Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Planet Population Synthesis via Pebble Accretion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 445))

Abstract

The aim of planet population synthesis is to incorporate all physical processes from planet formation theories to arrive at a synthetic population of planets that can be compared to observations. In this way, shortcomings in the theories can be shown. In particular, planet population synthesis has to incorporate theories and models regarding (1) core accretion, (2) gas accretion, (3) planet migration and (4) disk evolution . A general problem of the core accretion scenario is that the building time of a planetary core of a few Earth masses with just the accretion of planetesimals takes longer than the lifetime of the protoplanetary disk . This time-scale problem can be overcome when taking the accretion of pebbles into account. We will review here the differences of planetesimal and pebble accretion on the formation of planets that migrate through evolving protoplanetary disks .

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The main problem here is the planetesimal isolation mass , at which the planet stops growing. It increases with the available amount of planetesimals, Eq. (12.8).

References

  • Alibert, Y., Mordasini, C., Benz, W.: Migration and giant planet formation. Astron. Astrophys. 417, L25–L28 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baillié, K., Charnoz, S., Pantin, É.: Time evolution of snow regions and planet traps in an evolving protoplanetary disk (2015). astro-phEP p arXiv:1603.07674

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruteau, C., Crida, A., Paardekooper, S.J., Masset, F., Guilet, J., Bitsch, B., Nelson, R., Kley, W., Papaloizou, J.C.B.: Planet-disc interactions and early evolution of planetary systems. In: Protostars and Planets VI. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon (2014). arXiv:1312.4293

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnstiel, T., Ormel, C.W., Dullemond, C.P.: Dust size distributions in coagulation/fragmentation equilibrium: numerical solutions and analytical fits. Astron. Astrophys. 525, A11 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Birnstiel, T., Klahr, H., Ercolano, B.: A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks. Astron. Astrophys. 539, A148 (2012)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Johansen, A.: Influence of the water content in protoplanetary discs on planet migration and formation. Astron. Astrophys. 590, A101 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Kley, W.: Orbital evolution of eccentric planets in radiative discs. Astron. Astrophys. 523, A30 (2010). doi:10.1051/0004-6361, 1008.2656v1

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Kley, W.: Evolution of inclined planets in three-dimensional radiative discs. Astron. Astrophys. 530, A41 (2011a)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Kley, W.: Range of outward migration and influence of the disc’s mass on the migration of giant planet cores. Astron. Astrophys. 536, A77 (2011b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Crida, A., Morbidelli, A., Kley, W., Dobbs-Dixon, I.: Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs. Astron. Astrophys. 549, A124 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Morbidelli, A., Lega, E., Crida, A.: Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets II: accreting-discs. Astron. Astrophys. 564, A135 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Johansen, A., Lambrechts, M., Morbidelli, A.: The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars. Astron. Astrophys. 575, A28 (2015a)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, B., Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A.: The growth of planets by pebble accretion in evolving protoplanetary discs. Astron. Astrophys. 582, A112 (2015b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer, F., Henning, T., Dullemond, C.P.: Planetesimal formation near the snow line in MRI-driven turbulent protoplanetary disks. Astron. Astrophys. 487, L1–L4 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchhave, L.A., Latham, D.W., Johansen, A., Bizzarro, M., Torres, G., Rowe, J.F., Batalha, N.M., Borucki, W.J., Brugamyer, E., Cladwell, C., Bryson, S.T., Ciardi, D.R., Cochran, W.D., Endl, M., Esquerdo, G.A., Ford, E.B., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R.L., Hansen, T., Isaacson, H., et al.: An abundance of small exoplanets around stars with a wide range of metallicities. Nature 486, 375–377 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, G., Nelson, R.P.: Giant planet formation in radially structured protoplanetary discs (2016). astro-phEP p 1604.05191

    Google Scholar 

  • Crida, A., Bitsch, B.: Runaway gas accretion and gap opening versus type I migration (2016). astro-phEP p arXiv:1610.05403

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittkrist, K.M., Mordasini, C., Klahr, H., Alibert, Y., Henning, T.: Impacts of planet migration models on planetary populations. Effects of saturation, cooling and stellar irradiation. Astron. Astrophys. 567, A121 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dürmann, C., Kley, W.: Migration of massive planets in accreting disks. Astron. Astrophys. 574, A52 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dürmann, C., Kley, W.: The accretion of migrating giant planets (2016). astro-phEP p arXiv:1611.01070

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D.A., Valenti, J.: The planet-metallicity correlation. Astrophys. J. 622, 1102–1117 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fressin, F., Torres, G., Charbonneau, D., Bryson, S.T., Christiansen, J., Dressing, C.D., Jenkins, J.M., Walkowicz, L.M., Batalha, N.M.: The false positive rate of Kepler and the occurrence of planets. Astrophys. J. 766, 81 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R., Bottke, W.F., Carusi, A., Valsecchi, G.B.: Planetary accretion rates - analytical derivation. Icarus 94, 98–111 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, C.: Structure of the solar nebula, growth and decay of magnetic fields and effects of magnetic and turbulent viscosities on the nebula. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 70, 35–53 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ida, S., Lin, D.N.C.: Toward a deterministic model of planetary formation. I. A desert in the mass and semimajor axis distributions of extrasolar planets. Astrophys. J. 604, 388–413 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, A., Youdin, A.: Protoplanetary disk turbulence driven by the streaming instability: nonlinear saturation and particle concentration. Astrophys. J. 662, 627–641 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, A., Mac Low, M.M., Lacerda, P., Bizzarro, M.: Growth of asteroids, planetary embryos and kuiper belt objects by chondrule accretion. Sci. Adv. 1(3), 1500109 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.A., Aller, K.M., Howard, A.W., Crepp, J.R.: Giant planet occurrence in the stellar mass-metallicity plane. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 122(894), 905–915 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kley, W., Crida, A.: Migration of protoplanets in radiative discs. Astron. Astrophys. 487, L9–L12 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810033

