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Particle Trapping in Protoplanetary Disks: Models vs. Observations

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Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 445))

Abstract

With modern astronomical observatories, such as ALMA , we are now able to constrain the physical processes that govern planet formation by confronting model predictions with observations. Of particular interest is the growth and evolution of dust grains into larger solids, a crucial first step in the formation of planetesimals that shapes the diversity of exoplanetary systems. In traditional disk models, with smooth radial gradients , dust growth inevitably leads to the fast inward migration of pebbles, a challenge to understanding both planet formation and disk observations. However, recent high resolution observations at different wavelengths show that disks are not smooth, but show diverse structures, including rings, asymmetries, dips of emission, and spiral arms . In this chapter, we summarize how models of evolving gas and dust disks can explain these observed structures. We explore several phenomena that can create particle traps in gas disks , such as magneto-rotational instabilities and embedded planets. We place these models in the context of planetesimal formation theory broadly, and discuss open questions and future opportunities for both theoretical and observational work.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Many works use the original (Adachi et al. 1976), here primed, definition of η′ = η∕2 so that v ϕ, gas − v K ≃ ηv K. The lack of a uniform convention requires attention for this factor of 2.

  2. 2.

    It is tempting to define the strong vs. weak clumping regimes as the “streaming” vs. “vertical shear” regimes. However the fact that clumping can be weak without vertical shear for the unstratified streaming instability (e.g., with low St and ε values) shows that such a distinction is misleading.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Martin Pessah and Oliver Gressel for their patience with this chapter. PP acknowledges support by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51380.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555. ANY acknowledges support from the NSF through grant AST-1616929 and support from NASA through grant 16-ATP16-0052.

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    Paola Pinilla & Andrew Youdin

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    Martin Pessah

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    Oliver Gressel

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Pinilla, P., Youdin, A. (2017). Particle Trapping in Protoplanetary Disks: Models vs. Observations. In: Pessah, M., Gressel, O. (eds) Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 445. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60609-5_4

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