Skip to main content

Farming

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Indigenous Environmental Knowledge
  • 933 Accesses

Abstract

All farmers have to address the same basic problems. There is firstly the need to take account of environmental variables when deploying different crop species. Secondly there is the need to maintain soil fertility in the face of the nutrient withdrawls associated with harvesting. Thirdly, action is usually necessary to counter the effects of pests and weeds. Although lacking modern technology, traditional farmers usually bring a high level of ingenuity to these tasks. Difficulties can arise however if commercial pressures and the demands of human population growth require higher levels of productivity. Then some modernisation of farm practices may become necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed S, Grainge M (1986) Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development. Econ Bot 40:201–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Ripley SD (1984) Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkire BH, Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ (1994) Tipo, Minthostachys mollis (Lamiaceae) an Ecuadorian mint. Econ Bot 48:60–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altieri MA, Whitcomb WH (1979) The potential use of weeds in the manipulation of beneficial insects. Hortscience 14:12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Altieri MA, Merrick LC (1987) In situ conservation of crop genetic resources through maintenance of traditional farming systems. Econ Bot 41:86–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2001) Folk wisdom. Traditional weather forecasting on trial. The Economist, November 24, 2001, 102–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton PJ, Walmsley RD (1976) The aquatic fern Azolla and its Anabaena symbiont. Endeavour 35:39–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson TC, Briffa KR, Coope GR (1987) Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains. Nature 375:587–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahti T (1982) Southwestern Indian ceremonials. KC Publications, Las Vegas

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker ARH (1973) Field systems in medieval England. In: Baker RH, Harley JB (eds) Man made the land, essays in English historical geography. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, pp 59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef O, Meadow RH (1995) The origins of agriculture in the Near East. In: Price TD, Gebauer B (eds) Last hunters –first farmers. new perspectives on the prehistoric transition to agriculture. School of American Research Press, Santa Fé, pp 39–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Beets WC (1982) Multiple cropping and tropical farming systems. Westview Press, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley JW, Andrews KL (1991) Pests, peasants, and publications: anthropological and entomological views of an integrated pest management program for small-scale Honduran farmers. Hum Organ 50:113–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beroza M, Bottger GT (1954) The insecticidal value of Tripterygium wilfordii. J Econ Entomol 47(1):188–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RV, Krishnamachari KAVR (1977) Endemic familial arthritis of Malnad – an epidemiological study. Indian J Med Res 66:777–786

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borlaug NE, Dowswell CR (1995) Mobilising science and technology to get agriculture moving in Africa. Dev Policy Rev 13:115–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottrell DG, Adkisson PL (1977) Cotton insect pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 22:451–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brader L (1979) Integrated pest control in the developing world. Annu Rev Entomol 24:225–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broecker WS, Kennett JP, Flower BP, Teller JP, Trumbore S, Bonani G, Wolfli W (1989) Routeing of meltwater from Lawrentide ice sheet during the Yonger Dryas cold episode. Nature 341:318–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown BJ, Marten GG (1986) The ecology of traditional pest management in Southeast Asia. In: Marten GG (ed) Traditional agriculture in Southeast Asia. A human ecology perspective. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 241–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush SB (1980) Potato taxonomies in Andean agriculture. In: Brokensha D, Warren M, Werner O (eds) Indigenous knowledge systems and development. University Press of America, New York, pp 37–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush SB, Carney HJ, Huamán Z (1981) Dynamics of Andean potato agriculture. Econ Bot 35:70–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bull D (1982) A growing problem. Pesticides and the third world poor. OXFAM, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Camino A, Johns T (1988) Laki-laki (Dennstaedtia glauca, Polypodiaceae): a green manure used in traditional Andean agriculture. Econ Bot 42:45–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter WE (1969) New lands and old traditions. Kekchi cultivators in the Guatemalan lowlands. University of Florida Press, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacón JC, Gliessman SR (1982) Use of the “non-weed” concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of south-eastern Mexico. Agro-Ecosyst 8:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MND (1977) The food crisis in prehistory: overpopulation and the origins of agriculture. Yale University Press, Newhaven

