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Energy II: Thermodynamics

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Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaptation, and Self-organization

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering ((ISCA,volume 90))

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Abstract

Broadly speaking, thermodynamics is the study of the relation of heat and other forms of energy (mechanical, electrical, radiant, etc), and the conversion of one form to another, as well as their relation to matter in the Universe. This chapter gives an overview of the major concepts, laws, and branches of thermodynamics that have been developed and studied over the years since the Carnot times. Specifically, this chapter defines the basic physical concepts of thermodynamics, with emphasis on the fundamental concept of entropy, and presents the four laws of thermodynamics. Particular aspects studied are the entropy interpretations (unavailable energy, disorder, energy dispersal, opposite to potential), the Maxwell demon, and the types of arrow of time (psychological, thermodynamic, cosmological, quantum, electromagnetic, causal, and helical arrows). This chapter ends with a number of seminal quotes on thermodynamics, entropy, and life that express the opinions of the founders and other eminent contributors and thinkers in the thermodynamics field.

The law that entropy always increases—the second law of thermodynamics—holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws.

Arthur Stanley Eddington

My position is perfectly definite. Gravitation, motion, heat, light, electricity, and chemical action are one and the same object in various forms of manifestation.

Julius Robert Mayer

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Notes

  1. 1.

    †A complex-valued matrix A is called Hermitian (or self-adjoint) if A H = A, where A H is a matrix with elements the conjugate elements of the transpose matrix A T.

  2. 2.

    *In the one-dimensional case, H is given by \(H = - (\hbar^{2} /2m)\partial^{2} /\partial x^{2} + V(x)\) where, V(x) is the time-independent potential energy of the particle at position x.

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Tzafestas, S.G. (2018). Energy II: Thermodynamics. In: Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaptation, and Self-organization. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering, vol 90. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66999-1_3

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