Abstract
This part of the book investigates the role and the framework of Chinese civil society. First, some translation issues are defined. The second part of this section defines a general overview of Chinese Internet users analyzing the most important historical trends through the collection of the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) reports. This chapter also includes 28 interviews divided in three groups: Chinese scholars and think tanks; employees of the most popular Chinese Internet platforms at that time; media and Internet experts. Moreover, this section also includes the presentation of key phenomena such as shanzhai 山寨, e’gao恶搞 and online neologisms. Finally, three government online government strategies are presented (management of public opinion, channeling of public opinion and struggle with public opinion).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott, J. P. (2001). Democracy@ internet. Asia? The challenges to the emancipatory potential of the net: Lessons from China and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 99–114.
Abramovitz, M. (1986). Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 385–406.
Austin, G. (2014). Cyber policy in China. Wiley.
Balbi, G., & Maugadda, P. (2014). Storia dei media digitali. Laterza: Bari.
Bandurski, D. (2006, June 12). China Youth Daily joins ‘animated’ debate over China’s proposed real-name Web registration system. China Media Project. http://cmp.hku.hk/2006/12/06/135/. Last access June 28, 2013.
Bell, D. (1973). The coming of the post-industrial society. In The Educational Forum.
Cardoso, G., Liang, G., & Lapa, T. (2013). Cross-national comparative perspectives from the World Internet Project. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cavalierir, R. (2009). La legge e il rito. Lineamenti di storia del diritto cinese. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Cavalieri, R., & Franceschini, I. (2010). Germogli di una società civile in Cina. Milano: Brioschi.
Chao, L. (2009, June 27). Big Business Groups Complain to China’s Premier. Wall Street Journal, p. 6.
Chinese Society Public Opinion and Crisis Management Report. (2011). http://chinamedianews.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/new-chinese-society-public-opinion-and-crisis-management-report-2011-65-of-hot-events-first-on-new-media/. Last access June 28, 2013.
China Supreme Court. (2013). Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues concerning the Specific Application of the Law in the Handling of Defamation through Information Networks and Other Criminal Cases, Zuigao renmin jianchayuan guanyu banli liyong xinxi wangluo shishi feibang deng xingshi anjian huayong fajian ruogan wenti de jieshi. http://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2013/09/id/146710.shtml. Last access January 28, 2015.
Dai, X. (2003). ICTs in China’s development strategy (pp. 8–29). China and the Internet: Politics of the digital leap forward.
Dong, F. (2012). Controlling the internet in China The real story. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 18(4), 403–425.
Esarey, A. (2005). Cornering the market: state strategies for controlling China’s commercial media. Asian Perspective, 29(4), 37–83.
Fackler, M. (2000). China looks abroad for latest technology to police Internet. AP, November, 8.
Fewsmith, J. (2004). Promoting the scientific development concept. China Leadership Monitor, 11(30), 1–10.
Franceschini, I. (2009). Cronache dalle fornaci cinesi. Venezia: Cafoscarina.
Guo, L. (2005). Surveying the Internet use and impact in five Chinese cities. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Research Centre for Social Development.
Guo, Z., Li, Z., & Tu, H. (2011, October). Sina microblog: An information-driven online social network. In Cyberworlds (CW), 2011 International Conference on (pp. 160–167). IEEE.
Hao, Y. P., & Wang, E. M. (1980). Changing Chinese views of Western relations, 1840–95. The Cambridge History of China, 2, 1800–1911.
Harwit, E. (2008). China’s telecommunications revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holbig, H., & Gilley, B. (2010). Reclaiming legitimacy in China. Politics & policy, 38(3), 395–422.
Hughes, C. R., & Wacker, G. (Eds.). (2003). China and the Internet: Politics of the digital leap forward. London: Routledge.
Jiang, F. (2012). Game Between “Quan” and “Shi”: Communication Strategy for “Shanzhai” Subculture in China Cyber Space, The 7th Chinese Internet Conference at Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. May 27–29, 2009. USA.
Kahin, B., & Keller, J. (Eds.). (1997). Coordinating the Internet. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Keane, M. (2009). Creative industries in China: Four perspectives on social transformation. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 15(4), 431–443.
Kennedy, S. (2009). The business of lobbying in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lagerkvist, J. (2010). After the Internet before democracy; Competing norms in Chinese media and society. Bern: Peter Lang.
Lagerkvist, J. (2012). Principal-Agent Dilemma in China’s Social Media Sector? The Party-State and Industry Real-Name Registration Waltz. International Journal of Communication, 6, 19.
Li, C. (Ed.). (2009). China’s changing political landscape: Prospects for democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Lieberthal, K., & Oksenberg, M. (1988). Policy making in China: Leaders, structures, and processes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Loo, B. P. (2004). Telecommunications reforms in China: Towards an analytical framework. Telecommunications Policy, 28(9), 697–714.
Lovelock, P. (1999). The evolution of China’s national information infrastructure (NII): A policy-making analysis. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO).
Lupano, M. (2012). Ho servito il popolo cinese (pp. 131–132). Italy, Brioschi Editore: Milano.
Qiu, J.L., & Zhou, L. N. (2005). Through the prism of the internet café: Managing access in an ecology of games. China Information, 19(2), 261–297.
MacKinnon, R. (2007). Blogs and China Correspondence: How foreign correspondents covering China use blogs. In World Journalism Education Congress in Singapore (Jun 25–Jun 28, 2007), available at: http://rconversation.blogs.com/WJEC.pdf.
Mertha, A. (2009). “Fragmented authoritarianism 2.0”: Political pluralization in the Chinese policy process. The China Quarterly, 200, 995–1012.
Negro, G. (2010). Il popolo della Rete e la vicenda della diga verde. In R. Cavalieri & I. Franceschini (Eds.), Germogli di una società civile in Cina (pp. 90–110). Milano: Brioschi.
O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Communications and Strategies, 65(1), 17–37.
Peerenboom, R. P. (2007). China modernizes. New York: Oxford University Press.
Preston, P. W., & Gilson, J. (Eds.). (2001). The European Union and East Asia: Inter-regional linkages in a changing global system. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Qiang, X. (2011). The battle for the Chinese Internet. Journal of Democracy, 22(2), 47–61.
Ryan, J. (2010). A history of the Internet and the digital future. London: Reaktion Books.
Starr, P. (2005). The creation of the media: Political origins of modern communications. New York: Basic Books.
Tai, Z. (2006). The Internet in China: Cyberspace and civil society. Racing cyberculture: Minoritarian art and cultural politics on the Internet.
Tam, F. (2012, October 21st). Jiang Zemin makes second public appearance ahead of power change. South China Morning Post, Last access, July 1st 2016.
Tan, Z. A., Foster, W., & Goodman, S. (1999). China’s state-coordinated Internet infrastructure. Communications of the ACM, 42(6), 44–52.
Tan, Z. A., Mueller, M., & Foster, W. (1997). China’s new Internet regulations: Two steps forward, one step back. Communications of the ACM, 40(12), 11–16.
Toffler, A. (1984). Foreword: Science and change. Prigogine, Ilya; Stengers.
Wu, W. (1996). Great leap or long march: some policy issues of the development of the Internet in China. Telecommunications Policy, 20(9), 699–711.
Yu, L., Asur, S., & Huberman, B. A. (2011). What trends in Chinese social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1107.3522.
Yurcik, W., & Tan, Z. (1996). The Great (Fire) wall of China: Internet Security and Information Policy Issues in PRC. In Proceedings of the 24th Telecommunications Policy Research Conference.
Zhao, Y. (2000). Caught in the web, in the public interest and the battle for control of China’s Information Superhighway. Info, 2(1), 41–65.
Zhao, Y. (2008). Communication in China: Political economy, power, and conflict. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Zhang, W. (1999). Internet resources on China and Chinese studies: A selected web guide. Asian Libraries, 8(9), 329–346.
Zhou, Y. (2006). Historicizing online politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and political participation in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Zhu, J. J., & Wang, E. (2005). Diffusion, use, and effect of the internet in China. Communications of the ACM, 48(4), 49–53.
Secondary Sources
Anderlini, J. (2005, August 9). Blog founder seeks success writ large. South China Morning Post, http://www.scmp.com/article/507898/blog-founder-seeks-success-writ-large. Last access June 28. 2016.
Bandurski, D. (2011, August 11). Chian tackles the messy world of microblogs. China Media Project, http://cmp.hku.hk/2011/08/11/china-grapples-with-the-messy-world-of-social-media/. Last access March 21, 2017.
Chao, L. (2012, March, 31). Sina, Tencent shut down commenting on microblogs. Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303816504577314400064661814.html. Last access June 20, 2016.
Creemers, R. (2014, March 1). Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization Established. China Copyright and Media, https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/03/01/central-leading-group-for-internet-security-and-informatization-established/. Last access March 21, 2017.
Creemers, R. (2016, November 2). Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Third Reading Draft). China Copyright and Media, https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-third-reading-draft/. Last access, December 19, 2016.
Custer, C. (2012, March 16). Deadline is here, unregistered accounts still posting on Weibo. Tech in Asia, http://www.techinasia.com/march-16-deadline-unregistered-accounts-posting-weibo/. Last access June 20, 2016.
Forney, M. (2000). China Reverses Harsh Internet Rules (p. A21). Wall Street Journal: Easing Threat to Trade.
French, H. (2005, June 8th). China tightens restrictions on bloggers and web owners. The New York Times, 2007, http://www.howardwfrench.com/2005/06/china_tightens/. Last access June 20, 2016.
Lam, O. (2013, August 13). China Gives Internet Celebrities a Guide for Self-Censorship. Global Voices. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/08/13/china-creates-guideline-for-internet-celebrities-self-censorship/. last access January 28, 2017.
Larson, C. (2011, July 8). The people’s Republic of Rumors. Foreing Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/08/the_peoples_republic_of_rumors?print=yes&wp_login_redirect=0. Last access July 1, 2016.
Reuters. (2012, December 25). China may require real name registration for Internet access, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/25/net-us-china-internet-idUSBRE8BO01320121225. Last access July 1, 2016.
Sifry, D. (2005). State of the blogosphere, October 2005 Part 1: On blogosphere growth, http://www.sifry.com/alerts/archives/000343.html. Last access July 1, 2016.
Yang, J. (2011, August 10). How is it possible to deny rumors in the microblog era? (Weibo Shidai Women Zenmeyang Piyao?) Renminwang, http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2011-08-10/073822965891.shtml. Last access July 1, 2016.
Zhao, L. (2006). The real name blogger registration system. Nanfang Daily, http://www.nanfangdaily.com.cn/southnews/zmzg/200610310834.asp. Last access June 15, 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Negro, G. (2017). A Historical Overview of the Media Political Economy of the Internet in China. In: The Internet in China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60405-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60405-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60404-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60405-3
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)