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kley, W., Bitsch, B., Klahr, H.: Planet migration in three-dimensional radiative discs. Astron. Astrophys. 506, 971–987 (2009). doi:10.1051/0004-6361, 0908.1863

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokubo, E., Ida, S.: Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems. Astrophys. J. 581, 666–680 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A.: Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion. Astron. Astrophys. 544, A32 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A.: Forming the cores of giant planets from the radial pebble flux in protoplanetary discs. Astron. Astrophys. 572, A107 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A., Morbidelli, A.: Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion. Astron. Astrophys. 572, A35 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza, A.F.: Star-planet magnetic interaction and evaporation of planetary atmospheres. Astron. Astrophys. 557, A31 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lega, E., Crida, A., Bitsch, B., Morbidelli, A.: Migration of Earth-size planets in 3D radiative discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 440, 683–695 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lega, E., Morbidelli, A., Bitsch, B., Crida, A., Szulágyi, J.: Outward Migration of planets in stellar irradiated 3D discs (2015). astro-phEP p 1506.07348

    Google Scholar 

  • Levison, H.F., Thommes, E., Duncan, M.J.: Modeling the formation of giant planet cores. I. Evaluating key processes. Astron. J. 139, 1297–1314 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levison, H.F., Kretke, K., Duncan, M.J.: Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles. Nature 524, 322–324 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida, M.N., Kokubo, E., Inutsuka, S.I., Matsumoto, T.: Gas accretion onto a protoplanet and formation of a gas giant planet. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 405, 1227–1243 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mamajek, E.E.: Initial conditions of planet formation: lifetimes of primordial disks. AIP Conf. Proc. 1158, 3–10 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, M., Queloz, D.: A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star. Nature 378, 355–359 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, M., Marmier, M., Lovis, C., Udry, S., Segransan, D., Pepe, F., Benz, W., Bertaux, J.L., Bouchy, F., Dumusque, X., Lo Curto, G., Mordasini, C., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C.: The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets (2011). astro-phEP p arXiv:1109.2497

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, H.: Formation of the giant planets. Prog. Theor. Phys. 64, 544–557 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Morbidelli, A., Lambrechts, M., Jacobson, S.A., Bitsch, B.: The great dichotomy of the Solar System: small terrestrial embryos and massive giant planet cores (2015). astro-phEP p arXiv:1506.01666

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara, M., Morbidelli, A., Guillot, T.: A reassessment of the in situ formation of close-in super-Earths. Astron. Astrophys. 578, A36 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ormel, C.W., Klahr, H.H.: The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets. Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks. Astron. Astrophys. 520, A43 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Paardekooper, S.J., Mellema, G.: Halting type I planet migration in non-isothermal disks. Astron. Astrophys. 459, L17–L20 (2006). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066304, arXiv:astro-ph/0608658

    Google Scholar 

  • Paardekooper, S.J., Baruteau, C., Kley, W.: A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - II. Effects of diffusion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410, 293–303 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Piso, A.M.A., Youdin, A.: On the minimum core mass for giant planet formation at wide separations. Astrophys. J. 786, 21 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J.B., Hubickyj, O., Bodenheimer, P., Lissauer, J.J., Podolak, M., Greenzweig, Y.: Formation of the giant planets by concurrent accretion of solids and gas. Icarus 124, 62–85 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raettig, N., Klahr, H.H., Lyra, W.: Particle trapping and streaming instability in vortices (2015). astro-phEP p 1501.05364

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, S.N., Kokubo, E., Morbidelli, A., Morishima, R., Walsh, K.J.: Terrestrial planet formation at home and abroad. In: Protostars and Planets VI, pp. 595–618. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ros, K., Johansen, A.: Ice condensation as a planet formation mechanism. Astron. Astrophys. 552, A137 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Safronov, V: Evoliutsiia doplanetnogo oblaka (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, H., Ida, S.: Growth of a migrating protoplanet. Icarus 139, 350–366 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, H., Takeuchi, T., Ward, W.R.: Three-dimensional interaction between a planet and an isothermal gaseous disk. I. Corotation and lindblad torques and planet migration. Astrophys. J. 565, 1257–1274 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, W.R.: Protoplanet migration by nebula tides. Icarus 126, 261–281 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidenschilling, S.J.: Aerodynamics of solid bodies in the solar nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 180, 57–70 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidenschilling, S.J.: The distribution of mass in the planetary system and solar nebula. Astrophys. Space Sci. 51, 153–158 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Youdin, A., Goodman, J.: Streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 620, 459–469 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zsom, A., Ormel, C.W., Güttler, C., Blum, J., Dullemond, C.P.: The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? II. Introducing the bouncing barrier. Astron. Astrophys. 513, A57 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

B.B. and A.J. thank the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation for their financial support. A.J. was also supported by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 278675-PEBBLE2PLANET) and the Swedish Research Council (grant 2014-5775).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden

    Bertram Bitsch & Anders Johansen

Authors
  1. Bertram Bitsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anders Johansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bertram Bitsch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Martin Pessah

  2. The Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Oliver Gressel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bitsch, B., Johansen, A. (2017). Planet Population Synthesis via Pebble Accretion. In: Pessah, M., Gressel, O. (eds) Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 445. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60609-5_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation