Abstract
Kaya sheds light upon Turkish attempts to come to terms with the country’s past and depicts the ways in which these debates have been inspired by similar debates in Germany, known as Vergangenheitsbewältigung. He establishes a positive correlation between the European integration process and the new willingness to cope with the burden of the past in Turkey, with a special focus on the Armenians, Alevis, Kurds, and Circassians. Kaya discusses the state and non-state actors involved in these attempts. He then argues that Turkish Vergangenheitsbewältigung was politically interrupted due to the rise of Euroscepticism in the second half of the 2000s, yet—as the Kurdish example demonstrates—it had developed a momentum that let it continue for some time even in the face of a nationalist backlash.
References
Adelson, Leslie A. 2005. The Turkish Turn in Contemporary German Literature: Toward a New Critical Grammar of Migration. New York: Palgrave.
Akçam, Taner. 1992. Türk Ulusal Kimliği ve Ermeni Sorunu [Turkish National Identity and the Armenian Question]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Aktar, Ayhan. 2011. Yorgo Hacıdimitriadis’in Aşkale Günlüğü, 1943 [The Aşkale Diary of Yorgo Dimitriadis, 1943]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Aktar, Ayhan. 2012. Yüzbaşı Sarkis Torosyan: Çanakkale’den Filistin Cephesine [Colonel Sarkis Torosyan: From the Dardanelles to the Palestinian Front]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Aktar, Cengiz. 2003. Avrupa Yol Ayrımında Türkiye [Turkey at the Crossroads of Europe]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Alpkaya, Gökçen. 1995. Kayıplar Sorunu ve Türkiye [The Question of Disappearances and Turkey]. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 50 (3–4) (June–December): 31–64.
Aral, Fahri (ed.). 2011. İmparatorluğun Çöküş Döneminde Osmanlı Ermenileri: Bilimsel Sorumluluk ve Demokrasi Sorunları [Ottoman Armenians During the Fall of the Empire: Scientific Responsibility and Democratic Problems]. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
Aslan, Senem. 2009. Incoherent State: The Controversy Over Kurdish Naming in Turkey. European Journal of Turkish Studies 10. http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html.
Aslan, Şükrü. 2010. Herkesin Bildiği Sır: Dersim [Dersim: A Secret Known by Everyone]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Barkey, Henry J., and Graham E. Fuller. 1998. Turkey’s Kurdish Question. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bayraktar, Seyhan. 2010. Politics, Memory, Language Changes, Continuities and Breaks in the Discourse About the Armenian Genocide in Turkey, Paper Presented at the Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop “Silenced but Resilient: Language and Memory in Anatolia and Neighboring Regions” Sabancı University, in Collaboration with Anadolu Kültür Derneği (May 27–29), Istanbul.
Bayramoğlu, Ali. 2007. 28 Şubat: Bir Darbenin Güncesi [28 February: The Diary of a Coup]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Belge, Murat. 2006. Edebiyat Üzerine Yazılar [Writings on Literature]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Berzeg, Sefer. 1990. Türkiye Kurtuluş Savaşında Çerkes Göçmenler [Circassian Migrants During the Turkish Independence War]. Istanbul: Nart Yayıncılık.
Bilmez, Bülent. 2011. A Nationalist Discourse of Heroism and Treason: The Construction of an “Official” Image of Çerkes Ethem (1886–1948) in Turkish Historiography, and Recent Challenges. In Untold Histories of the Middle East: Recovering Voices from the 19th and 20th Centuries, ed. Amy Singer, Selçuk Aksin Somel, and Christoph K. Neumann, 106–123. London: Routledge.
Brockman, Stephen. 1990. The Politics of German History. History and Theory XXIX (2): 179–189.
Bruinessen, Martin von. 1996. Kurds, Turks and the Alevi Revival in Turkey. Middle East Report (Summer): 7–10.
Cemal, Hasan. 2012. 1915: Ermeni Soykırımı [1915: Armenian Genocide]. Istanbul: Everest Yayınları.
Çayır, Kenan. 2010. Eğitim, Çatışma ve Toplumsal Barış [Education, Conflict, and Social Peace]. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Çetin, Fethiye, and Ayşegül Altınay. 2009. Torunlar [Grand-Children]. Ankara: Metis.
European Commission. 2005. Turkey. 2005 Progress Report, 9 November. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2005/package/sec_1426_final_progress_report_tr_en.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2016.
Evans, Richard. 1989. In Hitler’s Shadow. London: I.B.Tauris & Co.
Georgi, Viola. 2003. Entliehene Erinnerung: Geschichtsbilder junger Migranten in Deutschland. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition.
Göçek, F. Müge, and Donald Bloxham. 2008. The Armenian Genocide. In The Historiography of Genocide, ed. Dan Stone, 344–372. London: Palgrave.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selection from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1986a. Eine Art Schadensabwicklung. Die apologetischen Tendenzen in der deutschen Zeitgeschichtsschreibung. Die Zeit, 11 July.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1986b. Vom öffentlichen Gebrauch der Historie. Die Zeit, 7 November.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. Eine Art Schadensabwicklung: Die apologetischen Tendenzen in der deutschen Zeitgeschichtsschreibung. In “Historikerstreit” Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistischen Judenvernichtung, ed. Rudolf Augstein, 62–76. München: R. Piper.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The New Conservatism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Holub, Robert C. 1991. Jürgen Habermas: Critic in the Public Sphere. London: Routledge.
Insel, Ahmet. 2010. Ermeni Tabusu Üzerine Diyalog [A Dialogue on the Armenian Taboo]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Kadıoğlu, Ayşe. 2008. Vatandaşlığın Dönüşümü [Transformation of Citizenship]. Ankara: Metis.
Kaya, Ayhan. 2001. Constructing Diasporas: German-Turkish Hip-Hop Youth in Berlin. Bielefeld: Transcript.
Kaya, Ayhan. 2005. Tarihçiler Tartışmasının Günümüzdeki İzdüşümleri: Almanya’da Siyasal Hayat ve Edebiyat Tartışmaları [Contemporary Reflections of the Historians’ Debate in Germany], Toplumbilim Dergisi, Göç Özel Sayısı, 17 October.
Kaya, Ayhan. 2009. Turkey-EU Relations: The Impact of Islam on Europe. Islam in Europe, ed. Samim Akgönül et al. Leiden: Brill.
Kaya, Ayhan, and Ferhat Kentel. 2005. Euro-Turks: A Bridge, or a Breach, Between Turkey and the European Union? Brussels: CEPS.
Kaya, Ayhan, and Raffaele Marchetti. 2014. Europeanization, Framing Competition, and Civil Society in the EU and Turkey. In Global Turkey in Europe II: Energy, Migration, Civil Society and Citizenship Issues in Turkey-EU Relations, ed. Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Daniela Huber, Meltem Müftüler-Baç, E. Fuat Keyman, Jan Tasci, and Nathalie Toccer, 145–196. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura.
Kaya, Ayhan, and Turgut Tarhanlı, eds. 2008. Türkiye’de Çoğunluk ve Azınlık Politikaları: AB Sürecinde Yurttaşlık Tartışmaları [Majority and Minority Politics in Turkey: Citizenship Debates on the Way to the EU]. Istanbul: TESEV.
Kentel, Ferhat, Meltem Ahıska, and Fırat Genç. 2007. Milletin Bölünmez Bütünlüğü: Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Parçalayan Milliyetçilikler [Indivisibility of the Nation: Fragmenting Nationalisms in the Process of Democratization]. Istanbul: TESEV.
Keyman, Fuat (ed.). 2009. Remaking Turkey: Globalization, Alternative Modernities, Democracy. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Kızılkaya, Muhsin. 2011. Açlığın Sofrasında [At the Table of Hunger]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Konuk, Kader. 2007. Taking on German and Turkish History: Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Seltsame Sterne. Gegenwartsliteratur 6: 232–256.
Kutay, Cemal. 2004. Çerkez Ethem: Tamamlanmış Dosya [Ethem the Circassian: Completed File]. Istanbul: Özgür.
Kürkçügil, Masis. 2009. Dersim İsyanı [The Dersim Rebellion]. NTV Tarih (December), 55–60.
Le Ray, Marie. 2009. Experiencing Justice and Imagining State: Engaging the Law to Challenge the Rule of Exception in Tunceli. European Journal of Turkish Studies 10. http://ejts.revues.org/index4249.html.
Mahçupyan, Etyen. 2008. Türkiye’yi Anlamak: Zihniyet, Değişim ve Kriz [Understanding Turkey: Mentality, Change and Crisis]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Maier, Charles. 1988. The Unmasterable Past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mandel, Ruth. 2008. Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Miroğlu, Orhan. 2012. Silahları Gömmek [Burying the Guns]. Istanbul: Everest Yayınları.
Neyzi, Leyla. 2010. Oral History and Memory Studies in Turkey. In Turkey’s Engagement with Modernity: Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century, ed. Celia Kerslake, Kerem Öktem, and Philip Robins, 443–459. London: Palgrave.
Nolte, Ernst. 1986. Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 June.
Olson, Robert. 2009. Blood, Beliefs and Ballots: The Management of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, 2007–2009. California: Mazda.
Oran, Baskın. 2004. Türkiye’de Azınlıklar: Kavramlar, Teori, Lausanne, İç Mevzuat, İçtihat, Uygulama [Minorities in Turkey: Concepts, Theory, Lausanne, Domestic Law, Interpretation, Implementation]. İstanbul: İletişim.
