environmental factors on the adherence and biofilm formation of natural Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Current Microbiology, 66, 110–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestby, L. K., Møretrø, T., Langsrud, S., Heir, E., & Nesse, L. L. (2009). Biofilm forming abilities of Salmonella are correlated with persistence in fish meal and feed factories. BMC Veterinary Research, 5, 20–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogeleer, P., Tremblay, Y. D. N., Mafu, A. A., Jacques, M., & Harel, J. (2014). Life on the outside: Role of biofilms in environmental persistence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Frontiers Microbiology (01 July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00317.

  • Waitt, J. A., Kuhn, D. D., Welbaum, G. E., & Ponder, M. A. (2013). Postharvest transfer and survival of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis on living lettuce. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 58, 95–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wales, A. D., Carrique-Mas, J. J., Rankin, M., Bell, B., Thind, B. B., & Davies, R. H. (2010). Review of the carriage of zoonotic bacteria by arthropods, with special reference to Salmonella in mites, flies and litter beetles. Zoonoses and Public Health, 57, 299–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A. P., Avery, L. M., Killham, K., & Jones, D. L. (2008). Moisture, sawdust, and bleach regulate the persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on floor surfaces in butcher shops. Food Control, 19, 1119–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolaway, M. C., Bartlett, C. L. R., Wieneke, A. A., Gilbert, R. J., Murrell, H. C., & Aureli, P. (1986). International outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by contaminated lasagna. Epidemiology and Infection, 96, 67–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurek, L., & Gorham, J. R. (2010). Insects as vectors of foodborne pathogens. In J. G. Voeller (Ed.), Wiley handbook of science and technology for homeland security (pp. 1683–1695). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

    Consortia

    International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF)

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

    About this chapter

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this chapter

    International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). (2018). Sampling to Assess Control of the Environment. In: Microorganisms in Foods 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68460-4_12

    Download citation

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation