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Citrullination Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Mechanism for Ongoing Pathology Through Protein Modification

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Protein Deimination in Human Health and Disease

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue in the USA, with over 1.7 million cases per year. At least 5.3 million Americans currently live with ongoing disability due to TBI (Walker and Tesco 2013). The long-term consequences of TBI can be complex and progressive: 10–15% of individuals diagnosed with mild TBI continue to suffer from persistent symptoms, while as many as 50% of patients with moderate TBI experience long-term dysfunction (Bales et al. 2009; Walker and Tesco 2013). In addition to the post-injury development of cognitive deficits in attention, memory, and executive function (Bales et al. 2009), a chronic inflammatory state can persist in the brain for months, and even years, following TBI (Opii et al. 2007; Piao et al. 2013). Despite the prevalence of these chronic dysfunctions following TBI, elucidating the mechanisms that underlie these symptoms has proven challenging. It is understood that the post-injury processes of TBI involve a primary and a secondary phase of injury. Primary injury occurs during the initial insult, resulting from the displacement of the physical structures within the brain. Secondary injury occurs over time and involves an interdependent series of cellular dysfunctions that persist long after injury (Giza and Hovda 2001; Nilsson et al. 1996; Park et al. 2008; Walker and Tesco 2013; Werner and Engelhard 2007). Currently, it is not well understood how the acute mechanical injury of TBI, and subsequent secondary injury processes, can result in serious long-term dysfunctions that can persist for years.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

C:

Control

Ca2+ :

Calcium

CCI:

Controlled cortical impact

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

kDa:

Kilodalton

mAb:

Monoclonal anti-citrulline antibody

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

PAD:

Peptidylarginine deiminase

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

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Acknowledgments

Support for this work included a grant from the Defense Medical Research and Development Program (D61_I_10_J6_152) and Department of Defense in the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (G1703D) as well as funding from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T0702554 and R07028414).

Disclosure

Some of the findings presented here have appeared in publication (Lazarus Rachel et al. 2015) and in a PhD dissertation (RCL) which is available by public access at http://cdm16005.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15459coll1/id/117618 (Lazarus 2015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Rachel C. Lazarus, Alaa Kamnaksh, David M. Jacobowitz, Denes Agoston & Gregory P. Mueller

  2. US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam, Houston, TX, USA

    John E. Buonora

  3. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, C2117, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4799, USA

    Alaa Kamnaksh, Michael N. Flora, James G. Freedy, David M. Jacobowitz, Denes Agoston & Gregory P. Mueller

  4. Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Gay R. Holstein & Giorgio P. Martinelli

  5. Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Gregory P. Mueller

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  1. Rachel C. Lazarus
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Correspondence to Gregory P. Mueller .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and The Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Anthony P. Nicholas

  2. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

    Paul R. Thompson

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Lazarus, R.C. et al. (2017). Citrullination Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Mechanism for Ongoing Pathology Through Protein Modification. In: Nicholas, A., Bhattacharya, S., Thompson, P. (eds) Protein Deimination in Human Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58244-3_16

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