Oran, Baskın. 2011. Türkiyeli Gayrimüslimler Üzerine Yazılar [Writings on the Non-Muslims of Turkey]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Özbudun, E. 2014. AKP at the Crossroads: Erdoğan’s Majoritarian Drift. South European Society and Politics 19 (2): 155–167.
Özbudun, Ergun, and Serap Yazıcı. 2004. Democratization Reforms in Turkey. Istanbul: TESEV.
Özdamar, Emine Sevgi. 2012. Tuhaf Yıldızlar Dünyaya Bakıyorlar Gözlerini Kırpmadan [Strange Stars Stare Down at Earth, translation of Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Özdoğan, Günay Göksu, Füsun Üstel, Karin Karakaşlı, and Ferhat Kentel. 2009. Türkiye’de Ermeniler: Cemaat, Birey, Yurttaş [Armenians in Turkey: Community, Individual, Citizen]. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
Özgen, Neşe. 2003. Van-Özalp ve 33 Kurşun Olayı: Toplumsal Hafızanın Hatırlama ve Unutma Biçimleri [Van-Özalp and the 33 Bullets Incident: The States of Remembering and Forgetting of Social Memory]. İstanbul: Tüsdav.
Paker, Murat. 2004. Trauma and Social Accord in Turkey: Possibilities of Psychology. Unpublished Conference Paper, National Congress of Psychology (7–11 September). Istanbul Bilgi University.
Paker, Murat. 2007. Turkey’s Issue of Confrontation: What and How? From the Burden of the Past to Societal Peace and Democracy, ed. Heinrich Böll Foundation. Istanbul: Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
Sancar, Mithat. 2008. Geçmişle Hesaplaşma, Unutma Kültüründen Hatırlama Kültürüne [Coming to Terms with the Past, From a Culture of Amnesia to a Culture of Remembrance]. Istanbul: İletişim.
Seufert, Günther. 2014. Is the Fethullah Gülen Movement overstretching itself? A Turkish Religious Community as a National and International Player. SWP Working Paper 2. www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2013_S23_srt.pdf.
Stein, Aaron. 2014. IV. Stumbling in Iraq and Syria, 2011–2014. Whitehall Papers 83 (1): 59–87.
Sternberger, Dolf. 1979. Verfassungspatriotismus. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 23 May.
Sternberger, Dolf. 1980. Staatsfreundschaft (Schriften IV). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Şener, Cemal. 2001. Çerkes Ethem Olayı [The Ethem the Circassian Incident]. Istanbul: Etik.
Şenocak, Zafer. 2000. Atlas of a Tropical Germany: Essays on Politics and Culture, 1990–1998, trans. and ed. Leslie A. Adelson. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Tanrıkulu, Sezgin. 2009. JİTEM–Ergenekon (Yasama–Yürütme–Yargı) [Legislative–Executive–Judiciary]. Gencel Hukuk 3/63.
Tarhanlı, Turgut. 2007. The Contribution of the Restorative Justice Approach in the Context of Coming to Terms with the Past. In From the Burden of the Past to Societal Peace and Democracy, ed. Heinrich Böll Foundation. Istanbul: Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
Türkyılmaz, Yektan. 2009. Evlade Kerbelayime, begulayime, behatayime, ayibo, zulumo, cinayeto. Agos Weekly, 4 November.
Vergin, Nur. 1996. Entellektüel Bakış: Anayasal Yurttaşlık ne demektir? Daily Milliyet, 26 December.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2008. Elementary Strategies of Ethnic Boundary Making. Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (6): 1025–1055.
Wodak, Ruth. 2010. The Discourses of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual. London: Palgrave.
Wolin, Richard. 1989. Introduction. In Jürgen Habermas, The New Conservatism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Yarman, Arsen. 2010. Palu-Harput 1878, vol. II. Istanbul: Derlem.
Yildiz, Yasemin, and Michael Rothberg. 2011. Memory Citizenship: Migrant Archives of Holocaust Remembrance in Contemporary Germany. Parallax 17 (4): 32–48.
Yurdakul, Gökce, and Michal Bodemann. 2005. Geborgte Narrative: Wie sich türkische Einwanderer an den Juden in Deutschland orientieren. Soziale Welt 56: 441–452.
Yurdakul, Gökce, and Michal Bodemann. 2006. “We Don’t Want to be the Jews of Tomorrow”: Jews and Turks in Germany after 9/11. German Politics and Society 24 (2): 44–67.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Mischa Gabowitsch and two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable remarks and suggestions on the first draft of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaya, A. (2017). Turkish Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The Unbearable Burden of the Past. In: Gabowitsch, M. (eds) Replicating Atonement . Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65027-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65027-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65026-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65027-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)