Abstract
The public sector, motivated by multiple success stories of the ‘crowd-sourcing’ in the private sector, and also by the increasing complexity of social problems and needs, has started moving in this direction as well, and this gives rise to the gradual development of the ‘citizen-sourcing’. It is important to develop appropriate policy informatics for this purpose, and in particular theoretically sound effective ICT-based citizen-sourcing methods, which enable the efficient retrieval of policy-relevant information, knowledge and ideas from citizens, and then the advanced processing of them in order to calculate useful policy analytics, which can provide substantial support for public policy making. This chapter initially provides an overview of the research that has been conducted in this area by the research group of the author in the last decade, as part of several European projects, concerning the application in the public sector of crowd-sourcing ideas and the development of ICT-based methods for this purpose. We present briefly four such ICT-based methods that we have developed for the ‘active’ as well the ‘passive’ citizen-sourcing, initially aiming at the general public and latter focusing on the experts. Then leveraging the experience gained from the development and some first pilot applications of these methods we propose some theoretical foundations from previous political and management sciences research, which can be used for the future development of effective ICT-based citizen-sourcing methods for supporting public policy making, as well as for their evaluation. Next, based on them an evaluation framework is developed for the multi-perspective evaluation of such methods. Finally, an outline of the evaluations of these ICT-based citizen-sourcing methods is provided, based on parts of this evaluation framework, as well as a comparison of them.
Abbreviations
- DOI:
-
Diffusion of Innovation
- ICT:
-
Information and Communication Technologies
- TAM:
-
Technology Acceptance Model
References
Agafonovas A, Alonderiene R (2013) Value creation in innovations crowdsourcing - example of creative agencies. Organ Mark Emerg Econ 4(1):72–103
Androutsopoulou A, Charalabidis Y, Loukis E (2015) Using social media monitoring for public policy making – an evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 9th Mediterranean conference on information systems (MCIS 2015), Samos, Greece
Brabham DC (2008) Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: an introduction and cases. Convergence 14(1):75–90
Brabham DC (2012) Crowdsourcing: a model for leveraging online communities. In: Delwiche A, Henderson J (eds) The Routledge handbook of participative cultures. Routledge, Abingdon
Brabham DC (2013) Crowdsourcing. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Camisón C, Forés B (2010) Knowledge absorptive capacity: new insights for its conceptualization and measurement. J Bus Res 63(7):707–715
Charalabidis Υ, Loukis E, Androutsopoulou A (2014a) Fostering social innovation through multiple social media. Inf Syst Manag 31:225–239
Charalabidis Υ, Loukis E, Koulizakis Y, Mekkaoui D, Ramfos A (2014b) Leveraging European Union policy community through advanced exploitation of social media. In: Proceedings of IFIP sixth international conference on e-Participation - ePart 2014, Dublin, Ireland
Chesbrough H (2003a) Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Chesbrough H (2003b) The era of open innovation. Sloan Manag Rev 44(3):35–41
Chesbrough H (2006) Open innovation: a new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation. In: Chesbrough H, Vanhaverbeke W, West J (eds) Open innovation: researching a new paradigm. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1–12
Cohen WM, Levinthal DA (1989) Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D. Econ J 99(397):569–596
Cohen WM, Levinthal DA (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Adm Sci Q 35(1):128–152
Conklin J (2003) Dialog mapping: reflections on an industrial strength case study. In: Kirschner P, Buckingham Shum P, Carr C (eds) Visualizing argumentation: software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making. Springer, London
Conklin J, Begeman M (1989) gIBIS: a tool for all reasons. J Am Soc Inf Sci 40(3):200–213
Cordella A, Bonina CM (2012) A public value perspective for ICT enabled public sector reforms. Gov Inf Q 29:512–520
Davis FD (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q 13(3):319–339
Ferro E, Loukis E, Charalabidis Y, Osella M (2013) Policy making 2.0: from theory to practice. Gov Inf Q 30(4):359–368
Geiger D, Seedorf S, Schulze T, Nickerson RC, Schader M (2011) Managing the crowd: towards a taxonomy of crowdsourcing processes. In: Proceedings of American conference on information systems (AMCIS), 2011
Gilens M, Page BI (2014) Testing theories of American politics: elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspect Polit 12(3):564–581
Head BW (2008) Wicked problems in public policy. Public Policy 3(2):101–118
Hetmank L (2013) Components and functions of crowdsourcing systems – a systematic literature review. In: Wirtschaftsinformatik 2013 conference proceedings, Lipsia, Alemania
Hilgers D, Ihl C (2010) Citizensourcing: applying the concept of open innovation to the public sector. Int J Public Participation 4(1):67–88
Howe J (2006) The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired 14(6). Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html
Howe J (2008) Crowdsourcing, why the power of the crowd is driving the future of business. Crown Business, New York
Hsiao CH, Yang C (2011) The intellectual development of the technology acceptance model: a co-citation analysis. Int J Inf Manag 31(2):128–136
Huizingh KRE (2011) Open innovation: state of the art and future perspectives. Technovation 31:2–9
Jain R (2010) Investigation of governance mechanisms for crowdsourcing initiatives. In: Proceedings of American conference on information systems (AMCIS), 2010
Kunz W, Rittel H (1972) Information science: on the structure of its problems. Inf Storage Retr 8(2):95–98
Kunz W, Rittel H (1979) Issues as elements of information systems. Working Paper No. 131, University of California, Berkley
Linders D (2012) From e-government to we-government: defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Gov Inf Q 29:446–454
Loukis E, Wimmer M (2010) Analyzing different models of structured electronic consultation on legislation under formation. In: 4th international conference on online deliberation (OD), Leeds, UK, June 2010
Loukis M, Wimmer A (2012) Multi-method evaluation of different models of structured electronic consultation on government policies. Inf Syst Manag 29(4):284–294
Loukis E, Spinellis D, Katsigiannis A (2011) Barriers to the adoption of B2B e-marketplaces by large enterprises: lessons learnt from the Hellenic Aerospace Industry. Inf Syst Manag 28(2):130–146
Loukis E Charalabidis Υ, Androutsopoulou A (2015) Evaluating a passive social media citizensourcing innovation. In: Proceedings of IFIP eGovernment conference EGOV2015, Thessaloniki, Greece
Lukensmeyer CJ, Torres LH (2008) Citizensourcing: citizen participation in a networked nation. In: Yang K, Bergrud E (eds) Civic engagement in a network society. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp 207–233
Majchrzak A, Malhotra A (2013) Towards an information systems perspective and research agenda on crowdsourcing for innovation. J Strateg Inf Syst 22(4):257–268
Marangunić N, Granić A (2015) Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013. Univ Access Inf Soc 14(1):81–95
Mergel I, Desouza KC (2013) Implementing open innovation in the public sector: the case of Challenge.gov. Public Adm Rev 73(6):882–890
Nam T (2012) Suggesting frameworks of citizen-sourcing via Government 2.0. Gov Inf Q 29:12–20
Prpić J, Taeihagh A, Melton J (2015) The fundamentals of policy crowdsourcing. Policy Internet 7(3):340–361
Raus M, Flügge B, Boutellier R (2009) Electronic customs innovation: an improvement of governmental infrastructures. Gov Inf Q 26:246–256
Rechenberger T, Jung V, Schmidt N, Rosenkranz C (2015) Utilizing the crowd – a literature review on factors influencing crowdsourcing initiative success. In: Pacific conference on information systems (PACIS) 2015 proceedings. Paper 250
Rittel H, Weber M (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci 4:155–169
Rogers E (2003) Diffusion of innovations, 5th edn. The Free Press, New York
Sharma A (2010) Crowdsourcing critical success factor model strategies to harness the collective intelligence of the crowd. London School of Economics (LSE). Working-Paper 1–2010
Surowiecki J (2004) The wisdom of the crowds. Anchor Books, New York
West J, Salter A, Vanhaverbekec W, Chesbrough H (2014) Open innovation: the next decade. Res Policy 43:805–811
Zahra SA, George G (2002) Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. Acad Manag Rev 27(2):185–203
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loukis, E.N. (2018). Citizen-Sourcing for Public Policy Making: Theoretical Foundations, Methods and Evaluation. In: Gil-Garcia, J., Pardo, T., Luna-Reyes, L. (eds) Policy Analytics, Modelling, and Informatics. Public Administration and Information Technology, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61762-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61762-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61761-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61762-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)