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway GR (1972) Ecological aspects of pest control in Malaysia. In: Farvar MT, Milton JP (eds) The careless technology: ecology and international development. The Natural History Press, New York, pp 467–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper D, Vellvé R, Hobbelink H (1992) Growing diversity, genetic resources and local food security. Intermediate Technology Publications, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas VC, Samulde SN, Pajaro PG (1988) Trichoderma harzianum Rifai as activator for rapid composting of agricultural wastes. Philipp Agric 71(4):461–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansgaard W, White JWC, Johnsen SJ (1989) The abrupt termination of the Younger Dryas event. Nature 339:532–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dansgaard W, Johnsen SJ, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Gundestrup NS, Hammer CU, Hvidberg CS, Steffensen JP, Sveinbjörnsdottir AE, Jouzel J, Bond G (1993) Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364:218–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta SC, Banerjee AK (1978) Useful weeds of Bengal rice fields. Econ Bot 32:297–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Boef W, Amanor K, Wellard K, Bebbington A (1993) Cultivating knowledge, genetic diversity, farmer experimentation and crop research. Intermediate Technology Publications, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Schlippé P (1956) Shifting cultivation in Africa. The Zande system of agriculture. Routledge/Kegan Paul, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Denevan WM, Padoch C (1988) Introduction: the bora agroforestry project. In: Denevan WM, Padoch C (eds) Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon. Advances in economic botany 5. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Denevan WM, Treacy JM (1987) Young managed fallows at Brillo Nuevo. In: Denevan WM, Padoch C (eds) Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazo. Adavances in economic botany 5. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp 8–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Doutt RL (1964) The historical development of biological control. In: DeBach P (ed) Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 21–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Duby G (1968) Rural economy and country life in the Mediaeval West. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekvall RB (1968) Fields on the hoof, nexus of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettema CH (1994) Indigenous soil classification systems. What is their structure and function and how do they compare to scientific soil classifications? University of Georgia, Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Felker P (1981) Uses of tree legumes in semiarid regions. Econ Bot 35:174–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forde CD (1934) Habitat, economy and society. A geographical introduction to ethnology. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Funmilayo O (1975) The village weaverbird and the villagers: a protected pest. Nigerian Field 40:183–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallacher DJ, Hill JP (2008) Effects of camel grazing on density and species diversity of seedling emergence in the Dubai (UAE) inland desert. J Arid Env 72:853–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur RD, Semwel JK, Negi KS (1981–2) Fodder plants of Garwhal hills and their impact on the quality and quantity of milk. J Himalayan Stud Region Dev, 56, 87–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover IC, Higham CFW (1996) New evidence for early rice cultivation in south, Southeast and East Asia. In: Harris DR (ed) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. University College London Press, London, pp 413–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith E, Tenakoon M (1982) Traditional agriculture in Sri Lanka. Ecologist 12(5):209–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourou P (1958) The tropical world. Its social and economic conditions and its future status. Longmans & Green, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlan JR (1971) Agricultural origins; centers and non-centers. Science 174:465–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazell PBR (2009) Transforming agriculture: the green revolution in Asia. In: Spielman DJ, Pandya-Lorch R (eds) Millons fed, proven successes in agricultural development. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp 25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits MJ (1926) The cattle complex in East Africa. 28:230-272, 361-380, 494-528, 630-664

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill P (1972) Rural Hausa, a village and a setting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hostetler SW, Bartlein PJ, Clark PU, Small EE, Solomon AM (2000) Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago. Nature 405:334–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hugh-Jones S (1982) The Pleiades and Scorpius in Barasana cosmology. In: Aveni AF, Urton G (eds) Ethnoastronomy and archaeoastronomy in the American tropics. New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp 183–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JM (1967) Population pressure in a part of the West African Savanna: a study of Nangodi, Northeast Ghana. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 57:101–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Idowu AB, Modder WWD (1996) Possible control of the stinking grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L) (Orthoptera, Pyrgomorphidae) in Ondo state through human consumption. Nigerian Field 61(1–2):7–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine FR (1969) West African crops. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Isely D (1982) Leguminosae and Homo sapiens. Econ Bot 36:46–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs AH (1975) Maasai pastoralism in historical perspective. In: Monod T (ed) Pastoralism in Tropical Africa. International African Institute and Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 406–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson M (1989) Botanical pesticides, present and future. In: Arnason JT, Philogene JR, Morand P (eds) Pesticides of plant origin. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeyaratnam J, Lun KC, Phoon WO (1987) Survey of acute poisoning among agricultural workers in four Asian countries. Bull World Health Organ 65:521–527

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi AR, Joshi K (2003) Fodder plants of hilly areas of Bagmati and Langtang watershed, Nepal: ethnobotany and future conservation strategy. Ethnobotany 15:107–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang BT, Wilson GF, Spikens L (1981) Alley cropping maize (Zea mays L.) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam) in southern Nigeria. Plant Soil 63:165–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen CS (1995) Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Annu Rev Anthropol 24:185–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen CS (2000) Skeletons in our closet. Revealing our past through bioarchaeology. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis IM (1965) The Northern pastoral Somali of the horn. In: Gibbs JL (ed) Peoples of Africa. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp 321–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Loevinsohn ME (1987) Insecticide use and increased mortality in rural Central Luzon, Philippines. Lancet i:1359–1362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin TA, Plucknett DL (1980) Azolla; botany, physiology and use as a green manure. Econ Bot 34:111–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magner LN (1979) A history of the life sciences. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm DW (1953) Sukumaland. An African people and their country. A study of land use in Tanganyika. International African Institute and Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra SP (1986) Bishnois – their role in conservation of desert ecosystem. In: Shankarharyan KA, Shankar V (eds) Desert environment, conservation and management. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, pp 23–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Marten GG, Vitakon P (1986) Soil management in traditional agriculture. In: Marten GC (ed) Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia. A human ecology perspective. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 199–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Matteson PC, Altieri MA, Gagne WC (1984) Modification of small farmer practices for better pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 29:383–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maumbe BM, Swinton SM (2003) Hidden health costs of pesticide use in Zimbabwe’s smallholder cotton growers. Soc Sci Med 57:1559–1571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbegu AC (1996) Making the most of compost: a look at wafipa mounds in Tanzania. In: Reij C, Scoones I, Toulmin C (eds) Sustaining the soil. Indigenous soil and water conservation in Africa. Earthscan Publications, London, pp 134–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Melathopoulus AP, Winston ML, Whittington R, Smith R, Lindberg C, Mukai A, Moore M (2000) Comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), their mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascophaera apis. J Econ Entomol 93(2):199–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne G (1936a) Normal erosion as a factor in soil profile development. Nature 138:548–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne G (1936b) A provisional soil map of East Africa. Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar with explanatory memoir. Crown Agents, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mithen S (2003) After the ice. A global human history, 20,000–5000 BC. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Molleson T (1994) The eloquent bones of Abu Hureya. Sci Am 270(2):60–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore AMT, Hillman GC (1992) The Pleistocene to Holocene transition and human economy in Southwest Asia: the impact of the Younger Dryas. Am Antiq 5(3):482–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore AMT, Hillman GC, Legge AJ (2000) Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushita AT (1993) Strengthening the informal seed system in communal areas of Zimbabwe. In: De Boef W, Amanor K, Wellard K, Bebbington A (eds) Cultivating knowledge, genetic diversity, farmer experimentation and crop research. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhan GP (1987) The desert smells like rain. A naturalist in Papago Indian Country. North Point Press, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham J, Lu GD, Huang HT (1986) Science and civilisation in China. Biology and biological technology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuenschwander P, Herren HR (1988) Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 318:319–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nweke F (2009) Resisting viruses and bugs: cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Spielman DJ, Pandya-Lorch R (eds) Millions fed, proven successes in agricultural development. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye PH, Greenland DJ (1960) The soil under shifting cultivation. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguntoyimbo JS, Richards P (1978) Drought and the Nigerian farmer. J Arid Environ 1:165–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Okafor FC (1987) Population pressure and land resource depletion in southeastern Nigeria. Appl Geogr 7:243–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palm O, Sandell K (1989) Sustainable agriculture and nitrogen supply: farmers’ and scientists’ perspective. Ambio 18(8):442–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Payawal PC, Paderon EM (1986) Sporocarp formation and spore germination of Azolla strains in the Philippines. Philipp Agric 69:633–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Haranghe Highlands of Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 4(2):129–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty JN (1995) Regenerating agriculture. Policies and practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Earthscan Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevett PF (1962) The reduction of Bruchid infestation of Cowpeas by postharvest storage methods. Reports of the West African Stored Products Research Unit, Nigeria

    Google Scholar 

  • Price LL (1997) Wild plant food in agricultural environments: a study of occurrence, management, and gathering rights in Northeast Thailand. Hum Organ 56:209–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prill-Brett J (1986) The Bontok: traditional wet-rice and swidden cultivators of the Philippines. In: Marten GG (ed) Traditional agriculture in southeast asia. A human ecology perspective. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 54–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Purseglove JW (1968) Tropical crops, dicotyledons. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Purseglove JW (1972) Tropical crops, monocotyledons. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Quin PJ (1959) Food and feeding habits of the Pedi. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Reissig WH, Heinrichs EA, Litsinger JA, Moody K, Fiedler L, Mew TW, Barrion AT (1986) Illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in Tropical Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades R, Bebbington A (1995) Farmers who experiment: an untapped resource for agricultural research and development. In: Warren DM, Slikkerveer LJ, Brokensha D (eds) The cultural dimension of development. Indigenous knowledge systems. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 296–307

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro BG, Kenhíri T (1989) Rainy seasons and constellations: the Desâna economic calendar. In: Posey DA, Balée W (eds) Resource management in Amazonia: indigenous and folk strategies, advances in economic botany 7. New York Botanical Gardens, New York, pp 97–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards P (1985) Indigenous agricultural revolution. Ecology and food production in West Africa. Hutchinson, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruthenberg H (1976) Farming systems in the tropics. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar R (1992) Community plant genetic resources management: experiences in Southeast Asia. In: Cooper D, Vellvé R, Hobbelink H (eds) Growing diversity. genetic resources and local food security. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 17–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sankhala KS, Jackson P (1985) People, trees and antelope in the Indian Desert. In: McNeely JA, Pitt D (eds) Culture and conservation: the human dimension in environmental planning. Croom Helm, London, pp 205–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel SA (1979) Tiruray subsistence: from shifting cultivation to plow agriculture. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City

    Google Scholar 

  • Secoy DM, Smith AE (1983) Use of plants in control of agricultural and domestic pests. Econ Bot 37:28–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharland RW (1995) Using indigenous knowledge in a subsistence society of Sudan. In: Warren DM, Slikkerveer LJ, Brokensha D (eds) The cultural dimension of development. Indigenous knowledge systems. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 385–395

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard M, Carner GR, Turnipseed SG (1977) Colonization and resurgence of insect pests of soybean in response to insecticides and field isolation. Environ Entomol 6:501–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt A (1997) Climatic cycles and behavioural revolutions: the emergence of modern humans and the beginning of farming. Antiquity 71:271–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva S (2011) Frutas da Amazônia Brasileira. Metalivros, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds NW (1962) The evolution of bananas. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Skjønsberg E (1989) Change in an African Village. Kefa speaks. Kumarian Press, West Hartford

    Google Scholar 

  • Smartt J, Simmonds NW (1995) Evolution of crop plants. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll G (1988) Natural crop protection, based on local farm resources in the tropics and subtropics. AGRECOL & Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayalalaksmi K, Sridhar S, Damodharan E (1998) Rice, non-chemical pest control. Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems, Chennai

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijewardene R, Waidyanatha P (1984) Conservation farming for small farmers in the humid Tropics. Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka and the Commonwealth Consultative Group for the Asia Pacific Region, Colombo

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PH (1979) Vegetable crop protection in the People’s Republic of China. Annu Rev Phytopathol 17:311–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood BJ (1971) Development of integrated control programmes for pests of tropical perennial crops in Malaysia. In: Huffaker CB (ed) Biological control. Plenum Press, New York, pp 422–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Worede M, Mekbib H (1993) Linking genetic resource conservation to farmers in Ethiopia. In: Boef W d, Amanor K, Wellard K, Bebbington A (eds) Cultivating knowledge: genetic diversity, farmer experimentation and crop research. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 78–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Wratten S (1992, August 22) Farmers weed out the cereal killers. New Scientist, 31–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang RZ, Tang CS (1988) Plants used for pest control in China: a literature review. Econ Bot 42:373–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yatazawa M, Tomomatsu N, Hosoda N, Nunome K (1980) Nitrogen fixation in Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis as affected by mineral nutrient status. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 26:415–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zandstra BH, Motooka PS (1978) Beneficial effects of weeds in pest management – a review. PANS 24(3):333–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeuner FE (1963) A history of domesticted animals. Hutchinson, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Edington, J. (2017). Farming. In: Indigenous Environmental Knowledge. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62491-4_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics